稻草和猪粪发酵残渣配施菌剂对大棚连作土壤的改良作用

采用室内培养试验,研究了稻草和猪粪在大棚内生物发酵进行CO2施肥后产生的发酵残渣接种微生物菌剂（EM和By）对大棚连作土壤的改良作用。结果表明,向供试土壤中添加接种微生物菌剂的发酵残渣后,土壤中细菌和放线菌数量与对照相比显著增加,真菌数量也有一定程度的增加,细菌/真菌比值明显提高; 发酵残渣接种（EM+By）菌剂处理下的土壤脲酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性分别比对照增加NH+4-N 26.7 mg/（kgd）和酚127.0 mg/（kgh）; （EM+By）处理下的土壤pH值比对照提高了1.14个单位; 至培养结束时,土壤中碱解氮、 速效磷和速效钾含量都有较大程度增加,尤其是土壤速效磷。因此,将发酵残渣接种功能微生物菌剂,可作为一种生物有机肥直接在大棚中使用,将其施用到土壤中有利于改善土壤微生物群落结构,加速土壤养分转化,提高土壤速效养分含量,有效缓解连作土壤酸化问题,对大棚连作土壤起到改良作用。     

EM堆肥对土壤生物影响的研究

长期定点施用EM堆肥试验结果表明:EM有机堆肥能提高土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量;相同有机物料投入水平下,EM堆肥处理的微生物总量最高;随着有机物料投入水平的降低,土壤微生物数量下降;施用EM能提高土壤微生物活性,增加微生物的分布密度。施用EM堆肥土壤蚯蚓数量均显著高于其他施肥处理。EM堆肥各处理平均土壤螨虫数量高,但在相同的有机物料投入水平下,差异不显著。在大部分作物生长期,施EM 15t/hm2处理与化肥处理和对照处理土壤生物总量差异显著。     

大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系

选取不同连作年限的辣椒大棚土壤和相邻露地小麦-辣椒轮作土壤(对照),研究了大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明,连作土壤养分含量显著高于对照,而pH值显著低于对照;土壤细菌,放线菌数量随连作年限延长呈先增加后降低的趋势并高于对照,而真菌数量不断增加;连作土壤酶活性含量均显著高于对照。土壤细菌数量与土壤有机质、全磷呈显著相关性,真菌数量与土壤养分无显著相关性,放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性与pH值呈显著负相关性,与养分呈显著相关性。土壤全磷、全氮、pH值对微生物数量的影响较大,而全氮、pH值对土壤酶活性的影响较大。     

黄瓜连作对土壤理化性状及生物活性的影响研究

盆栽与田间试验研究黄瓜连作对土壤理化性状及生物活性的影响结果表明,黄瓜连作后土壤次生盐渍化加重,P过剩,K则消耗过多,造成养分不平衡;土壤微生物区系改变,微生物由“细菌型”土壤向“真菌型”土壤转化,土传病虫害加重,线虫密度高达4.38条/g土。     

百合连作年限对设施土壤理化性质和生物学特性的影响

为探讨连作年限对土壤理化性质和生物学特性的影响,自连作4年、5年、7年和对照(未种植百合)设施采集土样,用实时荧光定量PCR、氯仿熏蒸培养法、二乙酸酯荧光素(FDA)等方法研究了供试土壤细菌真菌数量、氮转化功能基因丰度、微生物生物量碳氮、微生物总酶活性的变化。结果表明:随连作年限增加,土壤pH下降,速效养分和有机质累积;细菌数量和反硝化菌nirS型基因丰度在连作4年时显著低于其他处理,连作7年时均达最大值;真菌数量和反硝化菌nir K型基因有上升的趋势;与对照相比,连作4年、5年和7年设施土壤的AOA基因拷贝数分别降低了99.46%、73.77%、45.20%,而AOB基因拷贝数增加了51.09%、79.11%、112.4%;固氮基因nifH的基因拷贝数显著下降;土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量显著增加,微生物总酶活性呈现先增加后下降的趋势、且在连作5年时达最大值。研究认为,连作年限对土壤微生物活性变化起着关键作用,研究结果为今后开展连作栽培对设施土壤质量影响方面研究奠定了基础。     

作物茬口对连作棉田土壤环境及棉花产量的影响

于2007－2008年在连作8 a的棉田上进行不同作物轮作倒茬田间试验,以研究不同茬口对连作棉田土壤养分、土壤微生物区系以及棉花产量的影响,从而筛选出适宜棉田轮作倒茬的最佳作物茬口。研究结果表明：不同作物茬口的土壤有机质、速效养分含量及棉花产量均高于连作棉田,其中加工番茄茬口对土壤的速效磷含量增加最为显著,小麦、玉米茬口对土壤速效钾含量增加显著;各作物茬口土壤微生物总量均比连作棉田有明显的增加,表现为细菌和放线菌数量增加真菌减少;草木樨、番茄茬口土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌生理群也明显增加。不同作物茬口的棉花产量表现为加工番茄→棉花＞草木樨→棉花＞小麦→棉花＞玉米→棉花＞棉花→棉花;加工番茄、玉米、小麦可作为连作棉田的良好前茬。     

