水稻栽培技术要点与推广方法阐释

我国作为世界人口大国,粮食安全问题是限制我国现代化建设发展的重点问题。水稻是人们日常食用最多的农作物,在我国种植历史较为悠久,在现代化农业发展过程中种植生产较多高产优质的粮食,是现代农业发展的重点项目。现阶段我国农业经济发展较快,在水稻生产过程中积极应用各项全新的栽培技术,是促进水稻种植生产的重要对策。基于此,对水稻栽培技术要点以及推广方法进行探析,旨在保障我国粮食安全,促进现代化建设。     

我国粮食安全的影响因素分析

粮食是关系民生的基础,粮食安全问题是关系国家战略安全的基石,随着经济全球化的发展,粮食危机成为世界范围内关注的重点话题。基于此,通过分析目前国内影响粮食安全的因素,包括人口数量、耕地资源、科技进步、粮食物流和农业政策五大影响因素,进而给出一些保障我国粮食安全的政策建议。     

桃源县粮食生产面临的问题与发展途径

农业是经济社会长期稳定发展的基础,粮食又是基础中的核心。湖南省是我国农业大省,无论是粮食种植面积还是总产量,均位居全国第一;桃源县粮食生产名列全省前茅,改革开放后粮食生产能力稳步提升、产量显著提高。但是,随着我国社会主义现代化建设事业快速发展,粮食作为重要战略物质,其生产任务越来越重、发展环境越来越复杂,粮食安全潜伏着不容忽视的危机。     

建设现代农业，确保新时期国家食物安全

中国是一个拥有13亿人口的大国,半个世纪以来农业有了很大的发展,以占世界约9％的耕地、生产了占世界约25％的粮食、养活了占全球约22％的人口,已引起大家的关注。但在加快建设现代农业的新形势下,我们正面临着资源紧缺、基础设施薄弱、耕地连年减少、种粮农民收入增长缓慢等情况,因此,重视和加强农业、农村和农民工作,确保国家粮食安全,将是一项事关国家昌盛、民族兴旺的基础性、战略性、长期性任务。党中央、国务院高度重视粮食生产和粮食安全,连续5年颁布涉农的“一号文件”,提出建设现代农业,提高农业综合生产能力,确保国家粮食与食物安全。食物安全既是全面小康社会的重要指标,也将对国民经济和社会的全面、协调、可持续发展起到基础性保障作用。     

吉林省2010年粮食产量预测

粮食是关系国计民生的重要商品,是关系经济发展、社会稳定和国家自立的基础,保障国家粮食安全始终是治国安邦的头等大事。随着人口增加,我国粮食消费呈刚性增长,同时,城镇化、工业化进程加快,水土资源、气候等制约因素使粮食持续增产的难度加大;生物燃料发展,     

中国粮食和水资源安全协同战略

我国粮食总产"九连增", 但粮食进口量也在增加, 北粮南运规模也在增大, 中国粮食安全处于紧平衡状态。本文针对我国大豆进口和高油高蛋白质食品过量消费的问题, 提出了中国粮食产业和消费结构协同战略。针对我国粮食生产能力和粮食供给量的发展趋势, 提出在重视中国农业走出去, 在国外建立粮食生产和供给基地的同时, 更要立足和加快国内后备耕地的开发, 挖掘我国粮食生产潜力。针对中国水资源南北分布不平衡和近年来干旱洪涝灾害频发, 提出中国粮食安全要建立在水资源安全的基础上。针对我国粮食主产区即长江中下游平原、华北平原、东北平原和西北地区4大粮仓的存在问题和发展潜力, 提出了相应的水资源安全和粮食安全的协同战略。强调水资源安全是粮食安全的基础, 在耕地面积日趋减少, 靠增加单位面积产量保障中国粮食总产的情况下, 只有进一步加强中国水利建设和提高水资源利用效率, 加快南水北调工程, 才能实现与北粮南运的协同, 特别是加快西线调水工程, 开发西部粮仓, 中国粮食新增潜力还可能有很大的提高。     

重视杂粮战略地位 促进杂粮产业发展

1发展小杂粮是改善人民膳食结构的需要 粮食是国家战略物资,中国的粮食安全关系中国乃至世界粮食市场的稳定。为保障国家粮食安全,应对粮价波动和粮食危机,必须着手制定和完善粮食战略。     

粮食安全要警钟长鸣

<正>"丰年缺粮",已成为我国粮食供需的常态。虽然粮食连续十年增产,总产量首次突破6亿吨大关,但是"中国自己养活自己"却日趋艰难,随着人口增长和消费水平的提高,粮食供需缺口不断增大,2012年粮食自给率已经跌破90%,三大主粮(小麦、玉米、大米)净进口成为常态化,2011年我国玉米全面进口,2013年小麦也成为进口大国。在当今粮食能源化、高价化和武器化的背景下,我国粮食安全,直接关乎中华民族的生存和     

中国应抓住气候变化的战略机遇期

气候变化是世界关注的热点问题,中国是世界人口和农业大国,如何科学应对气候变化,趋利避害,把握重要机遇期,是关系中国复兴的重大课题。本文从地质时期气候变化、历史时期气候变化和近代气候变化3个方面,分析说明了气候变化取决于自然和人类活动状况,气候变化有冷暖交替周期,目前处于第四纪冰期的小暖期,进一步提出了要从太阳系、大气圈、岩石圈、水圈和生物圈不同层次的相互影响,来研究气候变化的思路。根据中国经济社会和农业发展与气候变化历史过程对比分析,中国粮食连续九连增,特别是东北粮食基地生产能力的快速提高,明显受益于气候变暖。提出了中国应抓住气候变化中的战略机遇期。目前我国粮食供需总体上仍处于紧平衡状态,"靠天吃饭"还没有根本改变,我国粮食呈北粮南运,北方又是干旱缺水和受气候变化影响敏感的地区,建议国家有关部门立项开展我国北方气候变化与水资源安全和粮食安全研究,以为保障我国粮食安全提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

农田保护与乡村振兴协调发展探讨

我国是人口大国、农业大国,农业在社会主义现代化建设中具有非常重要的作用。农田是农业可持续发展和保障粮食安全的基础。对此,从保护农田所面临的复杂形势着手,探讨了基本农田保护在乡村振兴中所起的作用,并建设性地提出了基本农田保护和乡村振兴协调发展的对策。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.