蓝莓根部内生木霉分离鉴定及其拮抗作用

为探究贵州省蓝莓根部内生木霉多样性,筛选具有拮抗作用的内生木霉,采用组织分离法、对峙培养法及无菌发酵液法,分析蓝莓根部内生木霉多样性及内生檑对7种植物病原真菌的拮抗作用。结果表明,通过组织分离、形态观察、rDNA-ITS和EF-1α基因序列鉴定得到16株内生木霉,属于Trichoderma virens、T. koningiopsis、T. harzianum和T. pubescens 4种,相似度为98%~100%。蓝莓根部内生木霉分离率(IR)为8%,分离频率(IF)为15.53%,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为0.450 8,Simpson多样性指数为0.988 7、Margalef丰富度指数为2.408 2,Pielou均匀度指数为0.345 0。16株蓝莓根部内生木霉对交链格孢菌、禾谷镰孢菌、Diaporthe longicolla、小新壳梭孢、尖镰孢菌、胶孢炭疽菌、尖孢炭疽菌7种植物病原真菌的抑制率分别为35.01%~76.38%、58%~67.68%、55.10%~73.53%、52.24%~70.00%、25.80%~52.99%、37.18%~66.76%、37.37%~70.53%。选取T. harzianum GL11、T. harzianum GL15、T. harzianum GL19、T. harzianum GL39、T. virens GL42共5株木霉菌进行无菌发酵液试验,结果显示5株木霉菌发酵液对除小新壳梭孢外的其他6种植物病原菌具有一定的抑制作用,对Diaporthe longicolla的抑制效果最好,抑制率为46.71%。本研究结果可为蓝莓病害生物防治提供理论依据。     

早熟玉米新品种酒166选育报告

酒166是以自选系酒071为母本,以外引系701为父本组配而成的玉米新品种。2014 — 2015年在甘肃省玉米新品种早熟组区域试验中,酒166有9点(次)增产,2点(次)减产;2 a 11点(次)平均折合产量 10 440.0 kg/hm2,较对照品种金穗3号增产10.13%。2016年在甘肃省玉米新品种早熟组生产试验中,酒166平均折合产量9 367.5 kg/hm2,比对照品种金穗3号增产11.4%。酒166籽粒含粗蛋白93.3 g/kg、粗脂肪42.5 g/kg、粗淀粉736.2 g/kg、赖氨酸2.9 g/kg。抗轮枝镰孢穗腐病,中抗禾谷镰孢茎腐病,中抗红叶病。适宜在甘肃省高海拔早熟春玉米区种植。     

玉米茎腐病的综合防治措施

1症状 茎腐病是由多种病原菌单独或复合侵染造成根系和茎基腐烂的一类病害的总称。一般在玉米灌浆期开始发病,乳熟期末期至蜡熟期为显症高峰期。在我国茎腐病的症状主要是由腐霉菌和镰孢菌引起的青枯和黄枯为主。     

荆州地区玉米鞘腐病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性分析

2019年6月,在湖北荆州长江大学试验地自然感玉米鞘腐病的玉米植株中分离出致病原菌,采用植物病理学及分子生物学方法,鉴定了该致病原菌的种类;采用控制变量法测试分析病原菌的生物学特性。结果表明,从感病植株叶鞘中分离得到的致病菌株(Fg-1),在形态学水平上与禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)一致;分子水平上,rDNA-ITS序列分析发现,Fg-1与禾谷镰孢菌的相似度达99.42%;Fg-1的最适生长温度为25℃,致死温度为40℃,最适pH值为7.0,培养基培养最适碳源为牛肉膏,最适氮源为酵母膏。     

