长期定位施肥对棕壤钾素垂直分布状况的影响

通过26年棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究化肥与有机肥长期定位施用对棕壤钾素垂直分布状况的影响,结果表明,从1979年到2004年不论施钾与否各处理0~20 cm土层土壤中各形态钾素含量均高于20~40 cm土层,长期施肥对土壤钾素的垂直移动影响不大。长期不施钾各处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤中各形态钾均表现出明显的下降趋势;有机肥的长期施用能维持棕壤速效性钾的平衡,缓解非交换性钾的下降趋势,促进矿物钾的有效化进程。     

施肥与覆膜对棕壤Olsen-P剖面分布及动态变化的影响

利用沈阳农业大学长期定位试验站裸地和覆膜的不同施肥处理(不施肥、单施氮肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施)及其附近不同土地利用方式,探讨了不同施肥处理和覆膜对整个生长季的棕壤Olsen-P剖面(0—100.cm)分布及动态变化的影响。结果表明,耕地棕壤各施肥处理土壤剖面Olsen-P含量均表现为0—20.cm和60—100.cm大于20—60.cm;而自然草地、自然林地棕壤Olsen-P含量则随深度加深(0—100.cm)而逐渐增多。施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施处理的Olsen-P含量在60.cm土层以上均远大于不施肥或单施氮肥处理;覆膜后不施肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施处理土壤0—40.cm土层的Olsen-P含量略有降低(0—20.cm土层有机肥处理除外),但差异未达到显著水平。说明施有机肥或有机无机肥配施,是补充土壤Olsen-P的有效措施;但施肥时应深施以补充表层以下土壤Olsen-P含量。覆膜未对本研究的棕壤Olsen-P含量产生显著的负面影响。     

旱作地区长期小麦连作和苜蓿连作土壤剖面的矿质氮研究

对不同施肥条件下23年小麦连作地和苜蓿连作地土壤矿质氮分布和累积进行研究,探讨种植浅根系和深根系植物对硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,不施肥(CK)和单施磷(P)肥,小麦和苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,0—60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量变化稳定并小于2 mg/kg。氮肥、磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮累积在20—100 cm和140—320 cm土层,年累积速率可达42.12 kg/(hm2.a);苜蓿连作土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,仅在200—300 cm土层出现轻微累积,年累积速率仅为1.01 kg/(hm2.a)。在不施肥和单施磷肥下,种植小麦或苜蓿对土壤硝态氮残留量影响不显著,而氮、磷和有机肥配施时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮残留量迅速增加,并与不施肥、单施磷肥处理有显著差异;苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮残留量虽有少量增加,但与不施肥、单施磷肥处理无显著差异。不施肥、单施磷肥和氮、磷和有机肥配施,小麦连作、苜蓿连作地土壤剖面铵态氮含量主要在10—20 mg/kg之间波动,在土壤剖面无明显的累积现象,铵态氮残留量受施肥和作物种类的影响不显著。     

施肥与覆膜对棕壤Olsen-P剖面分布及动态变化的影响

利用沈阳农业大学长期定位试验站裸地和覆膜的不同施肥处理（不施肥、单施氮肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施）及其附近不同土地利用方式，探讨了不同施肥处理和覆膜对整个生长季的棕壤Olsen-P剖面（0—100 cm）分布及动态变化的影响。结果表明，耕地棕壤各施肥处理土壤剖面Olsen-P含量均表现为0—20 cm和60—100 cm大于20—60 cm；而自然草地、自然林地棕壤Olsen-P含量则随深度加深（0—100 cm）而逐渐增多。施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施处理的Olsen-P含量在60 cm土层以上均远大于不施肥或单施氮肥处理；覆膜后不施肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施处理土壤0—40 cm土层的Olsen-P含量略有降低（0—20 cm土层有机肥处理除外），但差异未达到显著水平。说明施有机肥或有机无机肥配施，是补充土壤Olsen-P的有效措施；但施肥时应深施以补充表层以下土壤Olsen-P含量。覆膜未对本研究的棕壤Olsen-P含量产生显著的负面影响。     

东北地区不同纬度梯度农田土壤Olsen-P的分布特征

本文研究了中国东北地区不同纬度梯度农田土壤Olsen-P在0～100cm剖面中的分布特征。结果表明,除公主岭和大石桥外,其他各点土壤Olsen-P含量在0～20cm土层较高,20～40cm土层迅速下降,40～100cm各土层又逐渐升高,但底层要远低于表层。不同纬度梯度下各点0～20cm土层Olsen-P含量为暗棕壤>黑土>棕壤,高纬度地点Olsen-P含量具有高于低纬度地点的趋势;20～100cm各土层Olsen-P含量总体表现为黑土和暗棕壤相对较高,棕壤区偏低,没有明显的纬度分异现象。施肥等农田管理措施对0～20cm土壤Olsen-P含量有明显影响,其他土层Olsen-P含量可能主要受磷素运移特点和成土母质等因素影响。     

