"川农泡椒一号"辣椒的植物学性状和核型研究

对四川农业大学选育的泡椒专用品种"川农泡椒一号"和22个辣椒品种进行了植物学性状观察并进行聚类分析,用常规根尖压片法对"川农泡椒一号"和5个辣椒变种进行了核型分析.结果表明,"川农泡椒一号"染色体数为2n=24,由中部着丝粒染色体(m)和近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)组成,核型为2A型,核型公式2n=24=22m+2sm,...     

2月份主要蔬菜农事安排

1 播种育苗 (1)黄瓜和西葫芦 春早熟栽培:采用塑料大中棚温床育苗,于1月下旬-2月上中旬播种于营养钵内.黄瓜选用津春2号、津杂1号、津优30号等早熟品种.西葫芦选用早青一代、阿太一代、银青一代等品种.     

弱光对黄瓜幼苗光合特性及Rubisco酶的影响

为进一步探讨黄瓜耐弱光性的特性,对戴多星和津研2号2个黄瓜品种进行弱光胁迫处理(光照强度75~100μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),以600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)光照强度为对照,研究弱光胁迫下其生理生化指标、光合活性、荧光特性、Rubisco活性、Rubisco大小亚基蛋白含量及基因表达的变化。结果表明,弱光处理后,黄瓜气孔发育受到抑制,气孔开张度、气孔密度和气孔指数均有所降低,且津研2号表现更为明显,所有指标均降低20%以上。黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量、植株净光合速率(Pn),气孔导度(Gs),PSⅡ实际量子效率(ΦPSⅡ),Rubisco活力、Rubisco大小亚基蛋白含量及基因表达均明显降低,其中津研2号所有指标均下降30%以上。与津研2号相比,戴多星的色素含量较高,光能捕获和利用能力较强,分配于光合作用的量子产量较高,Rubisco活性、Rubisco大小亚基蛋白含量及大小亚基基因表达较高,因而Pn相对降低较少(30.9%,津研2号下降54.5%),表现出较强的耐弱光性。本研究结果为黄瓜耐弱光机理的深入研究及耐弱光黄瓜品种的选育栽培提供了参考依据。     

滁菊染色体核型的微变异

以安徽滁州地区特有的药食两用植物资源——滁菊(Dendranthema morifolium Ramat.‘Chuju’)为试材,采用根尖细胞压片技术进行染色体计数及核型分析,并与引种到外地的滁菊种进行比较。结果表明:滁菊种的染色体数目为2n=54,染色体基数x=9,为异源六倍体植物,其核型公式为2n=6x=54=42m+12sm(4SAT),核型类型为2A型,第10和21号染色体上均有1对随体,最长与最短染色体长度比为1.99,臂比>2的染色体比例为18.51%。与已公布的引种到外地的滁菊核型进行比较分析发现,引种后的滁菊较原生境滁菊染色体核型发生了微变异,表现在具随体染色体数量由4条减为2条,染色体多态性更为丰富,提示滁菊染色体核型与其生态环境有着密切的关系。     

入侵杂草假高粱的染色体变异及核型分析

对入侵杂草假高粱(Sorghum halepenseL.)的根尖细胞进行染色体计数及核型分析,同时与二倍体高粱(SorghumL.)作比较。结果表明:供试材料假高粱的染色体数目为2n=34,染色体基数x=17,与原产地同物种(x=10)相比,发生了染色体数目变异,其核型公式为2n=2x=34=24m(2SAT)+10sm,为异源四倍体植物,核型类型为2B型,第15号染色体上有一对随体,最长与最短染色体长度比为2.30,臂比>2的染色体比例为18%,核型不对称系数为60.02%。与核型为2A型的高粱相比,二者的染色体数不成倍性关系,表明该假高粱种可能是由入侵种假高粱和禾本科其他植物通过远缘杂交形成的新变种。     

