土壤中水溶性铜对西红柿的毒害影响因素及预测模型

该文选取17种具有代表性的中国土壤,研究了土壤孔隙水以及0.01mol/LCaCl2浸提态Cu对西红柿生长的毒害,结果发现对于土壤孔隙水中Cu对西红柿生物量10%抑制的毒性阈值(EC10)和50%抑制的毒性阈值(EC50),在17个非淋洗土壤中变化范围分别为0.06～1.47和0.17～3.42mg/L,淋洗土壤变化范围分别为0.05～2.24和0.13～4.37mg/L,最大值与最小值相差为23～41倍;0.01mol/LCaCl2提取态Cu的EC10和EC50,在非淋洗土壤变化范围分别为0.18～2.64和0.57～6.14mg/kg,淋洗土壤变化范围分别为0.18～1.28和0.61～7.11mg/kg,相差从6.9～14.4倍,表明土壤溶液性质影响水溶性Cu对西红柿的毒性阈值。同时,发现土壤孔隙水中Ca2+、溶解性有机碳是影响孔隙水中Cu对西红柿生长毒性的主要因子。当进一步考虑土壤溶液的重要因子(溶解性有机碳、土壤溶液pH值、电导率、全硫含量、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+),发现基于水溶性Cu的毒性阈值和土壤溶液性质的多元回归系数变化范围为0.75～0.99,说明利用土壤溶液性质能较好的预测土壤中水溶性Cu对西红柿的毒性阈值。该研究可为土壤水溶性Cu的风险评估提供参考。     

西红柿铜毒害的土壤主控因子和预测模型研究

通过有代表性的16种中国土壤的外源铜的西红柿毒害试验,发现淋洗(使用模拟的人工雨水滤洗定量的土壤样品)可以显著提高有机碳和盐分含量较高的土壤的毒性阈值。土壤pH是影响西红柿铜毒性阈值最重要的因子。基于土壤pH和有机碳含量的两因子回归方程能够很好地预测淋洗和非淋洗土壤上铜对西红柿生物量50%抑制的毒性阈值(EC50),且相关性均达到了80%以上。当考虑到黏粒含量或阳离子交换量对EC50的影响时,对于非淋洗和淋洗土壤来说,回归方程的决定系数R2分别提高到了0.862和0.891。本试验结果证明了利用土壤性状(土壤pH,有机碳含量以及黏粒含量或阳离子交换量)可以较好地预测土壤中外源铜对西红柿生长的毒性阈值。     

不同性质农田土壤中铜的可提取性与生物有效性及毒性

以重金属总量为基础的土壤环境质量标准已不适用于当前土壤管理的需求，基于重金属生物有效性的生态风险评估和环境阈值研究对土壤重金属环境质量标准的修订具有重要的意义。本研究选取4种化学提取剂（HNO3、EDTA-Na2、NH4OAc和CaCl2）对我国3种不同性质的模拟Cu污染农田土壤（黑土、潮褐土和脱潜水稻土）进行有效态Cu提取，通过敏感性生态物种生菜和赤子爱胜蚓的Cu暴露实验，推导基于化学提取有效态的土壤Cu生态毒性阈值。研究结果表明，HNO3（41.38%）和EDTA-Na2（56.81%）对3种土壤中Cu的平均提取效率显著高于NH4OAc（0.12%）和CaCl2（8.70%）。CaCl2提取态Cu含量与生菜Cu富集量和毒性效应之间存在显著或极显著相关， HNO3提取态Cu含量则能很好地指示蚯蚓Cu富集量和30 d死亡率。不同生态受体毒性终点对土壤可提取态Cu的敏感性存在差异，选用物种最敏感指标推导了3种土壤中Cu的有效态毒性阈值EC 20和EC 50。基于不同化学提取态Cu含量的生菜毒性阈值EC 20范围分别是90.45~170.10 mg/kg（HNO3），102.78~195.31 mg/kg（EDTA-Na2），3.97~20.06 mg/kg（NH4OAc），和0.21~8.68 mg/kg（CaCl2）；EC 50范围分别是110.48~187.60 mg/kg（HNO3），118.63~230.49 mg/kg（EDTA-Na2），5.69~32.23 mg/kg（NH4OAc）和0.26~9.62 mg/kg（CaCl2）。基于不同化学提取态Cu含量的赤子爱胜蚓死亡率毒性阈值EC 20范围分别是138.26~193.16 mg/kg（HNO3）， 107.80~225.88 mg/kg（EDTA-Na2）， 8.92~11.58 mg/kg（NH4OAc），和0.36~10.57 mg/kg（CaCl2）；EC 50范围分别是183.07~221.23 mg/kg（HNO3），180.38~331.09 mg/kg（EDTA-Na2），13.06~18.30 mg/kg（NH4OAc）和0.54~13.21 mg/kg（CaCl2）。研究结果可为我国农田土壤重金属有效态化学提取方法的比选与优化提供科学依据，同时对基于生物有效性的土壤重金属环境质量基准与标准的研究和制定具有重要意义。     

