上海郊区园艺土壤氮素的生物形成动态变化

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant pool of soluble nitrogen (N) in soil ecosystems. Soil samples under three different horticultural management practices were collected from the Xiaxiyang Organic Vegetable and Fruit Farm, Shanghai, China, to investigate the dynamics of N speciation during 2 months of aerobic incubation, to compare the effects of different soils on the mineralization of ¹⁴C-labeled amino acids and peptides, and to determine which of the pathways in the decomposition and subsequent ammonification and nitrification of organic N represented a significant blockage in soil N supply. The dynamics of N speciation was found to be significantly affected by mineralization and immobilization. DON, total free amino acids, and NH₄⁺-N were maintained at very low levels and did not accumulate, whereas NO₃^--N gradually accumulated in these soils. The conversion of insoluble organic N to low-molecular-weight (LMW) DON represented a main constraint to N supply, while conversions of LMW DON to NH₄⁺-N and NH₄⁺-N to NO₃^--N did not. Free amino acids and peptides were rapidly mineralized in the soils by the microbial community and consequently did not accumulate in soil. Turnover rates of the additional amino acids and peptides were soil-dependent and generally followed the order of organic soil > transitional soil > conventional soil. The turnover of high-molecular-weight DON was very slow and represented the major DON loss. Further studies are needed to investigate the pathways and bottlenecks of organic N degradation.     

水培和土培条件下氮素供应对燕麦生长和磷素吸收的影响

Plants show different growth responses to N sources supplied with either NH₄⁺ or NO₃^-. The uptake of different N sources also affects the rhizosphere pH and therefore the bioavailability of soil phosphorus, particularly in alkaline soils. The plant growth, P uptake, and P availability in the rhizosphere of oat (Avena nuda L.) grown in hydroponics and in soil culture were investigated under supply with sole NH₄⁺-N, sole NO₃^--N, or a combination. Sole NO₃^--fed oat plants accumulated more biomass than sole NH₄⁺-fed ones. The highest biomass accumulation was observed when N was suppliedw ith both NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N. Growth of the plant root increased with the proportion of NO₃^- in the cultural medium. Better root growth and higher root/shoot ratio were consistently observed in NO₃^--fed plants. However, root vigor was the highest when N was supplied with NO₃^-+NH₄⁺. NH₄⁺ supply reduced the rhizosphere pH but did not affect P uptake by plants grown in soils with CaHPO₄ added as P source. No P deficiency was observed, and plant P concentrations were generally above 2 g kg^-1. P uptake was increased when N was supplied partly or solely as NO₃^--N, similarly as biomass accumulation. The results suggested that oat was an NO₃^--preferring plant, and NO₃^--N was essential for plant growth and the maintenance of root absorption capacity. N supply with NH₄⁺-N did not improve P nutrition, which was most likely due to the absence of P deficiency.     

电解质对酸性土壤铝的溶解及铝形态在土壤溶液中的分布的影响

KCl, CaCl₂, NH₄Cl, NaCl, K₂SO₄ and KF solutions were used for studying the effects of cations and anions on the dissolution of aluminum and the distribution of aluminum forms respectively. Power of exchanging and releasing aluminum of four kinds of cations was in the decreasing order Ca²⁺ >K⁺ >NH₄⁺ >Na⁺. The dissolution of aluminum increased with the cation concentration. The adsorption affinity of various soils for aluminum was different. The aluminum in the soil with a stronger adsorption affinity was difficult to be exchanged and released by cations. The Al-F complexes were main species of inorganic aluminum at a low concentration of cations, while Al³⁺ became major species of inorganic aluminum at a high concentration of cations. The results on the effect of anions indicated that the concentrations of total aluminum, three kinds of inorganic aluminum (Al³⁺, Al-F and Al-OH complexes) and organic aluminum complexes (Al-OM) when SO₄^2- was added into soil suspension were lower than those when Cl^- was added. The dissolution of aluminum from soils and the distribution of aluminum forms in solution were affected by the adsorption of F^- on the soil. For soils with strong affinity for F^-, the concentrations of the three inorganic aluminum species in soil solution after addition of F^- were lower than those after addition of Cl^-; but for soils with weak affinity for F^-, the concentrations of Al³⁺ and Al-OM were lower and the concentrations of Al-F complexes and total inorganic aluminum after addition of F^- were higher than those after addition of Cl^-. The increase of F^- concentration in soil solution accelerated the dissolution of aluminum from soils.     

