有机溶剂对有机氯农药污染场地土壤淋洗修复效用研究

Problems associated with organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-contaminated sites in China have received wide attention. To solve such problems, innovative ex-situ methods of site remediation are urgently needed. We investigated the feasibility of the extraction method with different organic solvents, ethanol, 1-propanol, and three fractions of petroleum ether, using a soil collected from Wujiang (WJ), China, a region with long-term contamination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). We evaluated different influential factors, including organic solvent concentration, washing time, mixing speed, solution-to-soil ratio, and washing temperature, on the removal of DDTs from the WJ soil. A set of relatively better parameters were selected for extraction with 100 mL L 1 petroleum ether (60-90℃): washing time of 180 min, mixing speed of 100 r min 1 , solution-to-soil ratio of 10:1, and washing temperature of 50℃. These selected parameters were also applied on three other seriously OCP-polluted soils. Results demonstrated their broad-spectrum effectiveness and excellent OCP extraction performance on the contaminated soils with different characteristics.     

生物修复石油污染土壤

本文概述了石油污染土壤的生物降解机制,分析了生物修复土壤污染技术及其影响因子,提出了强化生物修复的措施及其在我国的应用前景。     

小麦秸秆生物炭对石油烃污染土壤的修复作用

以小麦秸秆为原材料,在300℃下缺氧裂解3、6、8 h制备生物炭,比较了3种生物炭的产率、pH值、灰分以及C、H、N元素含量,表征了300℃、6 h生物炭的表面形态,并用其作为修复材料,对大港油田的石油污染土壤进行修复。结果表明,随裂解时间的延长,生物炭产率下降,pH值升高,灰分含量增加,H/C值下降,但产率、pH值、灰分和H/C值都是从3 h到6 h差异显著,6 h到8 h差异不显著。C元素含量先升高后下降。石油污染土壤经生物炭修复14 d和28d后,总石油烃降解率分别为45.48%和46.88%,均显著高于对照组。修复14 d后土壤中的萘、苊、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘也都有不同程度的下降,其中苯并[a]芘含量下降幅度达98.18%,其他几种PAH的降解率也都高于对照组,28 d后这些PAH的含量又有上升趋势。这说明小麦秸秆裂解时间对生物炭的性质有影响;300℃、6h生物炭可以用来修复石油污染的土壤。     

生物强化有机土壤添加物结合石膏促进碱性土壤上睡茄的生长

Limited availability of organic matter is a problem to sustain crop growth on sodic soil. Organic soil amendments are a costeffective source of nutrients to enhance crop growth. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of an organic soil amendment bioaugmented with plant growth-promoting fungi(SF_(OA) ) in combination with gypsum on soil properties and growth and yield attributes of Withania somnifera, one of the most valuable crops of the traditional medicinal system in the world, on a sodic soil at the Aurawan Research Farm of CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India. The SF_(OA) used was prepared by pre-enriching farm waste vermicompost with plant growth-promoting fungi before mixing with pressmud and Azadirachta indica seed cake. The application of SF_(OA) at 10 Mg ha~(-1)after gypsum(25.0 Mg ha~(-1)) treatment significantly(P 0.05) increased root length(by 96%) and biomass(by 125%) of Withania plants compared to the control without SF_(OA) and gypsum. Similarly, the highest withanolide contents were observed in leaves and roots of Withania plants under 10 Mg ha~(-1)SF_(OA) and gypsum. Combined application of SF_(OA) and gypsum also improved physical, chemical and enzymatic properties of the soil, with the soil bulk density decreasing by 25%, water-holding capacity increasing by 121%, total organic C increasing by 90%, p H decreasing by 17% and alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities increasing by 54%, 128%, 81% and 96%, respectively, compared to those of the control. These showed that application of the SF_(OA) tested in this study might reclaim sodic soil and further support Withania cultivation and results were better when the SF_(OA) was applied after gypsum treatment.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

生物修复技术是解决环境污染、恢复被人类活动破坏的生态系统、实现人类社会可持续发展的重要手段之一,它具有速度快、消耗低、效率高、成本低、反应条件温和以及无二次污染等显著优点.本文主要介绍了生物修复的原理和特点,石油污染土壤的各种生物修复技术:微生物修复技术、植物修复技术和菌根根际生物修复技术的研究和应用进展.     