磷钾肥施用对日光温室土壤溶液离子组成的影响

采用土培模拟试验研究了施用磷、钾肥对大田和温室土壤溶液电导率（EC）、离子含量及其比例的影响。结果表明,温室栽培土壤溶液EC、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3-含量以及K+ / Ca2+、K+ / Mg2+摩尔比分别为大田土壤的2.5、95.0、16.6、1.9、3.2、4.0、31.0和39.0倍,说明日光温室土壤离子累积及养分比例失调问题突出。施用磷、钾肥对土壤溶液中不同离子含量的影响不同,增加磷肥施用量,显著降低了大田和温室土壤溶液EC和Ca2+、Mg2+离子含量,而对土壤溶液K+、NO3--N和NH4+-N离子浓度均无显著影响;随施钾量增加,大田及温室土壤溶液EC、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和K+/Ca2+、K+/Mg2+摩尔比均呈显著增加趋势。温室栽培实践中因过量施用磷、钾肥而造成的阳离子养分比例失调而带来的营养及生态环境问题值得关注。     

不同土壤中镉对大麦和多年生黑麦草毒性阈值的研究

根据不同终点、不同农田土壤的植物毒性测试可为基于生态毒理效应的土壤镉(Cd)环境质量标准值的修订提供基础数据。以大麦和黑麦草为供试植物,研究了中国14种不同农田土壤,添加多水平外源Cd对大麦根的相对伸长量和黑麦草的发芽率、地上部生物量的影响,并结合Log-Logistic分布函数模型确定不同土壤中大麦和黑麦草Cd毒性的剂量-效应关系和毒性阈值(EC50、EC10),也测定了黑麦草地上部的Cd含量。结果表明,外源Cd含量在0～200 mg/kg时,大麦根长随土壤Cd含量的增加显著降低,EC50值为7.8～61.7 mg/kg,EC10值为0.2～5.4 mg/kg,均与土壤pH显著正相关。外源Cd含量在0～500 mg/kg时,黑麦草地上部生物量随土壤中Cd含量的增加呈先上升(5 mg/kg)后下降(≥25 mg/kg)趋势,EC50值为29.7～499.7 mg/kg,EC10值为4.4～200.0 mg/kg,二者与土壤性质均无显著相关性。与对照相比,外源Cd含量为5～25 mg/kg时,外源添加Cd对黑麦草种子发芽有促进作用,当外源Cd含量为500mg/kg时,仅有5种土壤中种子发芽率明显下降。黑麦草地上部Cd含量随着外源Cd含量(0～100mg/kg)的增加而显著升高。黑麦草地上部对土壤Cd的富集程度与土壤pH极显著负相关。黑麦草具有作为草坪草中Cd污染修复植物的潜力。大麦对土壤Cd污染胁迫比黑麦草更为敏感,总体上,pH是影响土壤Cd植物毒性的重要因素。     

施用不同种类氮肥对日光温室土壤溶液离子组成的影响

采用土培模拟试验研究了施用不同量的尿素[CO(NH2)2]、碳酸氢铵（NH4HCO3）、硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]对培养期间日光温室土壤溶液电导率（EC）和不同离子组成及比例的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥种类对土壤溶液电导率（EC）的影响主要表现在培养的前一周左右,之后不同品种间无明显差异。土壤溶液中NO3--N含量随施氮量和培养时间呈明显的上升趋势,不同氮肥种类NO3--N含量无明显差异;不同氮肥种类处理土壤溶液中NH4+-N含量在培养的前7 d有所差异,之后亦无差异。随着氮肥施用量的增加,日光温室土壤溶液的EC及K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+离子的浓度升高;增施氮肥同时提高了土壤溶液中Ca/K、Mg/K的比值,而对土壤溶液钾的活度比（ARK）无显著影响。说明氮肥施用量是影响土－液界面离子交换的重要因素;由此带来的日光温室土壤盐分累积以及K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+离子的淋失等问题值得关注。     