8%烯·丙·阿悬浮种衣剂研制及对大豆镰孢菌根腐病的防效

为研制一种兼防大豆根腐病和根部虫害的高效、低毒种衣剂,本研究采用菌丝生长抑制法测定了96%烯效唑(uniconzole)原药、96%丙环唑(propiconazole)原药、97%阿维菌素(abamectin)原药对大豆根腐病致病菌尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxyporum)和禾谷镰孢菌(F. graminearum)的毒力,筛选最佳复配比,并利用湿研磨法制备种衣剂,进行室内盆栽苗的防效验证。结果表明,当烯效唑、丙环唑和阿维菌素的配比为5:1:2时,对2种镰孢菌抑制作用最佳。播种前,采用8%烯·丙·阿悬浮种衣剂0.2~0.5 g·kg^-1处理大豆种子,能促进大豆出苗,且对大豆根腐病的相对防效达80.1%以上。本研究开发的8%烯·丙·阿悬浮种衣剂为进一步开展大豆根腐病和根部虫害田间防治奠定了基础。     

中早熟玉米新品种金穗306选育报告

为了给生产上提供早熟玉米品种,促进甘肃玉米产业的可持续发展。白银金穗种业有限公司于2015年以自交系GE247-6205为母本、GEA10-DE4为父本配制杂交组合,经2 a的品比试验、2 a的甘肃省旱作玉米联合体区域试验、1 a的甘肃省旱作玉米联合体生产试验、1 a的生产示范,选育出了抗旱高产中早熟玉米杂交种金穗306。在2018 — 2019年的甘肃省旱作玉米联合体区域试验中,金穗306平均折合产量为11 741.3 kg/hm2,其中2018年平均折合产量为12 666.0 kg/hm2,较对照品种金穗3号增产3.46%;2019年平均折合产量为10 816.50 kg/hm2,较对照品种德美亚3号增产4.02%。在2019年的甘肃省旱作玉米联合体生产试验中,金穗306平均折合产量为11 232.0 kg/hm2,较对照品种德美亚3号增产4.83%。金穗306出苗至成熟118 d,株高295 cm。果穗筒型,籽粒黄色,马齿型,千粒重318 g。籽粒含粗蛋白93.2 g/kg、粗脂肪47.1 g/kg、粗淀粉722.4 g/kg、赖氨酸2.8 g/kg,容重776 g/L。抗禾谷镰孢茎腐病,中抗禾谷镰孢穗腐病,感丝黑穗病,高感大斑病。适宜在甘肃省春玉米区种植。     

利用12C6+重离子辐射和尖孢镰刀菌毒素筛选杂交兰抗茎腐病突变体

为创建抗茎腐病杂交兰资源,本研究以玉女兰类原球茎为材料,采用¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射技术结合尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)粗毒素筛选抗茎腐病突变体。结果表明,经不同剂量¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射后,玉女兰类原球茎的死亡率差异显著,辐射剂量为50 Gy时,死亡率为54.66%;尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素对玉女兰类原球茎存活率影响显著,当粗毒素滤液浓度为80%时,玉女兰类原球茎存活率为41.98%。采用逐步筛选法对经50 Gy¹²C⁶⁺辐射后的玉女兰类原球茎进行抗茎腐病筛选,获得14个抗性系类原球茎,筛选率为4.67%;对抗性系类原球茎进行分化、生根壮苗和移栽,获得3个抗性系Z50Gt₁、Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃。在含80%粗毒素滤液的培养基上抗性系类原球茎的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于对照,POD活性峰值比对照提高了867.67 U·g^-1·h^-1;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现先高于对照,随着毒素胁迫时间的延长,转变为低于对照的趋势。对3个抗性系试管苗和小苗进行人工接种鉴定,结果表明,抗性系Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃的再生植株具有稳定的茎腐病抗性,2个抗病株系7个月大的盆栽植株病情指数分别为20.00%和19.33%,均为抗性级别。本研究结果为采用重离子辐射技术选育抗茎腐病杂交兰新品种奠定了基础。     

