鱼糜凝胶脆性的力学性能表征与模型建立

为了用客观准确的方法评价鱼糜凝胶的脆性,以求为鱼糜凝胶的质构调控等相关研究奠定基础,该研究采用感官评价和单轴压缩、三点弯曲、穿刺等物性分析方法,对不同交联度的鱼糜凝胶感官脆性和力学指标进行测定,研究鱼糜凝胶感官脆性与交联度和力学指标的关系并建立鱼糜凝胶脆性的表征模型。结果表明,不同交联度的鱼糜凝胶表现出不同的口感,鱼糜凝胶的感官脆性评分随着交联度的增加而增大。当鱼糜凝胶的交联度小于30%时,咀嚼时鱼糜凝胶不具备脆性。当交联度超过30%后,鱼糜凝胶开始出现脆性,且随着交联度的增加其脆性显著增加。而当交联度超过75%时,感官脆性不再明显增加。在交联度30%~75.5%范围内,对鱼糜凝胶脆性进行力学表征并进行多元回归分析,建立了基于破断力、脆裂功、断裂应力、初始切割系数和压缩常数5个参数的鱼糜凝胶的脆性表征方程(R~2=0.981 9),可较好地表征鱼糜凝胶脆性。经验证,该模型预测值与实测值无差异(P0.05),具有较好的准确性和精确度,可客观表征鱼糜凝胶脆性,为开发不同口感鱼糜制品提供理论基础。     

不同淀粉对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为确定改善带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的最佳淀粉种类及其添加量,以凝胶强度、质构分析(TPA)值、白度、持水性和凝胶溶解度为指标,探究5种淀粉(小麦淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉、交联淀粉和羟丙基淀粉)在不同添加量(0、5%、10%、15%和20%)下对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,不同种类淀粉以及添加量均对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质有显著影响。当添加量超过15%后,淀粉的添加对带鱼鱼糜凝胶弹性和持水性影响不显著。5种淀粉中,木薯淀粉对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的改善效果最好,在鱼糜中添加15%木薯淀粉时,鱼糜凝胶强度、硬度、粘聚性、弹性、咀嚼性、白度值、失水率和凝胶溶解度分别为886.176 g·cm、4 879.56g、0.67、0.87、2 888.86、60.07、5.84%、49.47%。因此,添加15%的木薯淀粉能有效改善带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质。本试验结果为高品质鱼糜制品生产提供了科学依据。     

不同亲水胶体对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为确定合适的亲水胶体种类及其添加量,以带鱼鱼糜为原料,通过测定凝胶强度、质构(硬度、粘聚性、弹性和咀嚼性)、白度、持水性和凝胶溶解度等指标,分析瓜尔胶、魔芋胶和沙蒿胶3种亲水胶体对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,瓜尔胶、魔芋胶和沙蒿胶均能提高带鱼鱼糜凝胶强度,但相同添加量下魔芋胶的改善效果最好,而瓜尔胶对鱼糜凝胶强度的影响不显著。魔芋胶能显著改进带鱼鱼糜凝胶的质构特性;瓜尔胶添加量为2.0%时鱼糜凝胶硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、粘聚性比对照组低;沙蒿胶对鱼糜凝胶的粘聚性影响显著,当添加量为1.5%或2.0%时,带鱼鱼糜凝胶的咀嚼性、硬度增加,弹性下降。瓜尔胶、魔芋胶和沙蒿胶均能提高带鱼鱼糜持水性,降低鱼糜凝胶白度和溶解度,但对鱼糜凝胶色泽的影响不显著。扫描电镜结果显示,1.5%魔芋胶处理组形成的鱼糜凝胶表面规则有序、网络结构致密均一。综合比较,添加1.5%魔芋胶能有效改善带鱼鱼糜的凝胶品质。本研究结果为提高带鱼鱼糜制品品质及生产研发提供了一定的理论依据。     