日光温室早春茬黄瓜栽培技术

1品种选择 经多年试验示范,宁夏海原县早春茬黄瓜栽培中,能够高产、稳产的黄瓜品种有：津杂2号、密刺系列、津春3号、津优3号等。     

紫万年青的核型分析

本文采用直接敲片法制作紫万年青植物染色体标本,通过体细胞染色体计数确定其染色体数目为12条,核型分析表明紫万年青植物染色体总长度为57．35μm,全组染色体平均长度9．56μm,其核型公式为K（2n）=12=3m＋3Sm。同时通过观察、测量发现其染色体绝对长度变异范围为11．36～7．72μm,其相对长度细成为2n=12=6M2＋6M1;最长染色体与最短染色体之比为1．47：1,臂比的变异范围为1．01～2．56,臂大于2的染色体占全组染色体的33．33％,属于“2A”类型。另一方面,是期附加核型特征确定紫万年青属于复杂染色中心型。本研究将对紫万年青植物的起源、系统演化及品种改良等提供必要的细胞遗传学依据。     

日光温室生姜的栽培技法

1优良品种 以一大茬黄瓜与生姜轮种为例。黄瓜选择山东密刺、津优2号、丰抗等日光温室专用品种,生姜选用山东莱芜片姜。     

3种不同皮色萝卜种质染色体核型分析

本研究采用根尖压片法,对3种不同肉质根皮色的萝卜种质进行染色体数目和核型分析,以获得准确的细胞遗传学信息。研究结果表明,Nau-dqp08,Nau-txbyw07和Nau-chhong108这3种不同皮色萝卜的染色体数目均为18,核型公式分别为2n=2×=18=14m+4sm,2n=2×=18=18m和2n=2×=18=16m+2sm,且核型都属于1A型;核不对称系数分别为59.48%、55.39%与58.08%;核型不对称性大小为Nau-dqp08>Nau-chhong108>Nau-txbyw07,其中Nau-txbyw07核型较为原始。本研究结果可为萝卜种质鉴定、遗传变异和亲缘关系分析提供细胞学依据。     

奥利亚罗非鱼(♀)×鳜(♂)杂交后代及其双亲的染色体核型分析

采用人工授精法以奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aurea)为母本，鳜(Siniperca ahuasti)为父本，获得了能正常发育的后代。利用微量全血培养法对奥利亚罗非鱼、鳜及它们杂交后代的染色体数目和核型进行了分析，结果表明, 奥利亚罗非鱼染色体数目为2n =44，核型公式为 6sm+24st+14t，染色体臂数(NF)=50；鳜鱼为2n =48，核型公式为 8sm+4st+36t，NF=56；杂交后代为2n =44，核型公式为 6sm+26st+12t，NF=50。经对比分析，杂交后代与奥利亚罗非鱼的核型相似。     

化感作用在设施黄瓜连作中的应用研究

简述了设施黄瓜栽培中化感作用的研究现状、化感物质的作用方式、途径、机理及其与设施生态系统环境的相互作用关系,概括了化感作用在黄瓜设施栽培中的意义并分析其发展前景。     

黄土丘陵区不同经济作物光合作用特性研究

为研究延安燕沟流域5种传统作物的光合作用特性及其与环境因子的相关关系,运用美国产Li—6400便携式光合作用系统对5种作物的光合特性和环境因子进行了测定,结果表明:(1)西葫芦(Cuourbita papo)和甘蓝(Brassica olerarea)的净光合速率日变化呈"单峰型",即没有光合"午休"现象,而茄子(Solanum melongena L.)、黄瓜(Cucumis satovus L.)和甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)均呈现明显"双峰型"特征,光合"午休"现象明显;(2)5种作物中甜瓜叶片的蒸腾速率最大,其他依次为西葫芦、甘蓝、黄瓜、茄子;(3)相对于甘蓝而言,茄子和黄瓜的气孔导度日变化相对平缓;(4)甘蓝的胞间CO2浓度呈"双峰型",茄子、黄瓜和甜瓜均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,即"V"型,西葫芦呈上升—下降—上升趋势,即"N"型;(5)5种作物的光合有效辐射(PAR)和相对湿度(RH)与净光合速率(Pn)均呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。     

Content of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables grown at the same site for two years under different climatic conditions

Individual glucosinolates (GLS) were determined in vegetables of three Cruciferae species: Brassica oleracea L. (white cabbage, red cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi), Brassica rapa L. (turnip), and Raphanus sativus L. (red radish, black radish, and white radish) produced in two years. The cultivars were compared for the contents of total-, indole-, and aliphatic GLS. In both years, the total content of GLS was highest in black radish, and all examined R. sativus vegetables contained the greatest amount of aliphatic GLS. Neither the level nor the identity of GLS differentiated among the vegetables of the other cultivars grown in the same year. Comparison of the GLS contents of the same cultivar in two production years, which differed in temperature and rainfall rate, showed that low average 10-day rainfall and high average temperature during the vegetation period significantly increased the GLS content of vegetables. This suggests that the year x cultivar interaction modified the GLS content of vegetables.     

