流化床藻类生物质快速热裂解试验

为实现藻类生物质资源的综合利用,该文选取藻类生物质中的马尾藻进行热重分析,并在自行设计的小型流化床上进行快速热裂解试验,分别研究了马尾藻热解过程及热解产物的产率随温度的变化规律。结果表明,随着温度的升高,热解经历了3个阶段：预热解、快速热解、慢速热解,并且由于多糖、蛋白质等物质热稳定性的不同引起马尾藻在快速热解阶段出现两个失重峰。在快速热裂解试验中,选择450、500、550、600℃ 4个反应温度对马尾藻的热裂解规律进行了研究,主要考察了不同反应温度对热裂解产物收集率的影响。研究发现残炭的产率随着温度的升高而降低,而热解气的产率则随着温度的升高而升高,生物油的产率随温度变化先升高后降低,在550℃左右时产率最高,约为30.5%,这为马尾藻快速热裂解制油的推广与工业利用提供参考。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对产物产率及其分布的影响

在生物质喂入率为0.8～2.0 kg·h^-1的流化床上以木屑为原料进行了快速热裂解试验，系统研究了木屑热裂解过程中的流化床反应器温度、生物质粒径和气相滞留期三个主要参数对热裂解产物产率的影响。结果表明，当反应器温度在450～600℃之间变化时，在500℃条件下，生物油产率最高，其值为53.33%，而木炭及不可冷凝气体产率分别为8.97%和37.70%。当温度为500℃，木屑粒径在0.90 mm以下时，粒径在0.45～0.60 mm范围内的生物油产率最大，达到58.23%，这时木炭产率为8.23%。对粒径小于0.20 mm的木屑在温度500℃，气相滞留期0.80, 1.20, 1.50 s三个量级上的热裂解表明，气相滞留期为0.80 s时，生物油产率达到最大值为62.60%。但是，当气相滞留期较长时(1.50 s)，生物油产率稍有下降。生物油是极性有机物与水的可溶混合物。因此，木屑快速热裂解生产液体燃料具有较大的潜力。     

生物质快速热裂解反应温度对生物油产率及特性的影响

以木屑为原料，在自制的小型流化床上，研究了生物质快速热裂解反应温度对生物油的产率、含水率、密度、黏度及成分的影响。结果表明，在475℃，500℃和550℃三种热裂解温度中，以500℃的平均生物油产率最高，为58.74%(w/w)。三种热裂解温度下，生物油的含水率分别为42.5%、46.0%和40.7%，生物油的密度分别为1140、1148和1151 kg/m³，运动黏度分为4.51 cSt、3.87 cSt和4.73 cSt。热裂解温度增高时，生物油的密度略有增加，含水率和运动黏度未见有规律变化，并且，运动黏度随含水率的增加而减小。热裂解温度对生物油的主要化合物成分相对含量有一定影响，但影响不明显，生物油中化合物几乎都是含氧的不饱和烃类衍生物，碳原子数在2～10之间，温度升高有利于糠醛、大多数苯酚类化合物生成，不利于乙酸的生成。该研究为生物油的生产与应用提供了参考。     

榆木木屑快速热裂解主要工艺参数优化及生物油成分的研究

以榆木木屑为原料,在自制的流化床反应器上,采用正交实验设计,进行了快速热裂解主要工艺参数优化试验,并对产生的生物油成分进行了GC-MS分析.结果表明,榆木木屑快速热裂解最优工艺参数组合为热裂解温度500℃、气相滞留期0.8s、物料粒径O.180mm,生物油最大产率为46.3%(质量分数).热裂解温度、气相滞留期对生物油产率影响显著,而热裂解温度和气相滞留期的交互作用、物料粒径对生物油产率影响不显著.生物油是一种成分极其复杂的有机化合物的混合物,含氧量较高.该项研究为生物质快速热裂解技术的发展提供了科学的依据.     

利用小型流化床的生物质热裂解影响因素分析

化石能源的储量减少与污染使人们必须寻找其他替代能源,其中生物质能是一个很好的替代品.该文以榆木木屑、红松木屑和秸秆为原料,在自制的小型流化床上开展了生物质热裂解生物油的实验研究.结果表明红松木屑的产油率最高,热裂解的温度对产油率的影响很大,500℃时生物油的产量最高,热裂解温度越高,裂解气体产量越高,气体热值也越高,而碳的产量越低.而且随着反应时间的变化,裂解气体成分也发生变化,在裂解10 min左右,裂解气体中可燃气体成分最高.     

