肋条状仿生非光滑表面铸造成型方法

鲨鱼皮肤表面的肋条状（riblet）非光滑结构具有减阻功能,已经被证实,但这种仿生非光滑表面在复杂铸件表面上难以实现,严重制约了它在工程上的应用。该文以横截面为三角形的非光滑结构为例,以200QJ50-26型离心式水泵叶轮表面为载体,对仿生非光滑表面一次铸造成型原理及工艺进行探讨。该工艺采用原料→切割成型→涂高温漆→粘贴→风干→修剪→成型→铸造的流程,尤其是高温漆的选择及涂抹对该成型工艺具有至关重要的作用。采用仿生非光滑表面一次铸造成型法能形成设计要求的三角形沟槽的尖角,而且在叶轮内部全流道能够形成非光滑表面,其适应于复杂零件非光滑表面的加工。     

鼹鼠趾仿生及表面热处理提高齿形开沟刀减阻耐磨性能

为提高农用开沟机械开沟刀的减阻耐磨性能,该文针对课题组前期研制的齿形开沟刀,利用仿生结构和不同表面热处理对原齿形开沟刀进行优化。以鼹鼠前爪第3趾为仿生对象,设计了仿生开沟刀。使用EDEM软件进行模拟仿真试验,通过分析齿形开沟刀和仿生开沟刀的开沟功耗,对比2种刀片的减阻性能;进行台架磨损试验,利用金相显微镜、显微硬度仪、摩擦磨损试验机分析5种表面热处理仿生开沟刀的耐磨性能。单齿仿真试验发现,仿生开沟刀刀齿的整体三维表面结构特征有利于减阻。仿真试验结果表明沟深为150、200、250、300和350 mm时,仿生开沟刀比齿形开沟刀的开沟功耗分别降低9.68%、10.44%、10.22%、10.70%和10.95%,仿生开沟刀的减阻性能更优。台架磨损试验结果表明,渗铬淬火高温回火(Ⅱ型刀)、渗碳淬火低温回火(Ⅲ型刀)、激光熔覆WC/Ni60A粉末合金(Ⅳ型刀)和氧乙炔火焰堆焊铸造WC焊条(Ⅴ型刀)比淬火中温回火(Ⅰ型刀)处理的仿生开沟刀的磨损质量分别降低14.17%、42.05%、66.98%和75.96%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ型刀的耐磨性能依次提高,Ⅴ型刀最优。5种刀片组织结构、显微硬度和摩擦系数的分析结果表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型刀的硬化层显微组织主要为淬火和回火马氏体,Ⅳ和Ⅴ型刀主要为WC硬质相,Ⅳ和Ⅴ型刀的组织结构更优;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ型刀的平均显微硬度为558、700、888、1 195和1 441 HV0.1;平均摩擦系数为0.67、0.57、0.26、0.25和0.22,Ⅴ型刀的显微硬度和摩擦系数最优,与台架磨损试验结果相一致。田间试验结果表明,优化后的Ⅲ型和Ⅴ型刀比原来齿形开沟刀的开沟功耗分别降低11.45%和5.41%,磨损质量分别降低28.26%和82.63%,仿生结构优化与表面热处理能够提高齿形开沟刀的减阻耐磨性能。该研究可为提高开沟刀减阻耐磨性能提供参考。     

脂润滑关节轴承的摩擦副表面织构设计及摩擦性能试验

为研究具有相对滑动运动的织构摩擦面在大载荷脂润滑条件下的摩擦特性,在关节轴承内圈表面设计制造了凹槽和凹坑2种不同形状的织构,采用表面形貌参数中的偏态、峰态和平均谷体积等参数对织构表面形貌进行表征。在专用的疲劳摩擦磨损试验机上对轴承进行摩擦性能试验,润滑剂为二硫化钼锂基润滑脂,载荷分别为20,40和60 k N,滑动速度范围为5.2~20.9 mm/s。结果表明:控制织构参数可获得所需的表面形貌参数,进而控制接触表面的摩擦学性能。对于相同的织构形状,在织构宽度(或直径)和面积密度一定时,织构深度越大,则偏态越小,峰态和平均谷体积越大,从而表面的摩擦系数也就越小;在织构深度和宽度(或直径)一定时,织构面积密度减小,则偏态减小,峰态和平均谷体积增大,滑动摩擦系数也减小。设计合理的表面织构能有效减小滑动摩擦系数,在该试验的速度和载荷范围内,与接触面未织构的轴承相比,凹槽织构和凹坑织构能使轴承滑动摩擦系数最大减小46.2%和60%。该研究可为脂润滑条件下相对滑动摩擦面的织构设计和摩擦性能预测提供参考。     