金鲳鱼肉和罗非鱼皮明胶改善罗非鱼碎肉鱼糜品质

为了改善罗非鱼碎肉鱼糜制品的品质,研究添加金鲳鱼肉和罗非鱼皮明胶对罗非鱼碎肉鱼糜制品品质的影响。将少量金鲳鱼肉与罗非鱼碎肉混合,制作成鱼糜(金鲳鱼肉质量分别占复合鱼糜总质量的0%、5%、10%、15%、20%),研究鱼糜制品品质的变化规律。通过检测样品的质构、凝胶强度、出水率及颜色发现,随着复合鱼糜中金鲳鱼肉含量的上升,复合鱼糜制品的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性、凝胶强度、白度均呈现上升趋势,但出水率无显著变化。进一步研究,将罗非鱼鱼肉和金鲳鱼鱼肉以一定比例混合,制作成复合鱼糜,然后加入不同量的明胶,研究复合鱼糜制品品质的变化规律发现,将明胶添加到复合鱼糜制品中会使鱼糜制品的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、凝胶强度、白度均上升,出水率下降,但鱼糜的弹性、内聚性、破断距离等差异不显著。试验结果表明,金鲳鱼肉和罗非鱼皮明胶可以用于罗非鱼碎肉鱼糜制品品质的改良。研究结果为改善罗非鱼碎肉鱼糜制品的品质提供了参考。     

鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合比例对鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响研究

为了改善鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合鱼糜制品的凝胶特性,本研究通过鱼糜制品的感官评价、凝胶强度、持水性、白度、水分分布、肌原纤维蛋白凝胶电泳和光学显微镜观察等指标,分析鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合比例对鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,当鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合比例为3∶4时,凝胶特性最好,其中鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度及持水性较混合比例为5∶2时分别提高了42.74%和2.93个百分点;感官评价总分、白度值显著高于其他混合比例（P<0.05）,分别为76.3和72.3,不易流动水相对含量显著高于其他混合比例（P<0.05）,且该比例下鱼糜凝胶网络结构致密均一,对水分的束缚能力强。肌原纤维蛋白电泳结果显示,混合比例为3∶4时,肌球蛋白重链交联程度高,形成了大分子聚集体。综上,当鱿鱼与白鲢鱼混合比例为3∶4时,可明显改善混合鱼糜制品的凝胶品质。本研究结果为提高鱿鱼鱼糜制品的凝胶品质及生产研发提供了一定的理论依据。     

淀粉对竹荚鱼鱼糜流变性质和凝胶特性的影响

为探讨改善竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的最佳淀粉种类和添加量,利用流变仪、质构仪、扫描电镜等方法研究了不同来源的原淀粉及其添加量对竹荚鱼鱼糜流变性质和凝胶特性的影响。动态流变性质的结果表明,在加热过程中,竹荚鱼鱼糜的弹性模量G' 经历了2个阶段的变化,首先在20～57℃时G' 逐渐降低;然后在57～80℃由于凝胶网络的形成,使G' 增加。添加淀粉显著影响竹荚鱼鱼糜的G'。添加淀粉能够提高竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度。添加木薯淀粉、小麦淀粉对改善竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的效果最好,其添加量为4%,竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的凝胶强度分别提高了158%和155%。添加淀粉能提高竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的持水性。在相同的添加量时,木薯淀粉和小麦淀粉对提高竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的持水性的效果最好。添加淀粉能显著提高竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度,但淀粉的种类和添加量对鱼糜凝胶色泽的影响不显著。     

超高压处理对大黄鱼鱼糜水分状态和蛋白质结构的影响

为了研究超高压处理大黄鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,该文利用低场核磁共振、拉曼光谱研究了水浴加热和超高压处理鱼糜凝胶化过程中水分存在状态和蛋白质结构的变化,并分析了它们和鱼糜凝胶特性指标的相关性。结果表明,与水浴加热处理相比,超高压处理能改善鱼糜凝胶特性,使其保水率、弹性、内聚性增大（P<0.05）,硬度下降（P<0.05）。但随压力增大,鱼糜的内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性呈下降趋势（P<0.05）,保水率变化不显著（P>0.05）;低场核磁共振分析显示超高压使鱼糜自由水组分消失,不易流动水的流动性增强（P<0.05）,结合水的含量增加（P<0.05）;拉曼光谱分析显示超高压使鱼糜蛋白α-螺旋含量显著增加（P<0.05）,无规卷曲和β-转角含量显著下降（P<0.05）,三级结构也发生变化;相关性分析表明,蛋白质结构、水分状态及含量与鱼糜的质构、保水率之间存在特定相关性。说明不同处理条件下,鱼糜的蛋白质结构和水分状态发生改变,从而表现出相应的质构、保水率等凝胶特性。以上结果可为鱼糜凝胶特性的评价及改进提供检测方法及理论依据。     