生物修复石油污染土壤研究现状

石油污染土壤的生物修复方法具有操作简便、费用低、对周围环境污染小、修复效率高等优点,应用前景广阔。从石油污染土壤生物修复过程中修复生物的选择、修复条件的优化、修复效果的评价等方面对近年来生物修复技术的研究进展进行了综述。为推动该方法的广泛应用,还应深入探究降解微生物之间的拮抗和协同机制、进一步降低修复成本、进一步完善修复评价标准,加强重石油污染土壤和特殊环境下石油污染土壤的治理研究,开展复合污染(如石油污染和重金属污染)土壤的修复研究。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

对于石油污染土壤的修复,其生物修复具有环境友好、费用较低等特点,是最具应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文较全面地介绍了石油污染土壤生物修复的影响因素、石油污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究

通过田间试验研究了玉米和向日葵两种植物对石油污染土壤的修复作用,考察了外源菌（OX-9）对植物修复的强化和协同效应,对“外源菌一植物”修复效果进行了初步评价。结果表明,在10000mg·k-1污染浓度下,150d玉米、向13葵试验区土壤中石油降解率分别为42．5％和46．4％,较对照区提高了100．5％和118．9％。外源节细菌的施加可使生物修复速度显著加快,150d“DX-9-玉米”和“DX-9-向日葵”试验区石油烃降解率分别达到72．8％和76．4％,较同期单独植物修复的降解率提高了71.3％和64．7％。500d各试验区土壤中石油烃降解率分别为95．5％、96．1％、97．6％和98．9％,土壤中石油烃含量均低于国家标准规定限量（〈500mg·kg-1）;土壤主要理化性质、生物群落分布、呼吸强度及植物不同部位中石油烃的残留量与对照无显著差异。结果表明：玉米、向日葵与节细菌对石油污染土壤的联合生物修复效果显著;经过两年修复,污染土壤恢复健康状态。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究

从炼油厂污水池底泥中驯化、分离、筛选,得到4种优势石油降解菌。采用摇床培养,研究了各优势菌和混合菌对石油烃的降解性能;采用黄豆、苜蓿和混合菌对石油污染土壤进行了植物-微生物联合修复试验。结果表明,4种菌和混合菌25天可将初始质量浓度为10000mg/L的石油烃依次降解74.36%、54.36%、78.19%、62.17%和83.73%;运行120天,苜蓿、黄豆试验田污染土壤中的石油烃减少46.83%和41.27%;外源混合菌的施加使两种植物的降解率分别提高到67.14%和56.92%。苜蓿或黄豆-土著微生物-外源混合菌联合修复石油污染土壤效果显著。     

表面活性剂强化过硫酸钠氧化修复石油烃污染土壤

为了提升石油烃污染土壤的修复效率，考察了不同表面活性剂(吐温-80 (Tw-80)、曲拉通X 100 (TX 100)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS))对过硫酸钠氧化土壤中石油烃的强化效果，并分析了表面活性剂SDS强化修复效果较优的原因。土壤中石油烃的去除率遵循如下趋势：SDS>SDBS>TX 100>Tw-80。SDS强化修复效果较优可能与其在土壤中吸附量较小对石油烃的增溶效果好、上清液中过渡态金属含量较高及对过硫酸钠分解消耗少有关。通过优化反应参数，可以进一步提高SDS强化过硫酸钠氧化修复石油烃污染土壤的效率，对采自武汉和盘锦的两种石油烃污染土壤都具有较好的修复效果。     

石油烃类污染物降解动力学和微生物群落多样性分析

为了探讨不同初始浓度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复机制,以石油降解菌剂和腐熟鸡粪为调理剂,研究了初始浓度分别为5 000（T1）、10 000（T2）和50 000 mg/kg（T3）的石油污染土壤堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染降解动力学特征和微生物群落多样性。结果表明：堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染物降解符合一级反应动力学,反应常数分别为0.012、0.094和0.050 d-1,半衰期分别为6.79、7.37和13.86 d。整个堆腐过程石油烃类污染物平均降解速率分别为112.08、230.05和887.93 mg/(kg·d)。3个处理的孔平均颜色变化率（average well color development）和碳源利用率（除芳香烃类化合物外）随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高,在堆腐中、后期达到最大,T3处理显著高于T1、T2处理。多聚物类和糖类代谢群是堆腐体系中的优势菌群。主成分分析表明3个处理的微生物群落差异显著（除第9天外）,起分异作用的碳源主要是糖类和羧酸类。微生物群落的丰富度指数和均一度指数随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高并在堆腐后期达到最大,与T1处理相比,T3处理分别高了0.21%和17.64%,差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）。微生物群落优势度指数在中期达到最大,T1处理分别比T2、T3处理高2.12%和9.44%,3个处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。堆肥结束时3个处理的种子发芽指数（seed germination index, SGI）分别比堆腐初期提高了18.26%、20.42%和36.41%。该研究结果为黄土高原不同程度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复的应用提供参考依据和理论基础。     

Bioremediation of the soil contaminated with petroleum oil products using sewage sludge

ABSTRACT

The remediation technologies of soils contaminated with petroleum products are developed in two main directions: the first one encompasses searching for new effective bioagents and the other one explores the ways to activate those microorganisms present in the soil that are capable of degrading oil. The objective of this research was to determine if it is possible to increase the effectiveness of biodegradation of petroleum products by using chemical additives. The soil was supplemented with additives: CuSO4, MnSO4, KMnO4, H2O2, 5% and 10% chemical industry plants sludge, 5% and 10% Stock Company ‘Klaipedos vanduo’ (SC‘KV’) municipal wastewater treatment plants sludge. The data suggest that all the additives statistically significantly stimulated the degradation of diesel fuel (F = 12.01; p = .001) and black oil (F = 9.93; p = .001) compared with the control. It was determined that diesel fuel was degraded the fastest in samples with KMnO4, where efficiency of degradation was 90%, and 88% efficency in samples with 10% chemical industry plants sludge. Black oil was degraded the best in samples, where KMnO4 was added: efficiency of degradation was up to 63%. In the samples with 10% of sewage sludge from chemical industry plant degradation efficiency was 62%.     