采用新电导率指标分析土壤盐分变化规律

土壤电导率(Electrical conductivity,EC)是限制植物和微生物活性的阈值,影响到土壤养分和污染物的转化、存在状态及有效性[1],反映了在一定水分条件下土壤盐分的实际状况,且包含了土壤水分含量及离子组成等丰富信息[2]。在一定浓度范围内,土壤溶液含盐量与电导率呈正相关,溶解的盐类越多,溶液电导率就越大,故可根据溶液电导率的大小,间接地测量土壤含盐量[3-5]。     

水分及干燥过程对土壤重金属有效性的影响

土壤水分变化可显著改变土壤性质进而影响土壤重金属有效性。本试验通过测定土壤溶液和采用薄层凝胶梯度法(DGT)表征的Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni浓度,研究土壤含水量变化对重金属有效性的影响。结果表明,不同水分处理显著影响土壤溶液中可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量和土壤中重金属的有效性;随土壤水分降低DGT表征的Zn、Cd、Cu和Ni浓度和土壤溶液中Cu和Ni浓度呈下降趋势,且随干湿交替次数增加而降低;与长期风干土壤相比,经干湿交替后风干土壤重金属有效性降低或显著降低;与土壤溶液法相比,DGT法能反映水分变化对土壤固相金属缓冲补给能力的影响,能更好地表征土壤金属有效性的变化。在农业生产中可通过适当水分管理措施降低重金属的有效性,从而缓解重金属的毒害作用。     

植物残体分解液淋洗对土柱 Ca2+ 淋失量的影响

选取紫花苜蓿、羊草、冷蒿3种北方草原代表性的草本植物,通过土柱淋洗试验,研究植物残体分解液淋洗对土壤溶液Ca2+ 含量的影响.结果表明,不同的植物残体种类和分解期对淋洗后土柱中溶液相Ca2+ 总量的影响不同,其中羊草初期分解液导致的降低量最大,促进土壤碳酸盐的溶解,而紫花苜蓿初期分解液的降低量最小,有利于土壤碳酸盐的稳定.因此,植被自然更替(草场退化)或人为更替(退耕还草)时会影响到土壤溶液中Ca2+ 的浓度,进而影响土壤中碳酸盐的沉淀-溶解平衡,最终导致土壤无机C库的增减.     

生物质炭和Ca(OH)2缓解土壤酸化过程中植物铝毒性的模拟对比研究

随着外源酸输入,酸性土壤改良剂的石灰效应逐渐消退,土壤再次酸化形成铝毒害。作为一种新型酸性土壤改良剂,生物质炭施用后土壤的复酸化过程尚不清楚。本研究通过循环酸浸洗耦合根伸长试验,对比研究了施用生物质炭和熟石灰（Ca(OH)2）后土壤的复酸化过程及其对植物的铝毒性。结果表明,循环酸浸洗有效模拟了土壤的复酸化过程。随着模拟酸化年限增加,生物质炭和Ca(OH)2处理土壤中玉米根系伸长均逐渐受到了抑制。生物质炭相较于Ca(OH)2有效缓解了酸化过程对植物根系的抑制作用。在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理中玉米根相对伸长率较Ca(OH)2处理高18.6%,生物质炭相较于Ca(OH)2处理展现出更为长效的酸性土壤改良潜力。这一方面是由于生物质炭通过表面阴离子官能团质子化作用减缓了酸化过程中土壤pH的降低,抑制了土壤铝的活化。在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理土壤溶液Al3+浓度较Ca(OH)2处理低33%。另一方面,酸化过程中生物质炭持续释放Mg2+,在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理土壤溶液Mg2+浓度和植物Mg2+吸收量均较Ca(OH)2处理高2倍以上。较高的Mg2+浓度可通过调控植物对Al3+的生理响应,缓解植物铝毒害症状。该研究结果可为土壤酸化长效阻控提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Soil Factors Affecting Heavy Metal Solubility in Some New Zealand Soils