灌溉施用氮肥后氮素在土壤中的转化及淋失状况: 土柱模拟研究

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation (the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI) on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation (SFI), and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer) in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N (NH₄⁺-N + NO₃^--N) in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control (without urea addition), on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH₄⁺-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH₄⁺-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH₄⁺-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH₄⁺-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.     

盐胁迫下硝态氮对囊果碱蓬根系发育和氮吸收的影响

The effiects of NaCl salinity and NO₃^- on growth, root morphology, and nitrogen uptake of a halophyte Suaeda physophora were evaluated in a factorial experiment with four concentrations of NaCl (1, 150, 300, and 450 mmol L^-1) and three NO₃^- levels (0.05, 5, and 10 mmol L^-1) in solution culture for 30 d. Addition of NO₃^- at 10 mmol L^-1 significantly improved the shoot (P < 0.001) and root (P < 0.001) growth and the promotive effect of NO₃^- was more pronounced on root dry weight despite the high NaCl concentration in the culture solution, leading to a significant increase in the root:shoot ratio (P < 0.01). Lateral root length, but not primary root length, considerably increased with increasing NaCl salinity and NO₃^- levels (P < 0.001), implying that Na⁺ and NO₃^- in the culture solution simultaneously stimulated lateral root growth. Concentrations of Na⁺ in plant tissues were also significantly increased by higher NaCl treatments (P < 0.001). At 10 mmol L^-1 NO₃^- , the concentrations of NO₃^- and total nitrogen and nitrate reductase activities in the roots were remarkably reduced by increasing salinity (P < 0.001), but were unaffected in the shoots. The results indicated that the fine lateral root development and effective nitrogen uptake of the shoots might contribute to high salt tolerance of S. physophora under adequate NO₃^- supply.     

黄淮海平原小麦-玉米轮作制度下的地下水NO3-N污染研究

The North China Plain, where summer corn (Zea mays L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are the major crops grown, is a major agricultural area in China. Permeable soils make the region susceptible to groundwater pollution by NO₃-N, which is applied to fields in large amounts of more than 400 kg NO₃-N ha^-1as fertilizer. A field experiment was established in 2002 to examine the relationship among N fertilization rate, soil NO₃-N, and NO₃-N groundwater contamination. Two adjacent fields were fertilized with local farmers' N fertilization rate (LN) and double the normal application rate (HN), respectively, and managed under otherwise identical conditions. The fields were under a traditional summer corn/winter wheat rotation. Over a 22-month period, we monitored NO₃-N concentrations in both bulk soil and soil pore water in 20-40 cm increments up to 180 cm depth. We also monitored NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and the depth of the groundwater table. No significant differences in soil NO₃-N were observed between the LN and HN treatment. We identified NO₃-N plumes moving downward through the soil profile. The HN treatment resulted in significantly higher groundwater NO₃-N, relative to the LN treatment, with groundwater NO₃-N consistently exceeding the maximum safe level of 10 mg L^-1, but groundwater NO₃-N above the maximum safe level was also observed in the LN treatment after heavy rain. Heavy rain in June, July, and August 2003 caused increased NO₃-N leaching through the soil and elevated NO₃-N concentrations in the groundwater. Concurrent rise of the groundwater table into NO₃-Nrich soil layers also contributed to the increased NO₃-N concentrations in the groundwater. Our results indicate that under conditions of average rainfall, soil NO₃-N was accumulated in the soil profile. The subsequent significantly higherthan-average rainfalls continuously flushed the soil NO₃-N into deeper layers and raised the groundwater table, which caused continuous groundwater contamination with NO₃-N. The results suggest that under common farming practices in the North China Plain, groundwater contamination with NO₃-N was likely, especially during heavy rainfalls, and the degree of groundwater contamination appeared to be proportional to the N application rates. Decreasing fertilization rates, splitting fertilizer inputs, and optimizing irrigation scheduling had potential to reduce groundwater NO₃-N contamination.     