2017年甘肃9市(州)玉米主要病虫害调查

为及时掌握甘肃省玉米病虫害的发生为害和种类变化,于2017年7 — 9月对甘肃省9个市(州)2 个县(区)的玉米病虫害发生危害进行了系统调查。结果表明,玉米茎腐病在甘肃省各生态区普遍发生,且危害严重;普通锈病、穗腐病、瘤黑粉病、鞘腐病普遍轻度发生,大斑病因气候条件变化为害有所减缓。玉米蚜和叶螨呈加重趋势,玉米螟中度发生,棉铃虫局部严重发生。     

玉米青枯病及纹枯病的发生与防治技术

一、玉米青枯病的发生与防治 1．发生特点。玉米青枯病的病原菌为真菌鞭毛菌亚门腐霉菌和半知菌亚门禾谷镰孢菌,由两种菌混合侵染引起。该病原菌主要在土壤和病株残体上越冬,成为第二年发病的主要侵染来源,也可随病残体混入土杂肥中越冬。侵染过程中,腐霉菌首先侵入引起根系腐烂,然后禾谷镰孢菌后继侵入,使为害加重。该病主要发生在乳熟后期,收获前15～20天,常造成成片植株萎蔫死亡。     

玉米TRV-VIGS的优化与顶腐病抗病基因的鉴定

烟草脆裂病毒(TRV)介导的基因沉默方法简便易行,但在常规试验条件下按照报道的方法操作沉默玉米基因的效率较低,难以实际应用。为了优化TRV-VIGS体系,并鉴定顶腐病抗病基因,本研究以玉米八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(PDS)基因为靶基因,构建沉默载体pTRV2-ZmPDS,从浸种处理、农杆菌菌株、真空辅助渗入和共培养时间4个试验因素优化玉米TRV-VIGS体系,提高基因沉默效率。结果表明,无菌水浸泡种子24 h,剥去种皮后用LB4404农杆菌菌株真空渗入处理60 min,再共培养10 h时,全株白化苗占出苗植株总数的25.1%~29.3%,较优化前沉默比率(3.0%)提高了8~10倍。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,与对照和未白化植株相比,白化植株的ZmPDS基因转录水平显著降低。应用优化的TRV-VIGS体系沉默ZmMAC3基因,高抗顶腐病的玉米杂交种先玉335在接种亚粘团镰孢菌后表现出典型的顶腐病病症,表明,与双子叶植物相似,MAC3蛋白是玉米内生免疫和抗病所必需的关键调控因子。综上所述,优化后的TRV-VIGS体系可以应用于玉米基因功能的鉴定。     

Soil fungal population in preharvest maize ecosystem in different tillage practices in Argentina

The distribution of the soil borne fungal population in maize non-rhizospheric soil in experimental trials were studied during the harvest seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. The effect of different tillage practices was evaluated. Soil samples were collected from three tillage treatments, conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no tillage, with and without grazing. The distribution of fungal propagules in different treatments was compared. Soil samples were collected from the top soil (3 cm) before planting, in the sprong. No tillage without grazing and reduced tillage with grazing had the highest densities of filamentous fungi (5.71 and 5.85 log, respectively). The mycological survey showed the presence of six genera of filamentous fungi. They were Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Alternaria. The species identified from genus Aspergillus were A. flavus, A. restrictus, A. candidus, A. parasiticus and other Aspergillus spp. The species identified from genus Penicillium were P. pinophylum, P. citreonigrum, P. implicatum, P. purpurogenum, P. minioluteum, P. waksmanii, P. restrictum, P. rugulosum, P. funiculosum and P. variabile. Species from genus Fusarium were identified as F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and others Fusarium species. The isolation frequency of Aspergillus increased in the no tillage and grazing practices treatments. The data indicate that different agricultural practices impact soil inocula of principal maize toxigenic fungi in the production area. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of tillage management practices on fungal populations in preharvest maize agroecosystem in Argentina.     