Heavy metal contamination of soils is usually quantified and guidelines set solely on the basis of total heavy metal content. However, it is recognised that water soluble heavy metal concentrations may provide a better indication of the potential risk that heavy metals may pose to the soil environment. The aim of this study was to use a semi-empirical model based on the competitive adsorption of metal and H⁺ ions [dependent on solution pH, total metal content, total carbon content and soil oxide content] to predict water soluble Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn concentrations in a range of field contaminated soils. The results of multiple linear regressions showed that basic soil properties could predict 85, 72, 66, 78, 50 and 75% of the variation in soluble Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd and Zn concentrations respectively. Water soluble metal concentrations were best predicted using empirical linear regressions which included total metal content, while the importance of other soil properties such as soil pH, total carbon and oxalate extractable Fe and Al oxides varied between metals. The models have the potential to provide valuable information on metal availability in contaminated soils and offer an indication of the potential risk a metal may pose to a given soil environment, along with providing a basis for developing soil quality guidelines for the prevention, investigation and clean-up of soil metal contamination.     

Cu and Ni Mobility and Bioavailability in Sequentially Conditioned Soils

The potential ecological hazard of metals in soils may be measured directly using a combination of chemical and biological techniques or estimated using appropriate ecological models. Terrestrial ecotoxicity testing has gained scientific credibility and growing regulatory interest; however, toxicity of metals has often been tested in freshly amended soils. Such an approach may lead to derivation of erroneous toxicity values (EC₅₀) and thresholds. In this study, the impact of metal amendments on soil ecotoxicity testing within a context of ion competition was investigated. Four coarse-textured soils were amended with copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), incubated for 16 weeks and conditioned by a series of total pore water replacements. Rhizon^TM extracted pore water Cu, Ni, pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were measured after each replacement. Changes in ecotoxicity of soil solutions were also monitored using a lux-based biosensor (Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607) and linked to variations in soil solution metal and DOC concentrations, pH and selected characteristics of the experimental soils (exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)). Prior to conditioning of soils, strong proton competition produced relatively high EC₅₀ values (low toxicity) for both, Cu and Ni. The successive replacement of pore waters lead to a decline of labile pools of metals, DOC and alleviated the ecotoxicological protective effect of amendment impacted soil solution chemistry. Consequently, derived ecotoxicity values and toxicity thresholds were more reflective of genuine environmental conditions and the relationships observed more consistent with trends reported in historically contaminated soils.     

洛克沙胂在土壤柱中的淋溶迁移

畜禽粪便中残留的兽药进入土壤后的移动性是评价其淋溶能力（对地下水的污染风险）的重要信息。通过土壤柱稳定流实验,考察了不同淋溶剂、粪浸液等对洛克沙胂在不同深度（0～20、20～50、50～80 cm）灰潮土中的迁移行为影响。结果表明,水、0.01mol.L^-1 CaCl2、0.01 mol.L^-1 EDTA-Na2淋溶剂,对不同深度土壤柱中洛克沙胂的淋溶穿透曲线（BTCs）呈现不同程度的不对称性,在不同深度土壤柱中对洛克沙胂的淋出率分别为：水为92.3%～97.1%,0.01 mol.L^-1 CaCl2为71.0%～84.9%,0.01 mol.L^-1 EDTA-Na2为75.4%～91.2%;土壤柱先用粪浸液通过后,洛克沙胂的穿透曲线峰时间均有不同程度的提前,淋出率均有增加,在不同深度土壤柱中的淋出率分别为：水为96.4%～110.4%,0.01 mol.L^-1 CaCl2为94.5%～106.8%,0.01 mol.L^-1 EDTA-Na2为90.8%～103.2%。说明洛克沙胂随粪便进入土壤后可较快地淋溶迁移,可进入地表水和地下水中,对水环境质量的影响较大。     

Protozoan bioassays of soil amended with sewage sludge and heavy metals,using the common soil ciliate Colpoda steinii

The common soil protozoan Colpoda steinii was used to study the toxicity of sulphate solutions of Ni, Cd, Cu, and Zn. The growth of C. steinii was reduced by 50% in the presence of 0.10, 0.22, 0.25, and 0.85 mg litre^-1 of Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn, respectively, during 24 h of incubation at 25°C, as calculated from a regression analysis of probit-transformed data. The same growth assay was used to assess the toxicity of soil solution extracted by centrifugation from soil samples of field plots of a grass/clover ley on a sandy loam treated with sewage sludge spiked with additional Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, or Zn at concentrations either equivalent to or twice the limits for heavy metals recommended in recent EC guidelines (Commission of European Communities directive 86/278/EEC). The toxicity of these soil solutions varied with the season of the year. None of the soil solutions extracted in winter (February 1991) inhibited the growth of C. steinii. In summer (July 1991), the growth was reduced in solutions extracted from plots that were amended with sludge plus additional Zn or Ni at twice the maxima recommended by the EC. The changes in toxicity to C. steinii of the soil solutions between February and July were positively correlated with increases in heavy metal concentrations of Zn and Ni between winter and summer. These preliminary results suggest that regular protozoan bioassays may be used to monitor the biological availability of heavy metals in soils, especially when combined with other microbial assays and with chemical analyses of soil solutions.     