我国东南部地区红壤表土养分的淋溶及再分布

The leaching and redistribution of nutrients in the surface layer of 4 types of red soils in Southeast China were studied with a lysimeter experiment under field conditions. Results showed that the leaching concentrated in the rainy season (from April to June). Generally, the leaching of soil nutrients from the surface layer of red soils was in the order of Ca > Mg > K > NO₃-N. In fertilization treatment, the total amount of soil nutrients leached out of the surface layer in a red soil derived from granite was the highest in all soils. The uptake by grass decreased the leaching of fertilizer ions in surface layer, particularly for NO₃-N. Soil total N and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg in the surface layer decreased with leaching and grass uptake during the 2 years without new fertilization of urea, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, KCl, CaCO₃ and MgCO₃. Ca moved from the application layer (0~5 cm) of fertilizer and accumulated in the 10~30 cm depth in the soils studied except that derived from Quaternary red clay. The deficiency of soil exchangeable K will become a serious degradation process facing the Southeast China.     

长期稻秆还田对土壤微生物量及C、N动力学的影响

A study was performed on the long-term effect of straw incorporation on soil microbial biomass C contents, C and N dynamics in both Rothamsted and Woburn soils. The results showed that for both soils, the microbial biomass C contents were significantly different among all the treatments, and followed the sequence in treatments of straw chopped and incorporated into 10 cm (CI10) > straw burnt and incorporated into 10 cm (BI10) > straw chopped and incorporated into 20 cm (CI20) > straw burnt and incorporated into 20 cm (BI20). Laboratory incubation of soils showed that the cumulative CO₂ evolution was closely related to the soil microbial biomass C content. Carbon dioxide evolution rates (CO₂-C, μg (g•d)^-1) decreased rapidly in the first two weeks' incubation, then decreased more slowly. The initial K₂SO₄-extractable NH₄-N and NO₃-N contents were low and similar in all the treatments, and all increased gradually with the incubation time. However, net N immobilization was observed in chopped treatments for Rothamsted soils during the first 4 weeks. Nevertheless, more N mineralization occurred in Treatment CI10 than any other treatment at the end of incubation for both soils. The Woburn soils could more easily suffer from the leaching of nitrate because the soils were more permeable and more N was mineralized during the incubation compared to the Rothamsted soils.     

Impact of drilling waste pollution on land cover in a high subarctic forest-tundra zone

Global climate changes can lead to the destruction of the permafrost zone and contribute to the active transfer of pollutants to natural waters. This can be especially pronounced in the areas of oil and gas production in the Arctic. This study aimed to define the landscape components (i.e., groundwater, soil water, soil, and indicator plant species) of chemical pollution with metals, oil hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, from the discharge of drill cuttings. Studies at two sites in the forest-tundra zone of Western Siberia (Russia) were carried out within two years of pollution. Pollutant migration was found in peaty-gley heavy loamy soils and iron-illuvial clayey podburs, but lateral migration of different pollutants did not exceed 200 m. Additionally, radial migration was practically absent owing to the high buffering capacity of the soil organic horizon and the upward flow of matter in the seasonal melt layer. The main indicators of drilling waste pollution were high concentrations of Sr, Ba, petroleum hydrocarbons, and Cl^- ions. At the waste disposal sites, the concentration of Ba and Sr in the soil water were 1 150 and 1 410 μg L^-1, respectively; in groundwater, they reached 721 and 2 360 μg L^-1, respectively. In the soil, Ba and Sr accumulated in the peaty horizon (798 and 706 mg kg^-1, respectively). The concentration of Cl^- ions in the soil water at the site of waste discharge was 1 912 mg L^-1, and at a distance of 200 m, it decreased to 77.4 mg L^-1. The Cl^- concentration in the groundwater was lower, and at a distance of 200 m, it was 38.9 mg L^-1. The highest concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface layer was found in the peaty-gley soils (up to 2 400 mg kg^-1). In glandular-illuvial podburs, it was 420 mg kg^-1. In horizons BH and BC, it was close to the background values (27 and 33 mg kg^-1, respectively). Alkalinization of soils and water under the influence of drill cuttings led to the death of oligotrophic and acidophilic vegetation at a distance of up to 50 m, and to the restructuring of the species and spatial structure of plant communities up to 100 m.     