固体磷肥和液体磷肥对石灰性土壤不同形态无机磷及磷肥肥效影响的研究

土壤磷固定是影响石灰性磷肥肥效的主要原因。本文在田间滴灌条件下采用连续浸提的方法对液体磷肥和固体颗粒磷肥及其不同施用方法对石灰性土壤各形态无机磷含量动态变化的影响进行了研究,并比较了不同处理下加工番茄磷素营养效应。结果表明:各施肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量随施肥时间明显下降,而Ca10-P含量则显著上升,表明磷肥在石灰性土壤中不断向Ca10-P转化并被固定。液体磷肥追肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P含量在各时期均显著高于其他施肥处理(P＜0.05),且液体磷肥追肥可以明显保持土壤0—20 cm土层较高的Ca8-P含量。与其他施肥处理相比,液体磷肥追施可减少石灰性土壤对磷的固定,增加0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量(P＜0.05),显著提高土壤磷的有效性。液体磷肥追施处理可显著提高加工番茄叶片含磷量和经济产量(91725 kg/hm2)。与传统过磷酸钙颗粒磷肥作基肥处理（CK1）相比,液体肥料全做追肥可使加工番茄经济产量提高26.7%,并明显提高了磷肥利用率。在滴灌条件下石灰性土壤上液体磷肥分次追施比传统的固体颗粒磷肥基施具有明显的优势,是一种非常具有应用前景的施肥方式。     

长期定位施肥对潮土磷素下移及有效磷生态阈值的研究

研究长期施肥条件下磷素下移情况及其与0～20 cm土层有效磷含量的关系,明确有效磷生态阈值对作物产量和农业生态安全有重要的意义。试验基于"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站" 30年定位试验,选取5个处理,即不施磷肥(NK)、施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施(MNPK)、MNPK处理施肥量的1.5倍(1.5NPKM)、氮磷钾化肥与玉米秸秆还田配施(SNPK),采集0～20、 20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土壤样品,分析有效磷含量,研究土壤有效磷垂直变化,并分析0～20 cm土层有效磷含量与磷素下移关系。结果表明,长期施用磷肥可提高有效磷含量,施磷量越高,有效磷含量增加越快;0～20 cm土层有效磷含量15.7～24.7 mg/kg,磷素下移慢,可下移到40～60 cm土层;而有效磷含量大于55.6 mg/kg时,磷素下移速度显著增加,下移到60～80 cm土层,并且下移量更大。综上,磷素下移的深度受耕层有效磷含量的影响,潮土区土壤有效磷生态阈值为25 mg/kg,既满足作物高产对养分的需要,又不对生态环境造成危害。0～20 cm土层有效磷含量为15～25 mg/kg时,控制磷的投入量;当0～20 cm土层有效磷含量超出25 mg/kg,减少磷的投入。     

长期定位施肥对黑垆土剖面养分分布特征的影响

对黄土高原旱地 15年连续施肥后土壤剖面养分分布的研究发现 ,施化肥对土壤剖面有机质、全N、全P含量的影响深达 100cm以下 ,所有施肥处理有机质、全N、全P、NO3--N、有效P含量在耕层 (0～20cm)都有不同程度增加 ;40～60、60～80cm土层有机质、全N、全P都低于长年不施肥处理 ,造成土壤下层养分的亏缺。长期大量施用氮肥造成N素养分下淋累积 ;长期大量施用磷肥土壤耕层有效P显著提高 ,而 20cm以下土层变化不大。     

长期定位施肥对碱性紫色土磷素迁移与累积的影响

在25年稻麦轮作长期定位施肥试验点上,开展了碱性紫色土水旱轮作种植制不同施肥处理土壤剖面全磷、速效磷迁移和累积以及耕层土壤全磷、速效磷随时间的变化规律研究。结果表明,单施无机磷肥土壤磷可迁移至100 cm土层,Olsen-P可迁移至40 cm土层。有机无机磷肥配施不但使土壤磷可迁移至相同深度,且迁移量更大,Olsen-P可迁移至60 cm土层。耕作25年后,施磷处理土壤耕层磷素随时间的变化显著,MNPK处理耕层土壤全磷含量年增长率为0.033 g/kg,Olsen-P的年增长率为2.56 mg/kg。试验表明,连续数年施用足量磷肥后,作物施磷量可根据具体情况酌减,以节约磷肥资源和提高磷肥利用率;施用有机肥促进了磷素从耕层向底层的迁移,是造成土壤磷素迁移的一个重要因素。     

不同施肥处理对潮棕壤磷素累积与剖面分布的影响

摘　要 以下辽河平原的长期定位试验为平台,通过比较不同肥料类型和用量条件下表层土壤全磷及土壤剖面（0~80 cm）中速效磷的分布差异,研究长期不同施肥条件对土壤中磷素垂直迁移的影响。结果表明：1）在各施磷肥处理上,土壤磷素收支盈余,表层土壤全磷和速效磷含量均明显升高,且土壤磷收支的盈亏值(x)与土壤速效磷的增减量(y)呈显著直线关系y = 0.070 1x 8.538 9（R2=0.89**）,其中磷素盈余量的15.8%进入到土壤速效库内;2）化肥磷施用量为50和100 kg hm-2时,60~80 cm土层内速效磷含量显著高于对照,说明存在磷素的垂直迁移;3）相对于化肥而言,施用有机肥更易于磷素向下迁移;4）在施肥、有机质含量和作物吸收等多种因素影响下,土壤速效磷在土壤剖面中呈现上下层高、中间层低的空间分布格局,最低值出现在20~40 cm土层。     

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and micromorphology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene loesses and paleosols in the center of the East European Plain

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol).     