Phytotoxicity of some chloroanilines and chlorophenols, in relation to bioavailability in soil

Soil adsorption and the effect of four chlorophenols and three chloroanilines on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were determined in two soil types differing in organic matter content and pH. Adsorption increased with increasing organic matter content of the soils. Phytotoxicity, based on dosed amounts, was significantly higher in the soil with the low level of organic matter. This difference could be reduced by recalculating the EC₅₀ values for the effect of the test substances on plant growth in mg kg-1 dry soil towards concentrations in mg L-1 pore water using data from soil adsorption experiments. For pentachlorophenol only this recalculation increased rather than decreased the difference between the two soils, however, when the EC50 values for pentachlorophenol were corrected for the difference in soil pH, almost the same values resulted for both soils. Calculated EC₅₀ values on the basis of pore water concentrations appeared to be in good agreement with values determined in nutrient solution tests. These results indicate that, for plants, the toxicity and therefore the bioavailability of organic chemicals in soil mainly depend on the concentration in the soil solution, and can be predicted on the basis of sorption data. Attempts to develop QSARs relating log EC₅₀ values in μmol L^?1 pore water with lipophilicity (expressed as the octanol/water partition coefficient: log K_ow,) of the test substances resulted in a statistically significant relationship. This relationship was further improved by correcting the chlorophenol data for dissociation effects.     

潮土磷素累积流失风险及环境阈值

潮土是中国分布比较广、施肥强度大的典型耕作土壤，潮土中磷素累积与流失对区域水环境的污染风险不容忽视。该研究在潮土面积最大的河南省采集磷素水平不同的典型潮土作为供试土壤，采用人工模拟降雨及土柱模拟试验方法，通过测定土壤中Olsen-P和溶解态活性磷CaCl2-P含量以及径流或淋滤液中各形态磷浓度，研究了潮土中磷素随地表径流和下渗流失特征，并通过分段线性模型对潮土的磷素环境阈值进行拟合。结果表明：1）不同形态磷在潮土土壤剖面中均有一定程度的累积，土壤Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量表现为高磷最大，中磷次之，低磷最小，而磷吸持指数值表现为低磷最大，中磷次之，高磷最小。从磷素的剖面分布来看，低磷和中磷水平潮土Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低，而高磷水平的潮土Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量在20～40 cm土层含量最高。2）不同磷水平潮土径流中总磷（TP）、可溶性总磷（TDP）和颗粒磷（PP）浓度和流失量大小表现为高磷最高，中磷和低磷水平土壤次之，潮土径流流失以PP为主。3）低磷和中磷水平潮土淋滤液中的各形态磷浓度和流失量随着土层深度的增加而降低，而在高磷水平的潮土淋滤液中，20～40 cm土层淋滤液中磷浓度和流失量要显著高于其他土层，在整个土壤剖面磷素浓度随着土层深度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势，潮土淋滤流失以TDP为主，其中，高磷和低磷水平潮土以可溶性有机磷占主导，而中磷水平潮土以钼酸盐反应磷（MRP）占主导。4）通过分段回归模型将不同含磷水平潮土的水溶性磷与土壤中Olsen-P含量进行拟合，得出潮土土壤磷素环境阈值为24.65 mg/kg，研究还表明径流和渗漏液中TP浓度与土壤CaCl2-P含量呈显著正相关，因此可通过测定CaCl2-P来预测并判断土壤磷素流失风险。     

Dissolved Organic Carbon in Association with Water Soluble Nutrients and Metals in Soils from Lake Okeechobee Watershed, South Florida