用低场核磁共振研究盐溶液漂洗对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为了比较单一成分盐溶液(质量分数为0.30%Na Cl、0.06%Ca Cl2或0.50%柠檬酸钠)和复合盐溶液(0.15%Na Cl、0.04%Ca Cl2、0.35%柠檬酸钠)漂洗对带鱼鱼糜凝胶水分分布及其凝胶特性的影响,该文运用低场核磁技术测定鱼糜凝胶的水分弛豫时间和水分质子密度,并结合鱼糜凝胶含水率、持水性、凝胶强度及其电镜扫描图,对盐溶液漂洗效果进行探究。鱼肉经单一成分0.30%Na Cl、0.06%Ca Cl2或0.50%柠檬酸钠溶液漂洗,柠檬酸钠组鱼糜凝胶中的氢质子束缚力最大,水分难以迁移,自由水的相对含量最低;与单一成分漂洗相比,经过复合盐溶液漂洗后,鱼糜凝胶水分迁移力相对较低,自由水含量较少,而水分质子密度较高,水分分布均匀;盐溶液漂洗后鱼糜凝胶的持水性、含水率、凝胶强度、凝胶显微结构与鱼糜凝胶中的水分分布相关,利用复合盐溶液漂洗带鱼鱼肉,能更好地改善带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质。研究结果为改善鱼肉漂洗工艺、提高鱼糜品质提供参考。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂对带鱼鱼糜蛋白降解及其凝胶特性的影响

为提高带鱼鱼糜制品品质,以鱼糜蛋白组成、TCA-溶解肽含量及其凝胶强度等为指标,研究大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(STI)对带鱼鱼糜蛋白降解及其凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,带鱼鱼糜蛋白的降解与温度显著相关,随温度升高,肌原纤维蛋白重链(MHC)逐渐降解,TCA-溶解肽含量增加,在70℃时达到最高值(1.3μmol酪氨酸·g~(-1))。添加STI能够一定程度抑制带鱼鱼糜凝胶劣化样品和凝胶化样品中肌原纤维蛋白的降解,降低TCA-溶解肽含量。当STI添加量为0.10‰时,凝胶劣化样品和凝胶化样品的TCA-溶解肽含量达到最低值,分别为0.13和0.30μmol酪氨酸·g~(-1),凝胶强度达到最高值,分别为414.74 g·mm和1 262.28 g·mm,而失水率分别下降为5.44%和3.76%;电镜微观结构显示,此时凝胶结构更致密、均匀,但凝胶白度值轻微下降。因此,STI可有效提高带鱼鱼糜制品品质,从而为生产高品质的带鱼鱼糜制品提供参考和依据。     

高压/酶解/闪式高速提取对金华火腿骨呈味物质的影响

以金华火腿骨为研究对象,研究不同提取方法对其呈味物质释放的影响。通过感官评价及可溶性糖、有机酸、5′-核苷酸和游离氨基酸的测定分析不同处理组间样品的差异,同时采用偏最小二乘回归法（partial least squares regression,PLSR）对提取物感官和呈味物质间进行相关性分析。感官评价发现,高压蒸煮的样品的鲜味、咸味和可接受度最高,其协同滋味的综合评分最佳;呈味物质分析发现,原液中所有呈味物质含量都最低,高压-复配酶解处理的样品中可溶性糖总量最高,高达132.68 mg/100 g;经过酶解处理样品有机酸含量显著增加（P<0.05）,达到3 733.32 mg/100 g;样品经不同处理后,5′-核苷酸含量呈现显著性增加（P<0.05）,总含量最高的是经过高压蒸煮处理的样品,质量分数高达1.24 mg/100 g,是原液和其他处理组样品的2.38～12.4倍;与样品原液相比,游离氨基酸总量都显著增加（P<0.05）,高压蒸煮处理的样品中含量最高,总质量分数为642.44 mg/100 g。借助偏最小二乘回归方法对样品的感官属性及呈味成分进行相关性分析,发现样品间具有显著性差异（P<0.05）,不同的处理方式所释放的呈味物质分布规律显著不同,高压蒸煮的样品与咸味和鲜味具有显著相关性（P<0.05）;酶解处理的样品与酸味和甜味有较强相关性,其他组样品与感官与呈味属性相关性不强。结论：不同处理方式的金华火腿骨具有不同的风味,其风味特征与多种物质有关,该研究结果为火腿骨的深度开发提供了理论指导,提高金华火腿骨的附加值。     

