黄土丘陵区退耕地土壤水分入渗特征及影响因素

为评价退耕还林（草）工程的成效及认识下垫面改变对土壤水文过程的影响，采用圆盘入渗仪以4．6、8年退耕地为对象，长芒草草地为对照在黄土丘陵区分层（表层、20cm、40cm）研究退耕地土壤水分入渗特征，并探讨其影响因素。结果表明：1）较短年限退耕地表层土壤入渗能力较天然草地差，而下层入渗能力较天然草地强；2）退耕地下层的初始入渗速率是表层的1．2—1．4倍，稳定入渗率是表层的1．9—2．8倍，饱和导水率是表层的1．9—3．0倍；3）随着退耕年限增加，表层土壤入渗能力下降，而下层入渗能力增强；4）土壤结皮阻碍退耕地表层土壤的入渗。     

黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复对土壤入渗影响及适宜模型研究

研究植被恢复条件下土壤入渗特性及模型适应性，可为流域生态治理和效益评估提供科学依据。以延河纸坊沟小流域为研究区，采用野外单环入渗法和数值模拟法，对比研究不同恢复年限下的刺槐林地、柠条灌木林地、次生草地和农地的表层以下土壤和20 cm以下土壤的水分入渗变化特征，评价4种常用入渗模型在该区域的适应性。结果表明：(1)不同植被恢复地的表层以下土壤入渗过程在渗润阶段与渗漏阶段差异明显，相差4倍以上，20 cm以下的土壤入渗过程则在入渗稳定后的渗透阶段差异明显，相差5倍多；(2)不同植被类型及恢复年限会显著影响土壤入渗特征，整体呈现出林地>草地>农地的规律，并且随着恢复年限的增加，柠条灌木林地和次生草地的入渗能力增强，而刺槐林地入渗能力减弱；(3)Philip方程、Kostiakov方程、Horton方程与蒋定生方程对该地区土壤水分入渗过程均具有较好适用性，其中Philip方程适用性最好，决定系数(R²)能达到0.931～0.985,均方根误差(RMSE)相对最小，在0.057～0.283范围内，Kostiakov方程次之，Horton方程及蒋定生方程在个别情况...     

神府东胜煤田复垦区土壤入渗特性的试验研究

土壤入渗性能是最基本的土壤物理特性之一。复垦区土壤的结构组成复杂,入渗特性有别于非矿区土壤。本文以神府东胜煤田马家塔复垦区为研究对象,利用圆盘入渗仪分别测定了复垦区乔木、林地、荒地、灌木林地和草地的土壤入渗特性,用经典统计学方法对复垦区土壤入渗性能的空间变异性进行了分析。实测结果表明,不同土地利用方式下的土壤入渗特性有较大的差异;在测定范围内,乔木林地、荒地、草地和灌木林地的稳定入渗率均表现出0 cm>—3 cm>—15 cm的规律性,其中草地稳定入渗率随吸力的变化更明显。研究表明:乔木林地稳定入渗率和累积入渗量的变异系数分别为0.58和0.49.属于中等变异。     

黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量评价

通过建立侵蚀土壤质量单因素评价模型和综合评价模型,选出了黄土丘陵区适宜的侵蚀土壤质量评价方法,定量评价了该区土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,采用加权综合法对土壤质量进行综合评价能够较好地反映土壤质量的实际情况,敏感地反映土地利用方式变化对土壤质量的影响。应用因子分析法所筛选的8项土壤质量简化评价指标能够很好地反映29项综合评价指标的信息,评价结果具有较高的代表性。拟定了黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量分级标准,将研究区土壤质量分为5级。黄土丘陵区10种土地利用类型间土壤质量差异显著,以天然乔木林地土壤质量最佳,属1级;其次是天然灌木林地和大棚菜地,土壤质量属2级;天然草地土壤质量属于3级,人工乔灌林地土壤质量接近3级;人工草地、撂荒地、农地和果园土壤质量属于4级。     

黄土丘陵区天然和人工植被类型对土壤理化性质的影响

不同植被类型对黄土高原土壤质量的改善作用存在较大差异。研究天然和人工植被类型对土壤性状的影响差异对于深入认识黄土高原植被恢复与土壤环境演化的关系,准确评价不同植被恢复模式生态环境效益具有重要意义。该研究以黄土丘陵区燕沟流域为例,选择研究区广泛分布的11种天然和人工植被类型为研究对象,系统分析了该区天然和人工植被类型对土壤性状的影响。结果表明:天然和人工植被类型对土壤性状的影响差异明显。200cm土层土壤含水率大小为农田>天然草地>人工乔木林地>果园>人工灌木林地>天然灌木林地。与农田相比,天然灌木林地和天然草地土壤体积质量降低最为明显,人工乔木林地、人工灌木林地和果园土壤体积质量下降差别不明显。天然灌木林地、天然草地和人工灌木林地土壤有机质、全氮都有明显提高,人工乔木林地和果园土壤有机质和全氮提高不明显。不同植被类型土壤有机质、全氮总体随土层加深呈下降趋势,农田、果园和人工乔木林地土壤有机质和全氮垂直变化较小,而天然灌木林地、天然草地和人工灌木林地变化较大。不同植被类型土壤全磷含量差异较小,且垂直变化不明显。总体看来,天然植被类型对该区土壤性状改善作用优于人工植被类型,而人工灌木林的改善作用优于人工乔木林。     