Water quality of Lake Okeechobee has been a major environmental concern for many years. Transport of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in runoff water from watershed is critical to the increased inputs of nutrients (N and P) and metals (Cu and Zn). In this study, 124 soil samples were collected with varying soil types, land uses, and soil depths in Lake Okeechobee watershed and analyzed for water-extractable C, N, P, and metals to examine the relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and water soluble nutrients (N and P) and metals in the soils. DOC in the soils was in 27.64?C400 mg kg^?1 (69.30 mg kg^?1 in average) and varied with soil types, land uses, and soil depth. The highest water-extractable DOC was found in soils collected in sugar cane and field crops (277 and 244 mg kg^?1 in average, respectively). Water soluble concentrations of N and P were in the range of 6.46?C129 and 0.02?C60.79 mg kg^?1, respectively. The ratios of water-extractable C/N and C/P in soils were in 0.68?C12.52 (3.23 in average) and 3.19?C2,329 (216 in average), and varied with land uses. The lowest water-extractable C/N was observed in the soils from dairy (1.66), resident (1.79), and coniferous forest (4.49), whereas the lowest water-extractable C/P was with the land uses of dairy (13.1) and citrus (33.7). Therefore, N and P in the soils under these land uses may have high availability and leaching potential. The concentrations of water soluble Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were in the ranges of?<?method detection limit (MDL)?C0.33, <MDL?C0.53, 0.04?C2.42, <MDL?C0.71, and 0.09?C1.13 mg kg^?1, with corresponding mean values of 0.02, 0.01, 0.50, 0.07, and 0.37 mg kg^?1, respectively. The highest water soluble Co (0.10 mg kg^?1), Cr (0.26 mg kg^?1), Ni (0.31 mg kg^?1), and Zn (0.80 mg kg^?1) were observed in soils under the land use of sugar cane, whereas the highest Cu (1.50 mg kg^?1) was with field crop. The concentration of DOC was positively correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) (P <0.01), water soluble N (P <0.01), electrical conductivity (EC, P <0.01), and water soluble Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn (P <0.01), and Cu (P <0.05), whereas water soluble N was positively correlated with water soluble P, Cu, and Zn (P <0.01) in soils. These results indicate that the transport of DOC from land to water bodies may correlate with the loss of macro-nutrients (N, P), micro-nutrients (Cu, Zn, and Ni), and contaminants (Cr and Co) as well.     

Copper in the terrestrial environment: Verification of a laboratory-derived terrestrial biotic ligand model to predict earthworm mortality with toxicity observed in field soils

This study was set up for validation of a regression model to predict mortality in the terrestrial earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa following exposure to copper. This model was derived from a terrestrial biotic ligand model and incorporates the protective effects of H⁺ and Na⁺ on copper toxicity.Three soil sets were used for the experiments, all of which had a different copper contamination history over more than 20 years and were considered to be aged field soils. The soils were characterized by analysis of various copper pools in the solid phase and in the pore water, analysis of physical and chemical soil properties and by regression analysis. Measured and calculated copper activities (expressed as pCu) correlated reasonably well. Measured copper activities correlated with the total copper concentration in the pore water and the pH. The organic matter in the solid phase had no influence on the pCu in these soil sets.Earthworms were exposed to the soils for 28 days, after which survival was scored. Observed earthworm mortality after 28-days exposure was plotted as a function of the log-transformed difference between predicted (log₁₀ transformed) LC50-values and measured values of pCu for validation of the regression model. The results obtained were in agreement with the assumption that mortality is to be observed in those soils where the predicted LC50 exceeds the measured pCu. However, a structural underestimation of toxicity was apparent, which is most likely due to mixture effects related to the presence of additional substances in field soils. Nevertheless, the trend of the results in the validation tests demonstrates that the newly developed toxicity model is a useful tool in predicting lethality of copper contamination to earthworms in field soils.     

Toxicity of Light Soil Fertilized by Sewage Sludge or Compost in Relation to PAHs Content

The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of light soil fertilization using sewage sludges or composts on soil toxicity for three plant species (Lepidium sativum, Sorgo saccharatum, and Sinapis alba) and crustaceans (Heterocypris incongruens). The results obtained were compared to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) content as a potential toxicity factor. The PAH content in soils fertilized with sludges was proportional to the dose applied. Soil fertilization with the studied materials negatively influenced plant growth and development. The negative influence was clearer in the case of sewage sludges than composts. Both sludges and composts significantly influenced H. incongruens mortality. However, the influence of sludges and composts on H. incongruens growth did not exceed 20%. The EC50 and LC50 values calculated on the basis of toxicity parameters showed that H. incongruens was characterized by a higher sensitivity to sludges and composts than most of the plants. L. sativum was characterized by the lowest EC50 values among all plants. No significant relationships between sewage sludge or compost toxicity and their PAHs content were observed.