高产高淀粉粮饲兼用型玉米新品种丰玉3号选育报告

为解决甘肃自育优良玉米新品种较匮乏、外引玉米新品种对甘肃的生态条件较难适应且退化严重的问题，张掖市博丰农业科技有限责任公司采用重离子辐照结合分子标记辅助选择等现代育种方法，以自育自交系BT0521为母本、自育自交系0571为父本杂交选育出了高产高淀粉粮饲兼用型玉米新品种丰玉3号。2012 — 2013年参加甘肃省玉米中晚熟高密组新品种区域试验，2 a 10点(次)平均折合产量15 621.0 kg/hm2，较对照品种增产2.7%。其中2012年平均折合产量16 536.0 kg/hm2，较对照品种郑单958增产5.4%；2013年平均折合产量14 706.0 kg/hm2，较对照品种先玉335增产2.3%。2014年参加甘肃省玉米中晚熟高密组新品种生产试验，平均产量为16 122.0 kg/hm2，比对照品种先玉335增产7.8%。丰玉3号在甘肃省张掖市春播生育期132 d，株高273 cm，穗长21.0 cm，穗粗5.2 cm，出籽率88.8%，千粒重347.7 g。容重734.2 g/L。丰玉3号籽粒(干基)含粗淀粉766.0 g/kg、粗蛋白89.7 g/kg、赖氨酸3.1 g/kg、粗脂肪36.9 g/kg，属高淀粉玉米品种。该品种高抗茎基腐病和瘤黑粉病，抗大斑病，中抗丝黑穗病，感矮花叶病和红叶病。适宜在甘肃、新疆及同类生态区种植。     

甘肃藜麦霜霉病调查及其病原菌鉴定

霜霉病是严重危害藜麦的世界性病害。为了明确甘肃藜麦霜霉病的发生与危害情况,以及病原菌的种类及致病力分化情况,对藜麦霜霉病进行了系统调查,基于形态学和分子生物学方法对病原菌种类进行鉴定,并采用叶盘法在室内人工接菌测定致病力。病害调查结果表明,甘肃不同生态区藜麦霜霉病发生普遍严重,局部地区呈爆发态势;发病率和病情指数在临夏二阴气候区最高,分别为83.70%和80.44,白银干旱区最低,分别为19.26%和16.67。结合形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果,甘肃藜麦霜霉病病原菌被确定为Peronospora variabilis,不同菌株孢子囊和卵孢子大小存在显著差异（P<0.05）。致病力分析结果表明,不同菌株之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,致病力最强的是来自临夏二阴气候区的菌株GSKL,最弱的是来自天祝高寒区的菌株GSTZ,病情指数分别为90.00和44.67。系统发育分析结果发现,甘肃不同生态区霜霉病菌株之间存在地理种群遗传分化。本研究为甘肃藜麦霜霉病的防控奠定了理论基础。     

Crown rot and common root rot in wheat grown under different tillage and stubble treatments in southern Queensland, Australia

In southern Queensland, crown rot caused by Fusarium graminearum Group 1 and common root rot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana are common soilborne diseases of wheat and barley. The incidence of these diseases was measured in the susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, Hartog which was grown under no tillage, reduced tillage (two tillage operations plus herbicides) and where stubble was retained or removed by burning (1984–1986) or physically removed (1987–1993). Primary tillage was with blade, disc or chisel implements. The level of crown rot and common root rot was higher where stubble was retained than where it was removed. There was a significant interaction in incidence of crown rot between stubble management and some types of tillage. Where there was no tillage, incidence of crown rot was significantly higher where stubble was retained (32.2%) than where it was removed (4.7%) whereas under disc tillage, there was no significant difference in disease level between stubble treatments (12–17%). Incidence of crown rot was not affected by the type of tillage employed. The incidence of deadheads (heads without grain) caused by crown rot was lowest in the no tillage plots (4.3%) and highest in the reduced (19.3%) and conventional (12.2%) disc tillage stubble retained treatments. Available soil water (depth of 1.2 m) at sowing and anthesis was lowest in the conventional disc stubble retained plots and highest in the no tillage stubble retained plots. It is hypothesised that the high levels of deadheads were due to moderate to high levels of disease and low available soil water at planting and anthesis. Although incidence of crown rot was high under no tillage, incidence of deadheads was lower than in other treatments due to the higher availability of soil water. Severity of common root rot was lower in stubble removed, than in stubble retained, treatments and also lower in no tillage than in any of the other tillage treatments.     