用Guelph法研究不同土地利用方式下富铁土的土壤渗透性

利用Guelph入渗仪研究了我国南方低丘不同土地利用方式下富铁土的土壤渗透性，结果表明，同样利用方式的0-5cm表层土壤和入渗率Kfs值下坡大于上坡，且植被覆盖度越高，表层土壤的Kfs值也越大，不同利用方式的表层土壤Kfs值之间的关系表明为：人工种植的草地或薪炭林＞旱作或经济林及林间作土壤＞自然草地＞侵恂裸地，翻耕法土壤＞免耕法土壤或无耕作的土壤。     

宁南山区不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳特征研究

在宁夏固原上黄试验区,对灌木林地、农地、天然草地、果园和人工草地5种土壤的化学性质进行了分析,探讨了土地利用方式对土壤有机碳的影响.结果表明①表层土壤有机碳含量表现为天然草地>灌木林地>农地>人工草地>果园;②灌木林地和果园土壤有机碳含量随土层加深而变化幅度较小,而天然草地、人工草地和农地随土层加深而递减的幅度较大;③0～20 cm天然草地和灌木林地的有机碳密度普遍偏高,而农地、果园和人工草地则均较低;而20～40 cm和0～40 cm的土层内土壤有机碳密度相比之下灌木林地、农地和天然草地相差不大,而果园和人工草地相对较低.     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同土地利用类型土壤质量评价

为了认识和评价黄土高原地区小流域不同土地利用类型下的土壤质量,以陕西省安塞县纸坊沟为例,选取了26个采样点,分属林地、灌木地、草地、农地、果园、苗圃和撂荒地7种土地利用类型,利用主成分分析法从16项土壤理化指标中选取关键指标,计算了土壤质量指数。结果表明:(1)容重、黏粒含量、微团聚体平均质量直径(MICMWD)、有机质和pH值是表征纸坊沟流域土壤质量的关键指标,除容重外,其余4个关键指标的隶属度在研究区不同土地利用间均存在显著差异;(2)与地形因子相比,土地利用方式对纸坊沟流域土壤质量的影响更大;(3)整体上纸坊沟流域土壤质量处于较高水平(0.71±0.10),不同土地利用方式下土壤质量存在显著差异,土壤质量指数均值从大到小依次为林地灌木地苗圃草地果园农地撂荒地。研究结果可为黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用方式的合理布局和土壤质量的定向培育提供重要依据。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤水分入渗的对比试验

 为更好地掌握黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分入渗性能,采用双环法和人工降雨法,分别对陕西省延安市燕沟流域林地、草地、农地3种土地利用方式的土壤水分入渗过程进行了对比试验。结果表明:双环法能较好的反映水向土中的入渗过程;而人工降雨法可以较为真实地反映天然降雨过程中雨水向土中的入渗过程,两者有很大的不同,主要表现在土壤水分的入渗速率变化过程方面。前者测定的土壤水分入渗速率主要受制于土壤的物理性状,而后者:不但与土壤物理性状有关,还与降雨强度有较密切的关系。在人工模拟短历时暴雨条件下, 对于林地和荒坡草地,土壤水分入渗速率有随雨强增大而增大的趋势,而对于裸耕农地,随着雨强的增大,土壤水分入渗速率有降低的趋势。     

黄丘5副区复兴流域不同治理措施的产流产沙规律

 以黄土丘陵沟壑区5副区的甘肃省定西市安定区复兴流域为平台,通过土壤入渗试验和径流观测,研究该区径流、泥沙的产生条件,据此确定合理布局水土保持措施,以减少流域侵蚀量。通过径流小区实验观测,各种下垫面的平均径流系数依次为:荒坡>坡耕地>乔木林地>灌木林地>人工草地;平均含沙率为:荒坡>坡耕地>人工草地>乔木林地>灌木林地;下垫面入渗能力依次为:梯田>林地>草地>荒坡地>村镇道路。改变微地形,布设拦蓄地表径流的工程措施,以及增加人工植被等,是提高土壤入渗能力、调控径流泥沙最为有效的途径。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.