Overview of the structure and the challenges of Japanese wildlife law and policy

Japan has a variety of laws to conserve and manage wildlife and biodiversity. This article reviews Japanese laws from conservation of endangered species to the fish and game code, and indicates the issues and challenges they face. It then discusses the issues and challenges for management in the application of the laws.The Japanese statute for conservation of endangered species corresponds to the US Endangered Species Act in appearance, but is much more limited in application and scope. There is no legal channel, such as lawsuits, to assure citizens’ and experts’ input. With respect to general species, management of fish and animals are divided; the fish code’s scope is limited to fishery purposes. Control of wildlife damage is the biggest emphasis in the wildlife code. Reform to bring principles of scientific management into pest control has begun, but conventional culling is still the norm.Japan’ wildlife and fish management is distinctive in relying upon local resource users, instead of on a strong regulatory agency. This is a consequence of traditional communal management, and is apparent in coastal fisheries. The depopulation and exhaustion of rural communities, however, makes it difficult to rely on the community for management. In particular, wildlife management, which relies on aging hunters, is facing a turning point. To address these changes, agencies must be strengthened and lawmakers must enact a mechanism to assure sound science in wildlife policy, while working to revitalize rural communities.     

真菌及混合菌对锯木屑类腐殖质形成和转化的影响

采用液体摇瓶培养,在接种单一真菌(木霉、黑曲霉或青霉)和混合菌情况下,研究其对锯木屑类腐殖质组成和转化的影响,旨在揭示微生物利用木质素形成腐殖质的可能性,为土壤腐殖质形成提供理论参考和依据。结论如下:(1)在培养体系中,黑曲霉、青霉和混合菌在培养初期的快速繁殖致使代谢液中可溶性碳数量降低,随菌落繁殖渐趋平衡,降解作用增强,残留物中有机碳组分不断向代谢液中释放有机碳小分子,菌球的吸附作用更加速了这一过程,促使代谢液中有机碳数量急剧增加。木霉对残留物的降解作用显著,随后部分微生物量碳随菌体死亡重新进入残留物中,使得代谢液有机碳数量先增加后减少。整个培养过程中,残留物中碳的数量因降解作用而呈减少趋势。(2)WSS表现为先降低后升高的趋势。(3)接种菌悬液可迅速增大HLA和HLu的含碳量。青霉处理HLA组分一直处于降解阶段,而其他3个处理在培养初期均有利于HLA降解,随微生物自身合成和缩合作用的进一步增强,新的HLA形成。(4)培养初期,FLA的形成速度大于HLA,随后FLA逐渐向HLA转化。(5)培养结束后,各处理FLA分子趋于简单,而HLA分子在整个培养过程中先简单化,而后趋于复杂,新形成的HLA分子结构较复杂。(6)培养初期,木霉和黑曲霉的繁殖促使HLu数量增大,后期HLu逐渐向易溶态有机碳转化,青霉在培养中前期对HLu主要表现为降解,后期随菌体数量扩大,HLu数量再次提高,而混合菌处理HLu的数量一直处于递减状态。培养结束后,各处理HLu的数量均有所增加。     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

水土的合理保持与颐和园周边环境的保护

颐和园是清代北京西郊皇家园林区的重要组成部分,它的兴建与当地独特的自然环境密不可分,而当地独特的自然环境又与水土的合理保持关系密切,克服水土失衡是颐和园周边环境保护的重要方面.     

Levels and Distribution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Coastal Waters and Sediments of the United Arab Emirates in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

The levels and distributions of petroleum hydrocarbons incoastal waters and sediments of the United Arab Emirates (U. A. E.) along theArabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman were investigated. Oil concentrations in the waters ofthe U. A. E. were below the 15 μg L^-1 and ranged from 1.6 to 13 μg L^-1.Petroleum hydrocarbons showed different pattern of distribution in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman withmore or less similar values. Horizontal distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons atthe Arabian Gulf showed significant differences between most sites. At the Gulf ofOman, similar oil concentrations were measured at different sites. Meanwhile,vertical distributions of petroleum hydrocarbons indicated higher concentrations atsurface layers of the Arabian Gulf compared to bottom layers. Whereas, more or less similarconcentrations were measured at the Gulf of Oman. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in marinesediments varied from 2.5 to 8.2 μg g^-1 (dry sediment weight), with higher concentrations at theArabian Gulf compared to the Gulf of Oman. The pattern of distribution for petroleumhydrocarbons in marine sediments resembled to some extent the distribution of organiccarbon in marine sediments. The study revealed that the concentrations ofpetroleum hydrocarbons in waters and sediments of the investigated area are not highcompared to other areas of the world.     

优化书库环境加强图书保护

通过分析损害图书的各种自然因素,阐明优化书库环境、加强图书保护的重要性。