硝态氮促进水稻生长和氮素吸收的生理机制

Rice is being increasingly cultivated in intermittently irrigated regious and also in aerobic soil in which Nitrate (NO₃^-) plays important role in nutrition of plant. However, there is no information regarding the influence of nitrate on the overall growth and uptake of nitrogen (N) in rice plant. Solution culture experiments were carried out to study the effects of NO₃^- on the plant growth, uptake of N, and uptake kinetics of NH₄⁺ in four typical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (conveutioual indica, conventional japonica, hybrid indica, and hybrid japonica), and on plasma membrane potential in roots of two conventional rice cultivars (indica and japonica) at the seedling stage. The results obtained indicated that a ratio of 50/50 NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N increased the average biomass of rice shoots and roots by 20% when compared with that of 100/0 NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N. In case of the 50/50 ratio, as compared with the 100/0 ratio, total N accumulated in shoots and roots of rice increased on an average by 42% and 57%, respectively. Conventional indica responds to NO₃^- more than any other cultivars that were tested. The NO₃^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate (V_max) of NH₄⁺ by rice but did not show any effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) value, with the average value of V_max for NH₄⁺ among the four cultivars being increased by 31.5% in comparison with those in the absence of NO₃^-. This suggested that NO₃^- significantly increased the numbers of the ammonium transporters. However, the lack of effect on the K_m value also suggested that the presence of NO₃^- had no effect on the affinity of the transporters for NH₄⁺. The plasma membrane potential in the roots of conventional indica and japonica were greatly increased by the addition of NO₃^-, suggesting that NO₃^- could improve the uptake of N by roots of the rice plant. In conclusion, the mechanisms by which NO₃^- enhances the growth and N uptake of rice plant was found by the increased value of V_max of NH₄⁺ and increased plasma membrane potential. Thus promotion of nitrification in paddy soil is of great significance for improving the production of rice.     

改进灰色模式识别模型评价洱海雨季灌排沟渠水质

为揭示洱海流域农田生产与农村生活单元交替分布对灌排沟渠水质的综合影响及污染物贡献率,选取流域典型灌排沟渠不同断面进行连续取样观测,在分析化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)及铵态氮(ammonium nitrogen,NH_4~+-N)浓度变化特征基础上,采用"中心化"灰色模式识别模型和综合平均污染指数对沟渠农田入口-农田出口-村落出口-农田出口-村落出口-农田出口断面水质进行综合评价。结果表明:沟渠断面TP和总可溶磷(totaldissolved phosphate,TDP)浓度沿水流方向持续增加,TN和硝态氮(nitrate nitrogen,NO_3~--N)浓度先增加随后稳定,沟渠农田出口段NH_4~+-N和COD浓度分别削减13.43%～57.88%和2.88%～19.33%,而流经村落段浓度相应增加。灰色模式识别模型分析发现沿水流方向沟渠断面水质类别分别为Ⅲ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类和Ⅴ类,综合平均污染指数法表明沟渠中TN和COD是水体主要污染因子,而NO3--N是水体TN的最主要形态。该研究可揭示洱海流域氮磷污染来源与贡献,为明确面源污染防治的主要污染因子提供科技支撑。     