不同有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分及团聚体组成的影响

为探究不同有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分和团聚体组成的影响,采用大田试验方法,研究了在连作7年条件下,腐熟鸡粪(JF)、玉米秸秆(JG)和木耳菌渣(JZ)三种不同类型有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分、产量、团聚体组成和稳定性的影响。结果表明:与CK相比有机物料能有效提高连作大豆土壤养分含量,显著影响土壤团聚体组成,0.25~2 mm粒级团聚体含量明显增加。畜禽粪便类的鸡粪(JF)对碱解氮的提高作用最明显,较CK提高13.85%;天然类的秸秆(JG)对速效磷含量提高作用显著,较CK提高4.13%;JF对提高速效钾含量效果最好,较CK提高8.97%;JG对提高有机质含量效果最好,较CK提高7.28%。半腐解类的菌渣(JZ)较CK相比土壤养分含量也有明显的提高,但不如JF和JG效果明显。有机物料能提高连作大豆产量,JF效果显著。所有有机物料对改善土壤团聚体组成,增加0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量效果均比较显著,对土壤水稳性团聚体平均重量直径以及土壤团聚体的稳定性指数有显著提高作用。     

芝麻连作对农艺性状及土壤生化特性的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了不同年限连作对芝麻农艺性状、产量性状、土壤化学性状和微生物数量的影响。结果表明:与正茬相比,连作情况下芝麻的株高、果轴长度、单株蒴数、单蒴粒数、千粒重、单株产量均显著下降。连作1~3年,单株蒴数下降范围为8.41%~20.85%,单蒴粒数为7.32%~18.16%,千粒重为4.69%~14.72%,单株产量为11.86%~44.07%,并且连作年限越长,农艺性状变劣越严重。连作对芝麻根际土壤微生物活性影响较大,导致根际土壤微生物菌群改变,比例失调。随着连作年限增加,土壤中微生物总量下降,根区土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌数量都有显著下降,连作3年,分别下降了66.1%、76.2%、56.0%;根际土壤中细菌、放线菌数量下降,而真菌数量增加。土壤速效氮、磷、钾,交换性钙、镁,有效锰、硼、铁、铜和锌随连作年限增加而下降,连作3年,土壤速效磷、钾,交换性钙,有效硼、铁和锌的养分递减率都达5%以上,连作还导致土壤供肥能力变差。     

渭-库三角洲绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤理化特征分析

研究了渭-库三角洲绿洲连作5、10、15、20、25 a的棉田土壤颗粒组成、p H、盐分、有机质等理化特征。结果表明:(1)连作15 a土壤黏粒含量最高,连作20 a最低;连作15 a粉粒含量最高,连作25 a最低;连作25 a砂粒含量最高,连作15 a最低。(2)连作10 a土壤盐分含量最高为8.07 g kg-1,连作15 a最低为5.68 g kg-1;随连作年限的增加,土壤趋向硫酸盐型盐渍化发展;土壤p H值波动不大,土壤呈微碱性或碱性。(3)连作15 a土壤有机质含量最高为12.65 g kg-1,连作5 a最低为8.46 g kg-1;全氮连作5~15 a略有增加,连作15~25 a有所减小;全磷连作20 a最低为0.82 g kg-1,连作10 a最高为1.12 g kg-1;全钾连作5~10 a明显增加,连作15~20 a明显减小,连作20 a之后又增加。(4)土壤粒度、盐分、有机质、全氮的变化基本表现为棉田连作15 a较明显,因此,在研究区棉田最适宜的连作年限为15 a,棉田连作15 a后,会导致土壤砂粒含量增多、含盐量增加、硫酸盐类盐渍化增强、p H值提高、有机质含量降低,使得养分含量失衡、肥力下降,从而影响到棉花产出和效益。     

不同有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分含量及生物性状的影响

选取畜禽粪便、天然有机物料、有机肥类有机物料3大类共9种有机物料进行大田试验,设正茬和连作2种种植方式,主要研究不同类型有机物料对土壤养分和生物性状变化特征的影响。结果表明:有机物料的施入对提高土壤养分含量和改善土壤生物性状作用效果明显。正茬土壤pH为5.70~6.00,连作土壤pH为5.50~5.90,施用有机物料小区均高于CK处理。畜禽粪便类有机物料,对提高大豆土壤速效钾含量效果显著,对正茬和连作土壤分别平均提高12.73%和17.09%;猪粪对正茬土壤呼吸提高11.30%;鸡粪对连作土壤中微生物量氮提高13.85%。天然有机物料,对提高土壤中碱解氮作用明显,正茬和连作分别平均提高6.31%和3.30%。有机肥类有机物料,对大豆土壤中速效磷含量正茬和连作土壤分别提高2.13%和2.27%,有机质含量分别提高1.98%和4.20%;鸡粪型有机肥对正茬土壤微生物量碳提高3.45%。所有有机物料处理整体效果均好于CK处理,这表明有机物料的施入具有提高大豆土壤养分含量,改善土壤养分性状的作用。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.