不同坡长条件下■土堆积体坡面产流产沙过程

为揭示不同坡长条件下■土堆积体坡面产流产沙过程,通过不同坡度、不同坡长(4,8,12,16,20m)条件下的野外模拟径流冲刷试验,对■土堆积体坡面产流产沙过程进行了分析。结果表明:工程堆积体坡面产流率随放水时间持续呈现波动性增大,随着坡长增大,产沙率波动振幅也变大。径流含沙量随着放水时间的持续呈现先减小而后保持稳定变化,随着坡长增大,含沙量呈递增变化。工程堆积体坡面累积产流量随放水时间的变化可以用线性函数表达,累积产沙量与放水时间呈极显著幂函数关系,累积产沙量和累积产流量均随着坡长的增大呈现递增变化。试验坡度、坡长均对坡面累积产流产沙量具有重要的影响,坡长对坡面累积产流产沙的影响大于坡度,二者均对累积产流产沙量产生正效应。     

辽西春季解冻期褐土工程堆积体坡面产流产沙模拟试验研究

为揭示春季解冻期工程堆积体土壤侵蚀过程机理,以辽西地区的开挖河道工程堆积体为研究对象,采用室内模拟放水冲刷试验对春季解冻期褐土工程堆积体坡面侵蚀过程进行研究。结果表明:各解冻坡面径流量随着放水冲刷量的增加而增加,并且在相同放水冲刷量下,坡面径流量整体呈现未解冻坡面>解冻2 h坡面>解冻4 h坡面>对照;解冻时间越长,坡面对径流的延迟作用越明显;解冻时间越长,坡面侵蚀越严重。在相同放水冲刷量下,堆积体坡面总产沙量整体呈现解冻4 h坡面>解冻2 h坡面>未解冻坡面>对照。相较于对照,受冻融作用影响的坡面平均产沙率增加7.90%~44.76%。不同解冻时间及放水量条件下工程堆积体坡面径流量、产沙量与放水流量均呈线性关系变化,随着放水流量增加,径流量、产沙量均线性增加;相较于自然土壤,工程堆积体更容易发生土壤侵蚀。     

2种扰动土壤工程堆积体坡面泥沙运移特征比对研究

为探究不同土壤类型对工程堆积体坡面侵蚀泥沙搬运的影响,选取构筑堆积体的2种扰动土壤,设定4个放水梯度(8,12,16,20 L/min)在32°条件下进行野外冲刷试验。结果表明:2种坡面产流产沙率均随冲刷延时呈"多峰多谷"变化;较扰动风沙土堆积体,扰动红壤堆积体产流产沙率均随流量增加上升速率较缓;流量20 L/min时,重力在扰动风沙土堆积体坡面侵蚀中发挥主导作用;各放水梯度下2种堆积体坡面累积产沙量与累积径流量均呈极显著线性关系(P0.01,R~20.99);随流量增大,搬运泥沙颗粒组成均接近原状土,扰动风沙土坡面径流搬运泥沙颗粒以砂粒为主( 60%),扰动红壤坡面径流搬运泥沙颗粒各组分比例相对均匀(各组分含量为24%～41%)。该研究结果可为不同土壤类型堆积体坡面水土流失防控措施科学配置提供理论依据。     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响研究

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量（10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1）对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子（Br-）迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明：不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。     

工程堆积体坡面产流产沙特性的现场试验

通过不同流量(35,45,55L/min)、不同坡度(24°,28°,32°)的野外放水冲刷试验,对工程堆积体坡面产流产沙的时空变化特性进行了研究。结果表明,径流强度与放水强度、产沙率密切相关,三者之间呈多元线性相关;坡面径流强度随冲刷时间呈波动式增大趋势;平均含沙量和产沙比均随坡度增大呈先增后减的趋势,峰值出现在坡度为28°时;径流强度和产沙率在冲刷时间为10min时出现第一个峰值;坡面产沙过程呈现产沙率剧增、波动和稳定发展3个阶段;累计产沙量与累计径流量呈线性关系。试验结果可为工程堆积体坡面水土流失预报模型的构建提供验证数据。     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量(10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1)对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子(Br-)迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明:不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。     

黄土坡面不同植被覆盖度下产流产沙与养分流失规律

植被与降水是决定坡面产流产沙及养分流失的主要因素,为探求植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响,采用野外黄土坡面放水冲刷试验,在30L/min冲刷流量条件下,对不同苜蓿覆盖度下黄土坡面的径流量、产沙量和养分流失量进行研究。结果表明:当植被覆盖度分别为0%,33.5%,43.2%和68.8%时,坡面径流量分别为693.35,362.51,324.65,266.64L;产沙量分别为16.3,5.9,0.16,0.091kg;溴离子流失量分别为5 852.07,1 274.51,397.29,178.56mg。利用幂函数对径流溶质浓度变化过程进行拟合,结果显示幂函数可以很好地反映田间坡面溶质随地表径流变化过程,为进一步描述径流溶质变化过程的数学模型提供指导。平均坡面糙率能够反映土壤侵蚀量的变化。植被覆盖度增加使得平均坡面糙率增大,从而减小了土壤侵蚀量和养分流失量。     

工程堆积体陡坡坡面径流水动力学特性

通过野外放水试验,对高速公路沿线典型堆积体陡坡(36°)在模拟径流冲刷条件下的坡面径流水动力学特性进行了研究,结果表明,平均流速与径流深均随流量的增加呈幂函数增加,不同坡面径流状态下(薄层水流和细沟流)流量的指数不同,且各自与室内研究结果有所差异;不同坡段的平均流速随坡长增加呈“S”形曲线变化.堆积体陡坡坡面径流属急流范畴,由过渡流向紊流转变的临界放水流量在20～25 L/min之间.Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数(f)与径流雷诺数(Re)之间存在幂函数正相关关系,与弗罗德数(Fr)之间存在幂函数负相关关系,不同坡段的平均阻力系数与坡长呈双曲线函数关系.     

植物篱措施下工程堆积体坡面减流减沙效益研究

为探讨植物篱措施下工程堆积体坡面不同坡段的减流减沙效益,选取了35,45,55L/min放水流量,模拟0.3,0.4,0.5mm/min的雨强条件,对24°坡度的堆积体边坡进行模拟径流冲刷试验。结果表明:植物篱可以很好地阻延坡面径流,且产流时间随着放水流量的增加呈线性递减趋势;对照坡面的平均产流量沿着水流方向呈先增后减的趋势,而植物篱坡面呈相反趋势;根据产流产沙量在不同坡段上的对比情况可知,植物篱措施的合理配置应着重加强中间坡段的防治;55L/min流量下的累计减沙量显著大于另外两个流量的累计减沙量,累计减沙量与时间呈三次函数关系;时段产沙量随着时段产流量的增大而增大,二者呈幂函数关系;累计产沙量与累计径流量呈二次函数关系,累计产沙量存在最大值,且二者的函数关系存在定义域。该研究可为工程堆积体坡面防治措施的优化配置提供一定的理论支持。     

黄土高原陡坡土壤侵蚀特性试验研究

通过室内冲刷模拟试验对黄土高原陡坡土壤侵蚀特性进行系列研究.结果表明,陡坡径流平均流速随径流量和坡度的增大呈波动趋势增加.坡面径流平均含沙率,平均输沙率和平均剪切力均随流量的增加波动增加,随坡度的增加而呈抛物线形式变化,临界坡度值出现在21°和24°之间.坡面径流平均输沙率与平均剪切力之间量良好的线性关系.本研究对深入了解陡坡土壤侵蚀机理,合理确定退耕坡度具有重要意义.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.