配施有机肥减少太湖地区稻田土壤硝态氮淋失的机理研究

采用田间小区试验,设计两种无机氮肥梯度,研究配施有机肥对太湖地区水稻季土壤氮素淋失的影响,并从水/土NO_3~-–N迁移研究其对土壤NO_3~-–N淋失的影响机制。设置的处理有:对照(CK)、常规施氮(CT)、减氮施肥(RT)、常规施氮下配施有机肥(CT+M)、减氮施肥下配施有机肥(RT+M)。结果发现:①除去2015年的CT处理,两年里30 cm处配施有机肥和单施无机肥处理之间的土壤NO_3~-–N淋失均没有显著差异;80 cm处,CT+M处理的NO_3~-–N淋失较CT处理减少41%,RT+M处理较RT处理减少12%。②无机肥处理的田面水NO_3~-–N和土壤淋溶水NO_3~-–N之间存在极显著线性相关,但是有机肥的参与会削弱二者之间的相关性。③配施有机肥有利于土壤有机质含量的提高,CT+M处理的有机质含量较CT处理提高6.7%。0～20 cm土层,配施有机肥处理土壤NO_3~-–N含量明显高于无机肥处理;而20～40 cm土层,二者之间的土壤NO_3~-–N含量差异很小。这表明配施有机肥是通过提高土壤有机质含量,增强土壤表层对NO_3~-–N的吸附固持,从而抑制土壤NO_3~-–N的向下迁移,而不是通过减少田面水NO_3~-–N浓度来实现的。此外,配施有机肥还可以提高土壤质量和水稻产量,促进作物对土壤氮素的吸收,这也是稻田土壤NO_3~-–N淋失减少的一个原因。研究结果为减少农田土壤NO_3~-–N淋失提供了科学依据。     

太原小店污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源

[目的]对太原小店污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及来源进行分析,为该区农田土壤环境质量评价及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。[方法]采集太原小店污灌区15个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析16种US EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对其来源和生态风险进行探讨。[结果]所有样品的16种PAHs均被检出,其检出率为100%。研究区农田土壤中总PAHs的浓度为0.315~7.661μg/g,平均值为3.568μg/g。在组成上,2,3环含量约占总量的64.2%,4环含量约占总量的14.2%,5,6环含量约占总量的21.6%,低环和中环PAHs含量所占的比例较高。根据特征比值法及调查结果判定,农田土壤中PAHs污染来源一方面与灌溉水质及灌溉历史有很大的关系,另一方面,主要通过燃煤或化石燃料产生的PAHs在大气干湿沉降和风力输送作用下进入到土壤环境中。[结论]与国内外其他地区的相关研究比较,小店污灌区农田土壤PAHs含量处于中高等污染水平。依据Maliszewska-Kordybach建议的分级标准评价,该区域所有采样点PAHs总量均超标;但基于我国《土壤环境质量标准(征求意见稿)(GB15618-2008)》提出的16种多PAHs污染物总量的农业用地标准值,该区域均未超出此标准。     

生物炭和秸秆对华北农田表层土壤矿质氮和pH值的影响

基于2014-2015年华北农田定位试验,设CK（单施氮磷钾肥）、C1（生物炭4.5t×hm^-2×a^-1+氮磷钾肥）、C2（生物炭9.0t×hm^-2×a^-1+氮磷钾肥）和SR（秸秆还田+氮磷钾肥）4个处理,对施用生物炭和秸秆还田对表层土壤矿质氮（NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N）含量以及土壤pH值的影响进行研究。结果表明,不同处理土壤矿质氮的动态变化趋势基本一致,施用生物炭和秸秆还田均可显著提高土壤NO₃^--N含量（P<0.05）,但对土壤NH₄⁺-N含量影响不大。与秸秆还田相比,高量施用生物炭有利于增加土壤NO₃^--N含量。各处理土壤中矿质氮主要以NO₃^--N为主,NH₄⁺-N含量均保持在一个较低水平。将冬小麦整个生育期内各处理土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量与夏玉米的相比,前者显著高于后者。在整个冬小麦-玉米轮作周期内,高量施用生物炭显著提高了土壤pH值,且各处理土壤NO₃^--N与土壤pH值呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,土壤NH₄⁺-N含量与土壤pH值相关性不显著;而各处理土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量与土壤含水量均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。可见,添加生物炭对减少氮素的转化和流失具有较大潜力。     

上海市主要道路绿地土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征

以上海市延安高架、中环和外环3条主要道路的交通繁忙地带绿地土壤为研究对象,调查研究了其多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布状况.结果表明,3条道路绿地土壤中∑16PAHs的含量在538 ～ 2.19×104 μg/kg之间,与国外Maliszewska-Kordybach建立的标准相比,3条道路绿地土壤均受到PAHs的污染,尤其是4 ～ 6环PAHs,其含量占∑16PAHs的90%,分析认为有机质是影响其分布的重要因素之一.3条道路污染程度有所不同,大小顺序为:外环＞延安高架＞中环,这主要与道路建成年限和允许的通车车辆类型有关,通车年限越长,大型卡车越多,土壤所受PAHs污染的程度越严重.     

