土地沙漠化程度的景观尺度评价

基材混合物的有效持水量是评价厚层基材喷射植被护坡效果的重要指标之一。采用模拟岩石坡面进行厚层基材喷射植被护坡实验,研究了有机质及保水剂含量对基材混合物水分常数的影响。该研究结果对合理选择基材混合物的组成及使用比例有重要意义。     

厚层基材喷射护坡试验研究

以内昆线横江车站路堑岩石边坡为试验点 ,设计了厚层基材喷射种植基各组分配比 ,采用湿喷法进行厚层基材喷射护坡试验。试验结果表明 ,采用厚层基材喷射对岩石边坡进行生态防护 ,厚层基材各项指标均满足植物正常生长所需的条件 ,防护效果显著     

高速公路不同边坡类型对植被恢复的影响

为了解不同护坡模式下边坡防护工程建设初期植被恢复状况,依托北京西六环现有边坡工程,采用系统聚类方法,将12段边坡划分为六棱砖与厚层基材喷播植草2类护坡模式,分析不同模式坡位、坡长、坡向和地形条件对植被恢复的影响。结果表明:1)以厚层基质喷播植草模式为主的Ⅱ类边坡植被恢复效果优于以六棱砖护坡模式为主的Ⅰ类边坡;2)随着演替进程的发展,建植初期植被表现出一定的年际变化规律,2011年植被恢复效果较2010年差;3)坡位、坡长和坡向的不同使植被群落组成存在一定的差异性,Ⅰ类边坡中部植被生长较好,Ⅱ类边坡下部植被恢复效果好,坡长较长的阴向边坡更利于植被恢复;4)六棱砖护坡模式更适宜在山岭重丘区应用,而厚层基质喷播植草护坡模式更适用于平原微丘区。     

炎热多雨条件下岩坡喷混植草试验研究

岩质边坡上植草护坡,是道路生态工程中的难点,涉及岩坡的可耕植性、植物选型和基材优化配比组合等关键技术研究.以洛湛铁路娄底段边坡为例,分析了铁路边坡的环境特点,对风化岩坡的可耕植性参数进行了试验研究.通过室内播种试验,由草种的根系生长及发芽率情况优选出适于护坡工程的最佳草种组合.通过室内正交试验,对于基材主要组成成份进行了强度影响因素大小的数理统计分析,得出在施工后一定时间内基于降雨周期的影响条件下所需采用的基材优化配比组合方案,从而可使基材强度值达到最大.最后通过厚层基材喷播、覆盖、后期管护等重点和难点技术的实施,保证了炎热多雨条件下岩坡喷混植草的成功.     

中国岩质边坡植被护坡技术研究进展

高速公路建设等活动产生了大量的裸露岩质边坡。随着环保观念的逐渐普及和增强,人们对生态环境保护的要求越来越高,岩质边坡植被护坡技术已成为了工程建设技术的一个重要组成部分,并已取得了很多研究成果。首先分析了岩质边坡植被恢复的特点,然后从植被护坡技术应用、植物的选择和配置、生态基材的配比和特性、植被护坡机制和植被恢复效果评价5个方面对中国岩质边坡植被护坡技术的研究进行总结和概述,在此基础上,从特殊生境条件下的高陡岩质边坡植被护坡技术研发、岩质坡面-基材-根系的相互作用机理及整体力学稳定性、植被恢复效果评价长效机制和基于气候、地理环境等因子的岩质边坡植被护坡技术标准的编制4个方面,提出了该领域有待深入研究的问题及未来的发展趋势。     

湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术在水渠边坡工程中的应用

[目的]验证湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术的先进性与实用性,为工程边坡生态防护提供参考。[方法]将湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术应用于湖北省鄂州市花马湖水系连通渠护坡工程,现场观测了护坡和水土保持效果、植物盖度、植株密度、植物平均高度以及物种多样性指标。[结果]湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术能促使边坡稳定。所用基材能较好地附着于坡面,未出现冲沟和滑塌,水土保持较好,成功解决了基材可喷射性和坡面附着性之间的根本矛盾;1个月后坡面整体植被覆盖率达到90%以上;缓坡区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数与陡坡区均较为接近,但与自然边坡存在差异;湿喷综合成本比干喷节约5%～15%。[结论]湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术作为干喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术的升级版,具备显著的先进性,能用于工程边坡的生态防护。     

不同配比护坡营养基材pH的动态变化研究

不同配比护坡营养基材模拟试验表明．护坡营养基材pH值随着凝固时间的延长而下降,并逐渐趋于稳定,不同配比的护坡营养基材pH值稳定的最短时间不同。影响护坡营养基材pH值变化的主要因素有水泥的掺入量、基质土壤类型、成孔材料添加比例等。研究结果表明,水泥掺入量在基质土壤的2％～4％范围内对植物生长是安全的。在设计护坡营养基材配方方面,以城市垃圾土为基质土壤,添加3％的稻草粉有利于降低护坡基材pH值和促进植物生长。     

向家坝水电站工程扰动边坡生态修复人工调控研究

以控制论为基本理论,归纳了边坡生态修复工程的人工调控技术,并以此为指导对向家坝水电站工程扰动边坡生态修复TBS(厚层基材植被护坡技术)示范样地进行了调控。调控结果表明:调控后边坡样地各指标值均有不同程度的提高,植被群落得到不同程度的改善。对调控经验进行了总结,为加快扰动边坡植被恢复及演替提供新的思路和方法。     

锚喷边坡坡面植被恢复生境构建技术

边坡通过锚杆喷射混凝土处置,其整体稳定性得到了保证,但其对周边生态环境却造成了不良影响,而且由于喷射混凝土的存在,该类边坡坡面植被恢复生境构建难度增加。某锚喷坡面在采用了挡土翼、坡面植生孔、植生营养袋及TBS厚层基材喷播绿化等综合技术措施后,基本实现了坡面植被恢复生境构建,可为类似工程提供参考和借鉴。     

随州绕城公路生态修复中的景观设计

湖北省随州市绕城公路是连接曾侯乙古墓和炎帝神农故里两张文化名片的快速旅游通道,综合考虑绕城公路的生态现状和人文现状,尝试对公路两侧开挖边坡进行生态修复的同时注入随州历史文化元素,对部分坡面进行人文景观设计。通过采用植被混凝土、防冲刷基材、厚层基材、三维网客土喷播、混凝土连续框格梁内铺草皮、罩面网攀缘植物、铺种草皮等一系列的绿化护坡措施进行边坡稳定性防护,同时结合具有历史人文特色的景观设计,营造出层次丰富、和谐统一的道路自然生态景观和人文景观。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.