提高耐磨与破碎性的仿生凹坑形磨辊设计与试验

为了提高水泥辊压机磨辊的耐磨性与破碎性,以仿生非光滑理论为指导,在磨辊表面设计并加工出具有不同直径、不同深度、不同轴向间距及周向个数的仿生凹坑形结构,根据正交表编制试验方案并对磨辊进行磨损及破碎性试验。试验结果表明,仿生凹坑形结构可以有效提高磨辊的耐磨性与破碎性。相对于标准磨辊,其耐磨性最大提高29.06%,破碎性最大提高18.7%。当仿生磨辊的凹坑直径为8 mm、凹坑深度为2 mm、轴向凹坑间距为16 mm、周向凹坑个数为12时,是兼具耐磨性及破碎性的最优辊。通过有限元方法对磨辊所受应力进行分析时发现,合理的仿生凹坑形结构可以优化磨辊表层受力,减少磨辊磨损;磨辊挤压石英砂破碎时受到的最大挤压力是影响其破碎性的重要因素。通过单颗粒石英砂破碎试验可知,仿生凹坑形结构减少了石英砂对其表面的刻划,分散了石英砂对其表面的挤压力,提高了磨辊的耐磨性及破碎性。     

仿生非光滑耐磨复合层的研究

把土壤动物体表的非光滑特征应用于耐磨复合层的仿生设计中，制备出仿生非光滑复合层。研究结果表明，非光滑表面能将磨料对表面的犁削变为滚动。在两体静载磨料磨损工况下，仿生非光滑耐磨复合层的耐磨性是45钢的29倍。仿生非光滑耐磨复合层具有很高的韧性和塑性，且可根据需要调节复合层的厚度，为提高地面触土机械部件的抗磨性开辟一条新的途径。     

湿式双离合器自动变速器的升档控制

为了解决湿式双离合器自动变速箱的换档冲击和离合器磨损问题,在对换档品质评价指标分析的基础上,研究了温度对湿式离合器压力传递特性的影响,提出了湿式双离合器的压力控制方法。并以一档升二档为例,制定了具体的升档控制策略,讨论了发动机参与控制对双离合器自动变速箱换挡品质的影响。最后应用于实车试验中,在中、小两种节气门开度的状态下均得到了理想的换挡效果,车速变化柔和,无明显冲击,油温变化小。验证了湿式双离合器的压力控制方法正确,换档控制策略合理。     

环文蛤贝壳微观形貌及摩擦学行为特性

环文蛤贝壳具有优异的力学性能,对其进行仿生设计并开发新材料已经成为研究热点。该文以辽宁营口的环文蛤贝壳为研究对象,应用JSM-6700F冷场发射扫描电子显微镜对环文蛤贝壳各层微观形貌结构进行了观察,发现角质层表面比较光滑,背面布满大量无规则的球形颗粒,而棱柱层表面存在大量孔洞,颗粒与孔洞提高了二者的有效接触面积,增强了结合强度,环文蛤的分泌黏液通过这些孔洞到达角质层表面,当粒径与孔洞处于嵌合状态时,在黏液的作用下使角质层与棱柱层紧密结合在一起,能够进一步地提高环文蛤贝壳的机械强度;采用微观摩擦磨损试验机UMT对环文蛤贝壳的摩擦性能进行测量,试验表明,试验因素对摩擦因数的影响大小依次为砂纸规格、法向载荷、时间、滑动速度;对磨损量的影响大小依次砂纸规格、时间、滑动速度、法向载荷。采用JSM-6360LV扫描电子显微镜对环文蛤贝壳磨损表面微观形貌进行观察,环文蛤贝壳的主要磨损机理为较低试验载荷条件下的磨料磨损和轻微剥层磨损,以及在较高试验载荷条件下的磨料磨损和严重剥层磨损。     

獾牙与狗牙的微观结构及摩擦学特性

以獾牙和狗牙为研究对象,采用摩擦磨损试验机进行摩擦磨损试验,考察了獾牙和狗牙的摩擦学性能,利用纳米压痕仪进行力学性能试验,测试了獾牙和狗牙的纳米硬度和弹性模量。试验表明:牙齿的摩擦磨损行为同其微观结构密切相关,獾牙釉质磨斑表面划痕和擦伤痕迹相对轻微,磨损深度为(13.521±1.034)μm,狗牙釉质磨斑表面有较多的裂纹,犁削和擦伤较为严重,磨损深度为(15.429±1.337)μm;牙齿的摩擦磨损性能与其硬度以及显微组织和结构密切相关;獾牙釉质的耐磨性和纳米硬度、弹性模量高于狗牙釉质。该研究为以獾的牙齿为原型将仿生耦合原理应用于刀具的开发提供了理论依据。     

克氏原鳌虾头胸部外骨骼微观结构和摩擦磨损特性

为探索克氏原鳌虾(Procambarus clarkii)在泥浆中穿行的防黏耐磨机理,该文以克氏原鳌虾头胸部外骨骼作为研究对象,分析其无机元素含量和存在形态,观察其微观结构,并测量其硬度和弹性模量;对外骨骼进行摩擦磨损试验,考察其摩擦磨损特性,并观察磨痕的磨损形貌。试验表明,克氏原螯虾头胸部外骨骼中含有大量的钙元素,其中大部分以非晶结构存在,并含有少量碳酸钙;外骨骼表面具有凹坑、凸包和刚毛微观结构;螺旋夹板层具有蜂房结构,钙盐以针簇状分布在螺旋夹板层中;外骨骼硬度为0.503 GPa、弹性模量为18.019 GPa;摩擦因数呈跳跃式变化,最小时不足0.1,最大时接近0.8,磨损类型属于磨粒磨损。研究结果为农业机械触土部件表面防黏、耐磨的仿生设计提供理论依据。     

动力换档离合器充/放油特性仿真研究

为研究动力换档离合器换档过程中的充油和放油特性，基于动力换档离合器的工作原理，建立了动力换档离合器充油和放油两个过程的动态特性数学模型。应用动态仿真软件，将充/放油过程的动态特性以统一的仿真模型描述。通过仿真得到了对动力换档离合器充/放油过程的动态特性影响最大的离合器结构参数是充油油道直径。摩擦片间隙（离合器活塞行程）主要影响充/放油时间，而卸压孔直径的影响程度随着其值的增加而加大。在进行离合器设计、液压系统设计以及电控系统设计时，必须充分考虑油液温度的影响。试验结果验证了仿真方法及仿真模型的正确性和有效性。     

Soybean preference for Bradyrhizobium japonicum for modulation

Abstract

Caldwell and Vest (1968) planted soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) with various genotypes at Beltsville, USA, without inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and showed that soybeans preferred certain serotypes of rhizobial strains for nodulation. Recently, the authors have reported that soybeans carrying nodulation-conditioning genes preferred appropriate strains showing specific behavior for nodulation (Ishizuka et al. 1991). For instance, nodulation of soybean cv. Hardee which carries the nodulation-conditioning genes, Rj ₂ and Rj ₃, does not occur with B. japonicum USDA122, USDA33, Is-1, etc. Nodulation of cv. Hill which carries the Rj ₄ gene, does not occur with B. japonicum USDA61, Is-21, etc. while A62-2 which carries a recessive gene rj ₁, does not nodulate with almost any of the strains of B. japonicum. Therefore, the B. japonicum strains can be classified into three nodulation types based on the compatibility with these Rj-cultivars, that is, type A strains which effectively nodulated both Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and Rj ₄-ones, type B strains which did not nodulate the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and type C strains which did not nodulate the Rj ₄-cultivars. When the nodulation types of the isolates from nodules of field-grown soybeans were examined, it was suggested that the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and Rj ₄-cultivars preferred the type C and type B strains, respectively (Ishizuka et al. 1991).     

Soybean preference for Bradyrhizobium japonicum for nodulation

For examining the probability of increase in the occupation ratio of inoculated rhizobium in nodules, various Rj-soybean cultivars including the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-lines of soybean were grown in a field of the Kyushu University Farm. Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 that carries uptake hydrogenase (Hup⁺) was used as an inoculum. The relative efficiency of nitrogen fixation generally increased by the inoculation. However, there were no significant differences in the effects among the genotypes of the host plants. The occupation ratio of serogroup USDA110 in the nodules on the taproot of the inoculated plants was in the range of 77–100%, suggesting that the B. japonicum strain USDA110 infected taproots immediately after inoculation. The occupation ratios in the nodules on the lateral roots were 53–67, 40–86, 63–83, and 62–77% in inoculated plants of the non-Rj-, Rj ₂ Rj ₃-, Rj ₄-, and Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotypes, respectively, and they decreased in all the genotypes with the progression of growth. At the time of the first sampling, the occupation ratios on the lateral roots of these Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotypes showed values intermediate between those of IAC-2 (Rj ₂ Rj ₃) and Hill (Rj ₄) , which were the parent cultivars of the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-lines, B340, B349, and C242. The reduction in the occupation ratio of the serogroup USDA110 for about 1 month after the first sampling was the lowest (0.13–0.16) in the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotypes, excluding B349, followed by the non-Rj- and Rj ₂ Rj ₃-genotypes and highest (0.52–0.69) in the Rj ₄-genotypes, excluding Hill. Therefore, it was considered that the population of compatible rhizobia with host soybean plants increased in the rhizosphere with the progression of the development and growth. The results showed that with the expansion of the root area of host plants, the occupation ratio of type A rhizobia including the serogroup USDA110 was high. Therefore, the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotypes were superior to other Rj-genotypes in terms of the inoculation effects of nodulation type A rhizobium, B. japonicum USDA110. However, the preference of the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotype for serogroup USDA110 is not sufficient to rule out the competition with the other serogroups in this study. Therefore, the study should be centered on the isolation of more efficient (Hup⁺) and highly compatible rhizobial strains with the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄- genotypes.     

干制黄花菜工业化生产工艺技术

为改进干制黄花菜传统生产方法并实现工业化生产,采用带式汽蒸生产线对黄花菜进行前处理,在干制过程中将全自动隧道式干燥生产线与工业微波生产线相结合,利用正交试验设计对干制黄花菜工业化生产工艺技术条件进行了较为详尽的研究。结果表明,在蒸汽温度95℃,汽蒸时间60s;隧道式干燥生产线装载量5.0kg/m2,热风温度85℃,风速1.5m/s;微波干燥生产线铺料厚度15mm、干燥功率16kW、干制时间90s的条件下,所生产的干制黄花菜经农业部食品质量监督检验测试中心检测其感官、理化和微生物指标均达到了《无公害食品—干制金针菜》NY5186-2002所规定的一级品标准。     

Soybean preference for Bradyrhizobium japonicum for nodulation

For the increase of the occupation ratio of inoculum strain in the competition with indigenous rhizobia, the relationship between Rj-genotypes of soybean and the preference of Rj-cultivars for various types of rhizobia for nodulation was investigated by using the Rj ₂ Rj ₄-genotype of soybean isolated from the cross between the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivar IAC-2 and Rj ₄-one Hill (Ishizuka et al. 1993: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 39, 79-86). Firstly, these Rj ₂ Rj ₄-genotypes were found to harbor the Rj ₃-gene. The Rj ₂Rj₃Rj₄-genotypes of soybean were considered to exhibit a more narrow microsymbiont range for nodulation than the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-and Rj₄-cultivars. Therefore, rhizobia were isolated from the nodules of various Rj-genotypes of soybeans grown in soils, and the preference of the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotype for indigenous rhizobia was examined. The nodule occupancy of serotype 110 was significantly higher in the bacteroids of the nodules from the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-rgenotypes than in those from the other genotypes, non Rj-, Rj ₂ Rj _3-, and Rj ₄-cultivars. These results demonstrated that the Rj ₂ Rj ³ Rj ⁴-genotype prefers more actively serogroup USDA110 to the others of rhizobia. Thus, Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotype is superior to non- Rj-, Rj ₂ Rj ₃-, and Rj ₄-genotypes for the formation of efficient nodules for nitrogen fixation.     

Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.     

Evaluation of soil extractants for silicon availability for sugarcane

Adequate evaluation and interpretation of silicon (Si) phytoavailability in soil is a key to fertilizer recommendation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil texture on the choice of Si extractant, and provide baseline data on the relationship between extractable Si and sugarcane Si accumulation. The effects of soil texture and extractant solutions of Si were investigated on soil of nine areas of sugarcane cultivation. Si contents in clayey soils were higher than in sandy soils only in the extraction with standard calcium chloride, acetic acid, potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium acetate buffer. Other extractants failed to reveal differences in the Si availability among the three soil textures. The choice of the extractant should consider soil texture for the determination of adequate Si contents in soils planted with sugarcane, and the extractants that proved to be more efficient in the three soil textures was acetic acid and KCl.     