流化床系统参数对生物油产率的影响

为了进一步探明流化床系统参数对生物质热裂解产物生物油产率的影响规律而进行了热裂解液化试验。该研究以玉米秸秆为原料,采用山东理工大学研制的以氩气等离子体作为主热源的生物质快速热裂解液化流化床试验装置,以输入功率、氩气流量、压差和进料率为试验因子,生物油产率为试验指标,采用二次正交旋转组合的方法进行试验。并对试验结果利用Rada软件分析得出热裂解生物油产率的二次回归方程及该试验条件下生物油得最大产率的参数组合,即当输入功率为38.5 kW,氩气流量为2.0 m3/h,压差为200 mm,进料率为0.87kg/h时,最高生物油产率为58.45%。在试验条件下,可得压差和进料率是影响生物油产率的主要因素,而输入功率和氩气流量对其产率的影响相对较弱。     

生物质在熔盐中的热裂解特性

为了研究生物质在熔盐中的热裂解特性,在自行设计的生物质热裂解反应器中,以熔盐热裂解生物质,考察了裂解温度、FeCl2含量和原料种类对生物质热裂解特性的影响,测定了生物油的物性参数,并用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析了生物油的主要组成。结果表明：在物质的量比为7︰6的ZnCl2和KCl混合熔盐中添加物质的量分数为5% FeCl2裂解生物质,温度对热裂解的影响显著,生物油得率随温度先升高后降低,存在最大值,以水稻秸秆为原料相对应的温度为525℃,最高生物油得率约为18%;添加FeCl2能提高生物油得率;以纤维素为原料裂解制得的生物油含水率小于以水稻秸秆为原料的生物油含水率;生物油含水率较高,其密度与水相近,黏度比水略大,灰分少,pH值为2.5～3.0;生物油成分复杂,含甲氧基类有机物较多,需改性后使用。该研究为熔盐热裂解生物质制取生物油提供了参考依据。     

不同贮存温度对木屑热裂解生物油理化性质稳定性的影响

为了明确不同贮存温度下生物油理化性质稳定性的差异,以鼓泡流化床松木木屑快速热裂解制取的生物油为样品,考察了不同贮存温度（4℃,27℃,40℃）条件下,两组（1号,2号）生物油特性随贮存时间的变化规律,同时,对贮存前后生物油进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱及气相色谱质谱联用分析。结果表明,低温（4℃）贮存使生物油含水率下降,而室温（27℃）和高温（40℃）贮存则使其含水率有所上升。在没有水分剧烈变化的影响下,生物油运动黏度上升的幅度与贮存的温度相关,温度越高,上升幅度越大。各种温度下,生物油pH值没有明显的变化规律,且变化幅度也较小。通过对红外光谱典型吸收峰的频率位移和透光强度分析表明,生物油中各种官能团上电子剧烈运动,从而加强了分子间的作用力。气相色谱质谱联用分析的结果表明,35 d的高温贮存催化了一些化学反应的进行,使得生物油的组分更加复杂化。因此,低温贮存对控制生物油的不稳定性效果较佳。     

真空热解松木粉制备生物油

为研究与开拓高品位生物油的制备方法,该文以松木粉为原料,采用真空热解的方法制备生物油。讨论了150～830μm的4种不同粒径大小、400～600℃的5种不同反应温度对真空热解的影响,对其原因进行讨论与分析;并对最优条件下的真空热解气液相产物进行表征。试验结果表明,在500℃反应温度下,250～380μm粒径松木粉真空热解得到生物油产率最高,可达52.06%;真空热解生物油的黏度较低,流动性能好,高附加值化合物较多,这些特性使真空热解生物油作为提取化学品的原料成为可能,该研究为生物质制备高品位生物油提供参考。     

几种农林废弃物热裂解制取生物油的研究

农林废弃物是我国农村能源的重要组成部分，对其高品位利用有助于解决农村能源短缺和环境污染问题。该文在流化床反应器上开展了农林废弃物热裂解制取生物油的试验研究，着重对升温速率的影响进行了详细研究，快速升温能有效缩短颗粒在低温阶段的停留时间而抑制炭的生成，有助于提高生物油的产率。比较不同农林废弃物热裂解制取生物油的效果表明：低灰分含量的木屑比稻秆更适合于热裂解制取生物油，而稻秆则适合于气化。同时，农林废弃物热裂解制取生物油技术在生物油的品质经过改性得到提升后，结合炭等副产品的利用，能实现农林废弃物的综合能源化利用。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI