黄土高原小流域土壤水分及全氮的垂直变异

为了研究黄土高原土壤中水分及全氮垂直分布及变异情况,对陕北神木县六道沟小流域中苜蓿地、荒草地、农地、柠条地以及油松地5种不同植被类型下0～800 cm土层中土壤含水率和土壤全氮进行了测定和分析。土壤含水率在垂直方向上呈现出干湿交替的层状分布。植被类型影响土壤水分含量的垂直剖面分布;各植被类型下相对高湿层和低湿层出现的深度不同;不同深度土层平均土壤含水率不同。农地及退耕荒草地土壤水分涵养较好,垂直方向上含水率变化较大;人工植被苜蓿、柠条消耗土壤水分较多,土壤含水率变化相对平缓;油松地平均土壤含水率及变化幅度居中。研究区域中,土壤全氮含量水平较低,表层发生陡降后,在20 cm以下土层中仍以很小的变幅降低,变化平缓。柠条地土壤全氮含量高于其他植被类型。     

黄土高原不同退耕还林植被土壤干燥化效应

土壤水分是黄土高原植被恢复的主要限制因子,退耕还林工程在恢复生态环境的同时也造成了区域土壤含水量下降和土壤干燥程度的加剧,土壤干燥化正日益威胁到土壤水资源的持续利用和人工植被建设的成效。选取黄土高原退耕还林试点县吴起境内刺槐、杏树、柠条和沙棘4种分布广泛的退耕植被类型,对照撂荒草地,分析了不同林龄和不同植被类型样地0—500cm的土壤水分特征和土壤干燥化效应,并根据作物耗水量估算土壤干层水分的恢复时间。结果表明:不同退耕还林植被类型样地土壤含水量由表层向深层呈降低趋势,随林龄增加,各植被类型样地土壤含水量、有效储水量逐渐减少。刺槐林土壤含水量较同龄沙棘和柠条林低,而杏树林则较同龄柠条林高。各植被类型样地土壤剖面均不含渗透重力水与极易效水层,随林龄增加,土壤相对湿度及易效水土层厚度占比逐渐减少,中效水、难效—无效水土层厚度逐渐增加。随林龄和土层深度的增加,各植被类型样地土壤干燥化强度、土壤干层厚度逐渐增加,土壤湿度恢复到土壤稳定湿度所需要的时间及难度呈上升趋势。     

左云县店湾镇春季不同植被条件下土壤含水量研究

为了研究左云县店湾镇春季不同植被条件下0—600cm深度范围内土壤垂直剖面水分变化特征,分别对该区乔木(白榆和小叶杨)林地、灌木(柠条和沙棘)林地和草地5种不同植被条件下土壤水分进行了研究。结果表明:研究区不同植被条件下土壤剖面含水量变化规律不同。左云县矿区春季各土层平均含水量草地最高,柠条林地次之,白榆林地最少。其中草地各土层平均含水量比柠条林地高0.3%,比白榆林地高3.8%。该区各植被条件下土壤水分主要呈难效水状态。且各植被条件下土壤在200—400cm深度范围内都存在干层,有轻度干层、中度干层和重度干层发育。该区水循环主要是地表水循环,地下水循环基本不存在,形成了土壤—植物—大气的水分循环模式,属于异常水分循环类型。     

坡面土地利用格局变化的水土保持效应

为探明黄土坡面土地利用格局变化的水土保持效应,通过模拟野外坡面土地利用格局,在小区内采用柠条林、坡耕地（豆地）和苜蓿地3种土地利用方式进行空间配置形成不同土地利用格局坡面小区,测定各小区表层0～6 cm土壤水分和土壤体积质量的时空分布特征,并于2007－2008年连续监测各小区产流产沙特性,分析坡面土地利用格局变化的减流减沙效应。Kriging插值结果表明,柠条林、坡耕地（豆地）和苜蓿地3种植被类型混合利用坡面（从坡顶至坡底）小区（包括柠条-豆地-苜蓿小区、苜蓿-豆地-柠条小区、柠条-苜蓿-豆地小区、豆地-苜蓿-柠条小区）土壤表层水分和土壤体积质量呈明显的斑块镶嵌格局,与土地利用结构一致,易于形成径流侵蚀的自我调控系统。相对于单一利用的坡耕地小区,各混合利用格局可以对坡面径流侵蚀有效拦截。其中柠条-豆地-苜蓿小区的年侵蚀模数最低,2年的减蚀率分别达到98%和94%。构建合理的土地利用镶嵌格局是控制水土流失的重要措施之一。     

黄土坡面不同植被冠层降雨截留模型模拟效果及适用性评价

为探明植被冠层降雨截留水文生态效应,该文通过对黄土区坡面柠条林和杏树林冠层截留量的动态监测与模型模拟,分析了不同类型植被冠层降雨截留规律及其模型模拟的适用性。结果表明:2种不同类型植被冠层降雨截留的特征差异显著。柠条林冠层截留量随大气降雨量的增加而逐渐增加,稳定截留率约为15%。杏树林冠层截留率相对较低,特别是在降雨量小于5mm的量级,冠层"漏斗"效应明显。杏树林冠层截留率与降雨量之间未表现出明显的趋势关系,稳定截留率约为10%。对于柠条林冠层截留规律的模拟,以降雨量和冠层郁闭度为变量的崔启武模型的决定系数为0.74,以降雨量为变量的王彦辉模型的决定系数为0.68;但对于"漏斗"状结构的杏树林冠层,2个模型均未能得到较好的模拟结果。     

河北坝上地区草地坡面尺度土壤容重空间变异特征

以河北坝上地区的典型草地坡面为研究对象,运用传统统计学、地统计学方法,研究坡面尺度不同深度土壤容重的空间变异特征。通过土壤容重与其它土壤性质间的相关分析,探究其空间变异的影响因素。结果表明:该坡面土壤容重的平均值约为1.08 g cm-3,其在空间分布上差异显著,总体为凸坡>偏凸坡>偏凹坡>凹坡。地统计分析得出0～5 cm表层土壤容重呈弱空间自相关性;20～25 cm和40～45 cm这两层土壤容重具有中等空间自相关性;10～15 cm、30～35 cm和50～55 cm这三层土壤容重具有强空间自相关性。地形是影响坝上地区坡面尺度土壤容重空间变异的关键因素;在地形控制影响下,土壤有机质含量对土壤容重的影响最显著,其次是机械组成,植物根系生物量对土壤容重的影响在凸坡较显著。草地坡面土壤容重具有较强的空间变异性,说明小尺度土壤容重空间变异的研究值得关注。     

黄土丘陵区退耕坡面草地恢复与土壤物理性质空间分异特征

为了解地形对草地恢复与土壤物理性质的影响以及草地恢复与土壤物理性质之间的影响机制,因地制宜为当地生态恢复提供科学依据。选择吴起县枣庄沟小流域为研究区,对退耕坡面不同坡位草地恢复与土壤物理性质分异特征进行研究。从峁顶到沟底设置8个采样位置,在4面坡共布设128个采样点进行植被调查和土样采集,将0—40 cm土壤分0—10,10—20,20—40 cm 3层进行土壤物理性质测定,并分析其与植被分布的相关关系。结果表明:不同坡位植被分布与土壤物理性质均表现出沟缘线以上的下坡位较优,沟缘线以下的陡沟坡较差的趋势;植被恢复对土壤团聚体有明显改善作用,但对其与土壤物理性质的改善主要集中在0—20 cm表层土壤,对20—40 cm土壤影响较弱;坡度对植被盖度与土壤容重、孔隙度和饱和持水量影响显著且具有极显著相关性,但对团聚体与颗粒组成无显著影响;植被恢复对土壤颗粒组成改善效果缓慢,若土壤颗粒组成被破坏,短期内很难恢复。     

晋西北黄土丘陵区不同林龄柠条林地土壤干燥化效应

开展晋西北黄土丘陵区土壤干燥化效应研究对该区域植被恢复重建具有重要的现实意义。以晋西北五寨县张家坪林场3种不同林龄的人工柠条林为研究对象,对照撂荒地,分别对其2013年生长季(4—10月)0—600cm深层土壤水分进行了测定分析。结果表明:研究区内的不同林龄柠条林及撂荒地均发生了不同程度的土壤水分亏缺及土壤干燥化现象。(1)不同林龄柠条林及撂荒地由于降雨的入渗补充,除部分土层剖面土壤储水量有少量亏缺外,其余均呈不同程度的盈余状态,土壤储水量总体变化情况为:20a柠条10a柠条35a柠条撂荒地;(2)不同林龄柠条林0—600cm土层的土壤干燥化强度达轻度至中度干燥化强度,平均土壤干层厚度达447cm,并且随着林龄的增长,土壤干燥化的强度逐渐加强,各强度土壤干燥层厚度、总干层厚度及干化深度均呈增加趋势。而对照撂荒地的土壤干燥化指数SDI值为78%,并以轻度和中度干燥层居多;(3)综合考虑各降水年型,不同林龄柠条林及撂荒地剖面土壤干层水分恢复所需年限随着林龄的增加而逐渐增加,土壤湿度恢复难度呈增加趋势。     

红壤丘陵区坡地土壤颗粒组成的空间分布特征研究

通过分析红壤丘陵区农田坡面14个0~100 cm剖面的土壤颗粒组成,结合研究区土壤侵蚀等相关资料,拟阐明坡面尺度土壤砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量的空间分布特征,揭示自然条件下土壤颗粒组成在水平和垂直方向上的分布规律。结果表明:坡面尺度土壤砂粒、粉粒和黏粒均呈现出中等的空间异质性,变异系数分别介于17.6%~23.2%、10.7%~15.8%和13.5%~17.0%。由于粗颗粒的沉积,花生地和橘园地均表现出坡下的砂粒含量显著高于坡上和坡中(P0.05),黏粒含量坡下显著低于其他坡位(P0.05);由于黏粒更容易随入渗过程向深层运动,两种植被类型均表现出土壤砂粒含量随深度增加而降低(P0.05)、黏粒含量随深度增加而增加的趋势(P0.05)。无论在水平方向还是垂直方向上,粉粒含量均无明显变化规律(P0.05)。砂粒含量随坡位和土壤深度的变化程度均大于粉粒和黏粒。植被类型及相应的耕作制度影响土壤颗粒的分布,土壤砂粒在水平方向上的运动在花生地表现得强于橘园地;橘园地土壤黏粒含量在垂直方向上的迁移速率大于花生地,而对粉粒含量的分布规律影响不大。     

宁夏黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤养分和微生物生物量的影响

本研究以宁夏固原天然草地、农地、撂荒地和不同年限的柠条林地为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的变化。研究结果表明:土壤养分除速效磷和全氮外,其他指标均为农地最低,撂荒地次之,并且随植被恢复年限的增加而增加;不同植被类型条件下,土壤微生物生物量有显著差异,微生物量碳含量表现为撂荒地农地天然草地3年柠条林地13年柠条林地23年柠条林地,微生物量氮以天然草地最低,农地、撂荒地和不同年限柠条林地较大,不同植被类型土壤微生物量磷差异显著,在5~20cm土层和20~40cm土壤中表现尤为突出。土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与植被类型和植被恢复年限关系密切。柠条林对土壤微生物生物量有明显促进作用,并且随着植被恢复年限的增加改良效果越显著。     

Spatial continuity and local conditions determine spatial pattern of dried soil layers on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Purpose

Many efforts of restoring vegetation have ignored the feedbacks between biotic and abiotic factors that have developed in water-limited ecosystem. Dried soil layers (DSLs) have formed extensively on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The objective of this study was to identify the primary factors controlling spatial pattern of DSLs on the CLP.

Materials and methods

Two DSL indices (DSL thickness (DSLT) and soil water content in a DSL (DSL-SWC)) were estimated by measuring SWC to a depth of 5 m at 86 sites along a south-north transect on the CLP in 2013. The correlation between the spatial pattern of DSLs and environmental factors was determined with redundancy analysis (RDA).

Results and discussion

DSLs had formed at most of the sites (66 of the 86 sites) along the transect. The sites without DSLs were primarily in an irrigated agricultural zone. DSLT was >400 cm and generally increased from south to north, and DSL-SWC was 2.54% (v/v) in the semi-arid zone of the transect. The connected features of DSLs between connected neighboring sampling units exhibited a much wider extent. A total of nine environmental variables were the primary contributors to the spatial pattern of the DSLs, explaining approximately 47.3% of the variability. Local conditions were responsible for the higher proportion of explained variability than climatic factors. In addition, field capacity was the most important factor in all environmental factors, which may have influenced water-holding capacity.

Conclusions

This study concludes that spatial continuity and local conditions determine the spatial pattern of DSLs at a regional scale. Understanding the characteristic of DSLs is useful for efficiency of vegetation restoration and soil water management.

     

Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China

A dried soil layer (DSL) formed in the soil profile is a typical indication of soil drought caused by climate change and/or poor land management. The responses of a soil to drought conditions in water-limited systems and the impacts of plant characteristics on these processes are seldom known due to the lack of comparative data on soil water content (SWC) in the soil profile. The occurrence of DSLs can interfere in the water cycle in soil-plant-atmosphere systems by preventing water interchanges between upper soil layers and groundwater. Consequently, a DSL may limit the sustainability of environmental restoration projects (e.g., revegetation, soil and water conservation, etc.) on the Loess Plateau of China and in other similar arid and semiarid regions. In this study, we investigated and compared the impacts of soil type, land use and plant characteristics within each of the three climatic regions (arid, semiarid, semihumid) of the Loess Plateau. A total of 17,906 soil samples from 382 soil profiles were collected to characterize DSLs across the Plateau.Spatial patterns of DSLs (represented by four indices: (1) DSL thickness, DSLT; (2) DSL forming depth, DSLFD; (3) mean SWC within the DSL, DSL-SWC; and (4) stable field water capacity, SFC) differed significantly among the climatic regions, emphasizing the importance of considering climatic conditions when assessing DSL variations. The impact of land use on DSLs varied among the three climatic regions. In the arid region, land use had no significant effect on DSLs but there were significant effects in the semiarid and semihumid regions (P < 0.05). The development of DSLs under trees and grasses was more severe in the semiarid region than in the semihumid region. In each climatic region, the extent of DSLs depended on the plant species (e.g., native or exotic, tree or grass) and growth ages; while only in the semiarid region, the DSL-SWC and SFC (P < 0.001) were significantly influenced by soil type. The DSL distribution pattern was related to the climatic region and the soil texture, which both followed gradients along the southeast-northwest axis of the Plateau. Optimizing land use can mediate DSL formation and development in the semiarid and semihumid regions of the Loess Plateau and in similar regions elsewhere. Understanding the dominant factors affecting DSLs at the regional scale enables scientifically based policies to be made that would alleviate the process of soil desiccation and sustain development of the economy and restoration of the natural environment. Moreover, these results can also be useful to the modeling of the regional water cycle and related eco-hydrological processes.     

黄土高原沟壑区苹果园土壤剖面水分及矿质氮分布特征

面对苹果园大量施肥带来的潜在环境问题,在黄土高原沟壑区典型流域,分别选取不同树龄和地貌类型的苹果园,分析土壤水分含量和土壤矿质氮在土体剖面中的变化,为促进该流域农业发展提供相关数据支持。在陕西长武县王东沟流域,分别选取不同树龄(14,18,23,28,32树龄)和地貌类型(塬、梁、坡地)的果园,用直径为4 cm的土钻,在每株果树周围距离树干1 m处,采集15个不同样地0—400 cm土层样品,12个果园样地0—600 cm土层样品,分别测定土壤水分、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。结果表明:随着树龄的增加,0—600 cm土壤含水量和贮水量出现明显下降,尤其在300—600 cm处,不同树龄果园贮水量差异显著(P<0.05),贮水量大小表现为18树龄>23树龄>32树龄。流域内各树龄果园各土层铵态氮含量均较低,对矿质氮在土体中的分布基本不构成影响;硝态氮含量较高,矿质氮在土壤中的分布主要受其影响。各果园不同树龄600 cm以上土层硝态氮含量变化幅度较大,且硝态氮主要分布在土层深处。坡地果园18,23,32树龄0—200 cm土层硝态氮累积总量分别占0—400 cm土层累积总量的50%,41%和38%,表现出土壤硝态氮随树龄的增长而向深层累积的趋势。3种地貌类型下硝态氮累积量都表现出随果园树龄增长而增加的特点。黄土高原沟壑区果园土壤深层干燥化和硝态氮累积现象明显,而且随着果园树龄的增加趋于严重。     

黄丘区典型灌木和荒草地土壤含水量变化对降雨的响应

为了研究不同土地利用方式下土壤水分的变化特征及其对降雨的响应,以黄丘区辛店沟流域坡面径流小区灌木和荒草地为研究对象,利用多探头土壤水分监测仪对研究对象0—50 cm土层土壤水分进行了连续定位观测,对不同下垫面下土壤水分的变化特征进行了系统的分析和研究。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式土壤水分表现出明显的季节变化特征,观测期内荒草地的平均土壤含水量为0.099,大于灌木地0.091,荒草地的土壤含水量总体要高于灌木地。(2)不同土地利用方式土壤含水量垂直变化趋势相似,总体上随着土层深度的增加而减少,具有明显的垂直变异性,灌木地对深层土壤含水量的消耗比荒草地多。(3)土壤含水量在垂直方向上对降雨的响应程度随着土层深度的增加而减小,灌木地和荒草地垂直方向上0—30 cm土层与30—50 cm土层对降雨响应表现为相反的规律。研究认为相比荒草地,灌木地土壤水分消耗更严重,且深层土壤水分受降雨补给有限,易引发土壤干层。     

不同垦殖方式下果园土壤有机碳的空间分布特征

以福建尤溪玉池果园水土流失定位观测点为平台,研究了不同果园垦殖方式对土壤有机碳分布的影响。结果表明,不同垦殖方式下果园土壤有机碳在小生境分布和坡面再分布两个尺度上呈现出不同的分布特征,水平方向上,清耕果园土壤有机碳含量呈沿树干向外减少的分布规律,而生草果园土壤有机碳含量水平变化不明显;垂直方向上,果园土壤有机碳含量随土层加深而逐渐减少;坡面再分布上,清耕果园表现为下坡位〉中坡位〉上坡位,生草果园为中坡位〉下坡位〉上坡位。生草垦殖模式降低了果园土壤有机碳的水平分异,但促进果园土壤有机碳的垂直分异。在以上结果的基础上,提出了小生境混合取样的果园土壤采样方法。     

Fire-induced soil water repellency under different vegetation types along the Atlantic dune coast-line in SW Spain

The distribution and variation with soil depth of water repellency has been studied in fire-affected sand dunes under three different vegetation types (pine forest, shrubland and sparse herbaceous vegetation) in SW Spain. The persistence and intensity of water repellency at the exposed surface of soil was measured using the water drop penetration time test and the contact angle method, respectively, in surface samples (0–3 cm) collected at burned and unburned areas. The variation of water repellency with depth in burned areas was studied in soil profiles every 5 cm between 0 and 40 cm depth. None or slight soil water repellency was observed at unburned soil sites, whereas burned soil sites showed a high degree of repellency, especially under pines and shrubland. The spatial pattern of fire-induced soil water repellency was found to be associated to vegetation types, although it was modulated by soil acidity and the soil organic carbon content. Soil water repellency was generally higher at the soil surface, and decreased with depth. Dense pine forests and shrublands showed strong and/or severe water repellency in depth, but it was rare and limited to the first five centimeters under sparse herbaceous vegetation. The heterogeneity of moisture patterns under dense pine forests or shrublands showed the existence of wetting and water repellent three-dimensional soil patches.     

氮对土壤中氯氰菊酯及其降解产物3-苯氧基苯甲酸降解的影响

Increasing use of pyrethroid insecticides has resulted in concerns regarding potential effects on human health and ecosystems. Cypermethrin and its metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid （PBA） have exerted adverse biological impacts on the environment; therefore, it is critically important to develop different methods to enhance their degradation. In this study, incubation experiments were conducted using samples of an Aquic Inceptisol supplied with nitrogen （N） in the form of NH4NO3 at different levels to investigate the effect of nitrogen on the degradation of cypermethrin and PBA in soil. The results indicated that appropriate N application can promote the degradation of cypermethrin and PBA in soil. The maximum degradation rates were 80.0% for cypermethrin after 14 days of incubation in the treatment with N at a rate of 122.1 kg ha^-1 and 41.0% for PBA after 60 days of incubation in the treatment with N at a rate of 182.7 kg ha^-1. The corresponding rates in the treatments without nitrogen were 62.7% for cypermethrin and 27.8% for PBA. However, oversupplying N significantly reduced degradation of these compounds. Enhancement of degradation could be explained by the stimulation of microbial activity after the addition of N. In particular, dehydrogenase activities in the soil generally increased with the addition of N, except in the soil where N was applied at the highest level. The lower degradation rate measured in the treatment with an oversupply of N may be attributed to the microbial metabolism shifts induced by high N.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤水分空间变异研究

以线形取样方式测定了喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面表层(0～5、5～10、10～15 cm)的土壤水分，采用经典统计结合地统计学方法分析了其空间分布特征及变异结构。结果表明：在坡面特定土地利用结构下(上坡到下坡分布有自然坡地、退耕地和耕地)，表层土壤水分沿上坡向下具有不断减小的变化趋势，坡面纵向和横向土壤水分均呈中等变异，横向上由于特殊的土壤分布和地形地貌特征使得变异程度较纵向强烈，土地利用和坡度因子是造成坡面土壤水分分布和变异的重要因素；半方差分析显示，坡面表层土壤水分具有明显的块金效应和较大的基台值，呈中等或较强的空间相关性，土壤水分总体上具有较好的变异结构和空间连续性，因此可以应用地统计学方法在该地区开展土壤水分空间变异研究。     

子午岭植被自然恢复过程中土壤有机碳密度的时空变化

To probe the processes and mechanisms of soil organic carbon （SOC） changes during forest recovery, a 150-year chronosequence study on SOC was conducted for various vegetation succession stages at the Ziwuling area, in the central part of the Loess Plateau, China. Results showed that during the 150 years of local vegetation rehabilitation SOC increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） over time in the initial period of 55-59 years, but slightly decreased afterwards. Average SOC densities for the 0-100 cm layer of farmland, grassland, shrubland and forest were 4.46, 5.05, 9.95, and 7.49 kg C m^-3, respectively. The decrease in SOC from 60 to 150 years of abandonment implied that the soil carbon pool was a sink for CO2 before the shrubland stage and became a source in the later period. This change resulted from the spatially varied composition and structure of the vegetation. Vegetation recovery had a maximum effect on the surface （0-20 cm） SOC pool. It was concluded that vegetation recovery on the Loess Plateau could result in significantly increased sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in soil and vegetation, which was ecologically important for mitigating the increase of atmospheric concentration of CO2 and for ameliorating the local eco-environment.