In vivo sodium release and saltiness perception in solid lipoprotein matrices. 1. Effect of composition and texture

Reducing the sodium content in foods is complex because of their multidimensional sensory characteristics and the multifunctionality of sodium chloride. The aim of this study was to elucidate how food composition may influence in-mouth sodium release and saltiness perception. Lipoprotein matrices (LPM) were produced using milk constituents and characterized by means of rheological measurements, texture, and taste sensory profiles. Texture and taste perceptions were affected differently by variations in the salt level, dry matter, and fat contents. Composition and textural changes also modified temporal sodium release and saltiness perception recorded in five subjects, but the effects varied as a function of the salt content. The water content mainly appeared to influence the amount of sodium released, whereas saltiness perception was mainly related to fat content. Elasticity, coating, and granularity were found to be correlated with temporal sodium release and/or saltiness parameters.     

In vivo sodium release and saltiness perception in solid lipoprotein matrices. 2. Impact of oral parameters

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between sodium release, saltiness, and oral parameters during the eating of lipoprotein matrices (LPM). Sodium release and saltiness relative to 10 LPM were recorded during normal mastication by five subjects with differing oral parameters (chewing efficiency and salivary flow rate). The LPM samples varied in composition (dry matter, fat, salt, and pH levels) and represented a broad range of hardness. Mastication was recorded using electromyography simultaneously with sensory assessment. Differences in chewing behavior could explain most of the variability in sodium release and saltiness among subjects. Subjects with a higher chewing force and lower salivary flow rate experienced higher levels of sodium release and saltiness. In terms of the LPM, sodium release and saltiness were affected by either chewing behavior or food composition.     

Quantitative studies and taste re-engineering experiments toward the decoding of the nonvolatile sensometabolome of Gouda cheese

The first comprehensive quantitative determination of 49 putative taste-active metabolites and mineral salts in 4- and 44-week-ripened Gouda cheese, respectively, has been performed; the ranking of these compounds in their sensory impact based on dose-over-threshold (DoT) factors, followed by the confirmation of their sensory relevance by taste reconstruction and omission experiments enabled the decoding of the nonvolatile sensometabolome of Gouda cheese. The bitterness of the cheese matured for 44 weeks was found to be induced by CaCl2 and MgCl2, as well as various bitter-tasting free amino acids, whereas bitter peptides were found to influence more the bitterness quality rather than the bitter intensity of the cheese. The DoT factors determined for the individual bitter peptides gave strong evidence that their sensory contribution is mainly due to the decapeptide YPFPGPIHNS and the nonapeptides YPFPGPIPN and YPFPGPIHN, assigned to the casein sequences beta-CN(60-69) and beta-CN(60-68), respectively, as well as the tetrapeptide LPQE released from alphas1-CN(11-14). Lactic acid and hydrogen phosphate were identified to play the key role for the sourness of Gouda cheese, whereas umami taste was found to be due to monosodium L-glutamate and sodium lactate. Moreover, saltiness was induced by sodium chloride and sodium phosphate and was demonstrated to be significantly enhanced by L-arginine.     

Evaluation of the umami taste intensity of green tea by a taste sensor

A method for evaluating the umami taste intensity of green tea by a taste sensor system was established. Interference in the measurement from catechins was solved by removing the catechins from sample solutions with poly(vinylpolypyrrolidone). A 5.00 mM aqueous solution of glutamic acid monosodium salt was used as the standard solution. Sensor outputs were converted into EIT uma (estimated intensity of taste concerning umami) values. One unit on the EIT uma scale was defined as the amount of the sensor output corresponding to a difference in 1.2 times the concentration of the standard substance (glutamic acid monosodium salt). The umami taste intensity of green tea was classified into six grades on the EIT uma scale. Sensory tests proved that the EIT uma value had a high correlation to the human gustatory sense.     