植物对污染土壤修复作用的研究进展

利用植物修复污染土壤是一种被人们认为安全可靠的方法.植物修复技术不仅能修复被石油污染的土壤,而且对更多品种污染的土壤修复有效,植物降解高分子有毒化合物的基础是根际环境及根际微生物,与无植物土壤不同.对根际区微生物降解和转化有机化合物的研究,更多的集中于植物对杀虫剂和除草剂的降解.事实证明,生物修复污染土壤是一项实用性和有效性很强的技术.     

丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus caledonium)对铜污染土壤生物修复机理初探

利用盆栽试验,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus.caledonium)在不同程度铜污染土壤上对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,即使在土壤施铜量达150mg/kg时,菌根真菌对玉米仍有近55%的侵染率;接种菌根真菌,能显著促进玉米根系的生长。菌根玉米的根系生物量和根系长度,平均较未接种处理分别提高108.4%和58.8%;接种处理的植株地上部生物量达到每盆(3株)10.58g,显著高于不施铜的非菌根玉米。这些结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌对铜污染具有较好的抗性;并且由于菌根的形成,使宿主植物明显地改善了对磷的吸收和运输,并能通过抑制土壤酸化、降低土壤可溶态铜的浓度等机制,增强宿主植物对铜污染的抗(耐)性。在150mg/kg施铜水平时,与非菌根玉米相比,菌根玉米地上部和根系铜浓度分别降低24.3%和24.1%,吸铜量分别提高了28.2%和60.0%,表明菌根植物对铜污染土壤具有一定的生物修复作用。     

Spectroscopic determination of poly-aromatic compounds in petroleum contaminated soils

The determination of poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil is of interest because of their carcinogenic and mutagenic activity in biological systems. The present study deals with the rapid application of infrared, fluorescence, synchronous luminescence spectrometries and gas chromatography to detect organic pollutants and their quantity in the soil. Sohxlet extraction followed by column separation was used to isolate organic pollutants. Although several solvent mixtures were used as eluents for the column, the solvent mixture, hexane:dichloromethane (50:50) efficiently extracts the aromatic compounds. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) measured by IR were found at high concentrations (30810.0 ppm) in the contaminated soil compared with the reference soil (30.0 ppm). Furthermore, the fluorescence results reveal that almost one-fourth of the 30810.0 ppm are aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, the presence of PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene in the polluted soil was determined by using synchronous study.     

两株真菌的分离及其在石油污染土壤修复中的作用

从石油污染的盐碱土壤中分离获得2株真菌,并对其生理生化性质进行初步研究。将2株菌扩大培养,制成混合菌剂,通过盆栽试验,以石油烃降解率、脱氢酶活性和土壤的微生物多样性等为指标,研究了不同剂量的混合菌剂对石油污染土壤修复的作用。结果表明,添加菌剂各处理的石油烃降解率、脱氢酶活性和微生物多样性明显高于对照;石油烃降解率随菌剂加入剂量的增大而提高,加入8%的菌剂,70 d石油烃降解率可达63%,是对照组的1.44倍。     

高分子量多环芳烃污染土壤的菌群修复研究

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的一类有机污染物,由于其在土壤中的半衰期较长和致癌、致畸形、致突变的性质而受到人们的重视。微生物是生态系统中最重要的分解者,对PAHs具有较强的分解代谢能力和较高的代谢速率。通常认为,PAHs的环数越高,越难被微生物降解利用[1]。高分子量PAHs(三环以上的PAHs)具有更高的毒性和亲脂性,更难被微生物降解。环境中PAHs通常以多种组分同时存在,呈现其复合污染现象,增加了微生物降解的难度。因此,筛选能够同时降解多种高分子量PAHs的微生物,具有重要的现实意义。目前,越来越多的国内外学者采用微     

黄河三角洲土壤土著菌的石油烃降解潜力

The bioremediation potential of bacteria indigenous to soils of the Yellow River Delta in China was evaluated as a treatment option for soil remediation. Petroleum hydrocarbon degraders were isolated from contaminated soil samples from the Yellow River Delta. Four microbial communities and eight isolates were obtained. The optimal temperature, salinity, pH, and the ratios of C, N, and P （C：N：P） for the maximum biodegradation of diesel oil, crude oil, n-alkanes, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons by indigenous bacteria were determined, and the kinetics changes in microbial communities were monitored. In general, the mixed microbial consortia demonstrated wider catabolic versatility and faster overall rate of hydrocarbon degradation than individual isolates. Our experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon by indigenous bacteria for soil remediation in the Yellow River Delta.