Critical loads for nitrogen deposition for Great Britain

There is currently much interest in mapping critical loads for nitrogen deposition as part of a strategy for controlling nitrogen emissions. While nitrogen deposition may cause acidification and excess nutrient effects, the former were considered previously in studies of sulphur deposition. In the UK, work on developing nutrient nitrogen critical loads maps has used several methods and databases. Two approaches are described here, one a steady state calculation using a nitrogen saturation limit for soil systems, the other an empirical estimate of critical loads set to prevent changes to vegetation communities. The empirical method uses national species records and land cover data derived from satellite imagery. Maps drawn from the available data are dependent upon a number of factors which reflect the approach used. To apply the nutrient critical loads to a strategy for future abatement measures, the nutrient nitrogen values for soils have been incorporated within a “critical loads function” which takes into account both acidity and nutrient effects as related to deposition loads for sulphur and nitrogen. This function may be used with deposition data to identify the need for sulphur and nitrogen emission reductions.     

Recommendations for preparing test samples for AOAC collaborative studies of microbiological procedures for foods

Preparation of test samples for microbial collaborative studies poses problems not encountered in studies on chemical analytes. For Associate Referees who are considering a collaborative study of a microbiological procedure for food analysis, these problems have not been adequately addressed. Types of contamination (natural or artificial), number of test samples required, analyte selection, proper controls, and container selection are addressed herein. The discussion is a supplement to the guidelines contained in the Handbook for AOAC Members.     

Strategy for Innovation in Soil Tests Illustrated for P Tests

Soil phosphorus (P) tests are used for P fertilization recommendations, environmental evaluations, and occasionally for legislation purposes. The basis of fertilization recommendation as function of soil P status was established in the 1950s–1960s. Since then the agroeconomic environment has altered: Environmental protection became increasingly important and P rock resources for fertilizers appeared exhaustible. Also, new insights in soil testing and fertilization recommendations reflecting more efficient use of P became available. However, these new insights seem hard to implement into agricultural practice, to a large extent because replacing existing soil tests and recommendations would imply a very significant effort with respect to introducing new tests and recommendations by fertilization trials in practice. The same would apply for environmental evaluations. Here, a novel, three-step schedule for introducing new soil tests is proposed: (1) establishing new promising soil tests, (2) creating regression models between the old and new soil tests, and (3) implementing the new soil test stepwise by fertilization trials. In this way, the knowledge based on the old soil tests can be used until the new soil tests and their subsequent crop responses are validated sufficiently. As a novel P test we considered combining soil P intensity [as reflected by P–calcium chloride (CaCl₂)] with P capacity [as reflected by P-ammonium lactate (Al)] and P-buffering capacity (as reflected by P-Al/P-CaCl₂ ratio) characteristics. Researchers tested whether this novel soil test can predict P water (Pw), P–calcium lactate?/?acetate (CAL), and P-Olsen values. To test the hypothesis, four datasets were used (two with Pw, one with P-CAL, and one with P-Olsen). In all datasets additional soil characteristics were available including soil type. Regression models with R_adj ² from 0.80 to 0.93 were obtained by using P-Al, P-CaCl₂, and soil type. It can be concluded that these regressions can be used as a helpful intermediate instrument when introducing fertilization recommendations based on new soil tests. Predicting one soil P test out of other soil characteristics, analogous to the predicted Pw, P-CAL, and P-Olsen, could also be helpful in comparing P statuses of agricultural land in different nations.     

水产养殖物联网的应用评价方法

构建科学合理的水产养殖物联网应用评价指标体系和评价方法,是保证水产养殖物联网系统发挥最大能效的基础。为解决指标设置随意、冗余、交叉及技术指标过剩的问题,该文构建了指标筛选模型,将水产养殖物联网应用评价指标体系从40个优化到14个,用35%的指标表达了88.45%的信息,保证了指标体系的完备性和简洁性。同时,基于模糊评价法构建了水产养殖物联网应用评价模型,可对水产养殖物联网应用水平进行总体评价以及功能、性能、效益方面的评价。最后,以江苏宜兴河蟹养殖物联网和广东湛江南美白对虾养殖物联网为实例进行了验证,宜兴物联网的评价结果为优,而湛江物联网的评价结果为良,与实际情况相符,表明该研究构建的指标体系科学合理,评价方法可行,可为水产养殖物联网应用评价提供参考。