Taste active compounds in a goat cheese water-soluble extract. 2. Determination of the relative impact of water-soluble extract components on its taste using omission tests

The aim of this work was to determine the relative impact of water-soluble compounds on the gustatory properties of a goat cheese water-soluble extract (WSE). Using a semisynthetic model mixture (MWSE) previously elaborated in physicochemical and gustatory accordance with the cheese WSE (see part 1, Engel et al. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 4252-4259), omission tests were performed. Among the main taste characteristics of the WSE (salty, sour, and bitter), saltiness was explained by an additive contribution of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium cations, whereas sourness was mainly due to a synergistic effect involving sodium chloride, phosphates, and lactic acid and bitterness was found to result from calcium and magnesium chlorides, the impact of which was partially masked by sodium chloride. In contrast, amino acids, lactose, and peptides did not have any significant impact on WSE taste properties. To quantify the contribution of the taste active compounds to bitterness and saltiness, stepwise multiple linear regressions were performed. Those contributions were expressed as a percentage of the considered taste characteristic intensity in the WSE. The model obtained allowed up to 97.4% of the perceived saltiness to be described and approximately 85% of the bitterness.     

Quantitative studies, taste reconstitution, and omission experiments on the key taste compounds in morel mushrooms (Morchella deliciosa Fr.)

Sensory-directed fractionation of an aqueous extract prepared from morel mushrooms led to the identification of gamma-aminobutyric acid as the chemical inducer of the mouth-drying and mouth-coating oral sensation imparted by morels. Additionally, L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, succinic acid, and the previously unknown (S)-malic acid 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, coined (S)-morelid, were detected as additional important umami-like taste compounds. To further bridge the gap between pure structural chemistry and human taste perception, 33 putative taste compounds were quantified in an aqueous morel extract and then rated for their taste contribution on the basis of dose-over-threshold factors. To confirm these quantitative results, an aqueous taste reconstitute was prepared by blending aqueous solutions of 16 amino acids, 6 organic acids, 3 purines, 4 carbohydrates, 3 minerals, and (S)-morelid in their "natural" concentrations. Triangle tests revealed that the taste profile of this biomimetic organoleptic cocktail did not differ significantly from the taste profile of authentic morel extract. To finally narrow down the number of key taste compounds, taste omission experiments were performed demonstrating that (S)-morelid together with L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and gamma-aminobutyric acid are the key organoleptics of morel extract. Moreover, sensory experiments with model solutions showed that (S)-morelid not only imparts a sour and umami-like taste but is able to amplify the taste activity of monosodium glutamate, as well as sodium chloride, solutions.     

In-mouth amylase activity can reduce perception of saltiness in starch-thickened foods

Sensory scores for saltiness and thickness obtained for savory liquids thickened with starches or the nonstarch hydrocolloid hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) were correlated with the panelists' amylase activity. Although higher enzyme activities were linked to lower thickness scores for systems thickened by starch, they were also associated with a decreased taste perception, particularly for starches retaining a granular structure after gelatinization (wheat and modified waxy maize). Microscopic evidence showed that the enzyme can disrupt such structures, and this is associated with a decreased mixing efficiency with water and consequently a reduced transport of tastant (sodium) to the saliva (aqueous) phase and to the taste buds. This explains the lower saltiness scores for subjects with higher amylase activity, even if they are associated with a lower perceived thickness.     

Effect of sucrose on the perceived flavor intensity of chewing gum.

The release of sucrose and menthone from chewing gum was measured in-mouth and in-nose, respectively, during eating. Swabs of saliva were taken from the tongue and analyzed using a rapid, direct liquid-mass spectrometry procedure. Menthone concentration in-nose was monitored on a breath-by-breath basis using direct gas phase atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Simultaneously with the volatile release, trained panelists followed the change in mint flavor by time-intensity (TI) analysis. Two types of commercial chewing gum were analyzed. Both showed that the panelists perception of mint flavor followed sucrose release rather than menthone release. The temporal analysis of the chemical stimuli, with simultaneous TI analysis, provided unequivocal evidence of the perceptual interaction between nonvolatile and volatile flavor compounds from chewing gum.