城乡结合带农田土壤多环芳烃空间分布特征及来源解析

为了解城乡结合带农田土壤PAHs的污染特征及分布规律,本文以南京市江宁区周岗镇为例,就该地区表层农田土壤中15种优控PAHs组分的含量、空间分布特征及来源进行了研究。结果表明:有14种PAHs普遍被检出（苊未检出）,以高环（4 ~ 6环）PAHs为主;PAHs总量范围在24.49 ~ 750.04 μg kg?1之间,平均为230.89 μg kg?1,有48.28%的土样受到了污染;与国内其他地区农田土壤相比,研究区PAHs含量处于中低水平;空间趋势面分析表明,14种PAHs在东西和南北方向上呈现出明显的规律增减性;从空间分布格局来看,研究区土壤中14种PAHs含量差异较大,整体呈现由东北向西南递减的趋势,且个别点位存在PAHs的富集现象,存在局部点源污染;采用主成分及多元线性回归分析污染来源,结果显示,研究区PAHs来源主要为煤、生物质燃烧,其次为汽油、柴油燃烧,贡献率分别为71%和29%,这与当地的工业发展水平关系密切。     

不同施氮水平对深层包气带土壤氮素淋溶累积的影响

为研究深层包气带土壤中氮素的迁移规律,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同施氮水平(142.5、285和427.5kg/hm2)对夏玉米种植期间0～500cm包气带土壤中氮素淋溶累积的影响。结果表明,不同施氮水平对NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮有显著影响,施氮越多,NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮在土壤中的淋溶累积也就越多,夏玉米生育期间土壤中氮素的淋溶累积含量随着夏玉米生长逐渐减少。在0～200cm土层中,收获后不同施肥水平土壤中NO3--N和总氮累积量随施氮量增加而增多,285kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最多,427.5kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最少,但相差不超过0.1kg/hm2,收获后土壤中氮素累积量有损失。夏玉米生育期间不同施氮水平对土壤NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮的影响深度主要为0～145cm。粉砂壤土中氮素更易累积,砂质壤土中氮素较易随水分淋溶至下层。142.5kg/hm2施氮水平可有效减少NO3--N在土壤中的淋溶损失,降低土壤中NH4+-N和总氮的含量,对地下水构成的潜在污染风险最小。北京地区地下水埋深较深,NO3--N不易淋溶至地下水,但长期大量施用氮肥、田间土壤大孔隙的存在等会加速NO3--N向深层土壤迁移,对地下水水质构成威胁。     

博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤重金属的污染风险评价

对新疆博斯腾湖湿地边缘带农田土壤中8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)地球化学特征进行分析。采用污染负荷指数(PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER)对农田土壤重金属污染与环境风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb和Zn呈现重度污染,As、Cd、Cr和Ni轻度污染,Cu轻微污染,Mn无污染。土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量处于轻微风险水平。Cd是污染程度与生态风险等级最高的重金属元素;(2)湿地边缘带农田土壤PLI平均值为1.43,呈现轻度污染,RI平均值为20.62,呈现轻微生态风险状态,IER的平均值为–4.53,呈现无警态势。湿地边缘带PLI、RI与IER空间分布格局基本一致;(3)湿地边缘带农田土壤Pb与Zn来源主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn与Ni来源主要受到土壤地球化学作用的控制,As与Cd受自然因素和人为因素共同影响。     

沈哈高速公路两侧土壤重金属污染特征及评价

为探讨高速公路对农田土壤重金属污染的影响,对沈哈高速公路两侧农田60个土壤样品Ph、Cu、Zn、Cd分布状况进行了分析。结果表明,高速公路两侧在距路肩0—320m范围内,Cu、Pb和Zn全量和有效态含量总体上呈现随距离增加而降低的趋势,Cd的变化规律不明显。高速公路两侧的土壤已不同程度出现重金属富集现象,其中Pb属轻度污染且主要集中在东侧距路肩20m处,Cd属重度污染。受研究地点主导风向的影响,高速公路东侧农田土壤的Ph含量明显高于西侧。高速公路旁土壤重金属以Ph、Cd污染为主,污染物主要来源于汽车尾气。