西部大开发中甘肃省生态环境建设与保护对策

主要介绍了甘肃省的生态环境特点 ,分析了其生态环境现状 ,认为极端脆弱的生态环境和人口的超负荷对该地区构成了双重压力。指出水土流失和生态环境恶化是制约甘肃省发展的主要因素 ,提出生态环境保护与生态建设是该地区实现可持续发展的前提和基础 ,走生态与经济相结合的发展之路 ,是甘肃省的惟一选择。并探讨了甘肃生态环境建设发展的方向 :(1)树立可持续发展的生态指导思想 ;(2 )走建设水土保持型生态农业的生态建设之路 ;(3)实施生态建设富民工程     

提升甘肃省玉米种业创新能力的思考

甘肃省是农业大省,玉米是第一大种植作物,更是全国第一玉米制种大省,加快玉米种业高质量发展是推进甘肃省玉米产业和农业现代化的重要手段,对农业发展具有重要意义。总结分析了甘肃省玉米种业发展现状,找出了制约甘肃玉米种业发展的不足和问题,并就玉米种质资源、育种、制种产业等方面的突破方向提出建议。     

Food preferences of earthworms for soil fungi

Soil fungi are considered to be an important food source for earthworms. Selection experiments were carried out in order to study the preferences of earthworm species for a variety of soil fungi. Nine fungal species (Cladosporium cladosporioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Mucor sp., Trichoderma viride, Fusarium nivale, Phlebia radiata, Glaeophyllum trabeum, Coniophora puteana, Coriolus versicolor) were grown separately in centrifuge tubes on sterilized sand with potato dextrose. Tubes containing different fungal species, 8–9 per experiment, were arranged in a food choice arena. The preference for the fungi of 5 different earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus castaneus, Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Octolasion cyaneum) was tested by adding one specimen per chamber. Removal of sand from the tubes within 6 days was used as the indicator of preference by earthworms. The food preference of earthworms irrespective of ecological group followed a general pattern. F. nivale and C. cladosporioides were the preferred fungal species, followed by fast-growing species such as Mucor sp. and R. solani. In contrast, basidiomycetes were generally refused. The epigeic species L. rubellus had the strongest preference for a single fungal species, in contrast the endogeic species A. rosea fed more evenly on different fungal species. We conclude that early successional fungal species are used as cues by earthworms to detect fresh organic resources in soil.     

玉米新品种禾盛209选育报告

为了培育适宜在甘肃省中晚熟生态区种植的优良玉米新品种,甘肃禾盛种植农民专业合作社与甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所以自育系 NDSJ014为母本、自育系 NDSJ003为父本组配杂交组合,经多年试验鉴选,培育出了粮饲兼用型玉米优良杂交种禾盛209。在2018 — 2019 年甘肃省中晚熟水地A 组玉米区域试验中,2 a 12 点(次)平均折合产量为15 860.3 kg/hm2,较对照品种先玉335增产5.3%。该品种生育期141 d,活秆成熟。株高315 cm,穗长22.2 cm,穗粗5.2 cm,千粒重340.1 g。籽粒(干基)含粗蛋白79.2 g/kg、粗脂肪39.4 g/kg、粗淀粉 749.5 g/kg、赖氨酸 2.4 g/kg,容重777 g/L。适宜在甘肃省中晚熟生态区域种植。