A reevaluation of karyotype in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

A karyotype analysis was conducted on the mitotic chromosomes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.; 2n = 2 × = 14), using improved chromosome preparation and C-banding techniques. Chromosome pairs were characterized on the basis of length and arm ratio value. The length of metaphase chromosomes ranged from 1.48 to 2.31 m, and the total length of the haploid chromosome complement was 13.06 m. The karyotype of this species was symmetric, and consisted of six metacentric and one submetacentric chromosomes. All chromosomes were defined by their unique C-banding patterns. The C-banded karyotype included centromeric, telomeric, and intercalary bands depending on chromosome pair leading to a precise identification of each pair. The C-banding patterns were distinctly different from observations made in previous study.     

菇渣基质特性及其对黄瓜和番茄幼苗生长的影响

The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate (SMS),made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate,as a growing medium for nursery seedlings.Two vegetable species,cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.cv.Jinchun No.2) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.cv.Mandy),were grown in 8 media of SMS in various ratios with perlite or vermiculite.A mixed substrate of peat with perlite (1:1;v:v) was used as the control (CK).The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions.Prior to sowing,some physical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined.Results showed that all the mixtures had desirable physical and chemical properties for their use in nursery tomato and cucumber seedlings except for the T4 (SMS:vermiculite=1:1;v:v) and the T8 (SMS:perlite=2:1;v:v) mixtures.Compared with the CK,increased plant height,leaf area,fresh weight,dry weight and index of seedling quality were found in the T3 (SMS:vermiculite=2:1;v:v) and T6 (SMS:perlite=4:1;v:v) growing media.SMS should be considered as an alternative for the widely used but expensive and resource-limited peat in greenhouse cultivation.     

黄瓜单倍体育种的研究进展

综述了黄瓜作物单倍体育种的研究进展,包括花药培养、未授粉子房培养,辐射花粉诱导单倍体培养在黄瓜育种中的应用;总结了近年来所采用的黄瓜染色体倍性鉴定方法和加倍技术;讨论了目前这些领域存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

黄瓜单倍体育种的研究进展

综述了黄瓜作物单倍体育种的研究进展，包括花药培养、未授粉子房培养，辐射花粉诱导单倍体培养在黄瓜育种中的应用；总结了近年来所采用的黄瓜染色体倍性鉴定方法和加倍技术；讨论了目前这些领域存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

Exploring an East Asian melon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis melo</Emphasis> L.) collection for parthenocarpic ability

In melon (Cucumis melo L.), the amount of fertile pollen decreases at low temperature during winter and early spring and thereby restricts fertilization. A promising way to overcome this problem is to develop parthenocarpic cultivars. Parthenocarpic cucumber and squash, but not melon cultivars are available. In this study, we explored 172 accessions from an East Asian melon collection and identified accessions that exhibited strong parthenocarpic ability throughout the year. Crosses between parthenocarpic accessions and a non-parthenocarpic cultivar, and among parthenocarpic accessions indicated that parthenocarpy may be inherited in a recessive manner and is likely controlled by the same gene or genes in these accessions. The parthenocarpic indices, such as the size and number of parthenocarpic fruits, differed among the cultivation periods, indicating the importance of environmental factors for parthenocarpic fruit development. We conclude that it is possible to breed new cultivars with stable parthenocarpic ability throughout the year by using the identified accessions.     

Grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of various modern rice cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels

Field trials were conducted to study the responses of grain yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency at five input rates (N₀, N_82.5, N₁₆₅, N_247.5, and N₃₃₀ kg ha^?1) in a set of nine of the most representative rice cultivars. Grain yields of rice across the nine cultivars were increased significantly by N level. All the cultivars contained a significant linear plus plateau or quadratic relationship between N levels and grain yields.The minimum yields (means of 2 years) at N₀, N_82.5, N₁₆₅, N_247.5, and N₃₃₀ level all occurred in No. 2 cultivar. Compared with the grain yield of No. 2 at different N levels, those of the maximum cultivars increased by 37.1 (No. 8), 39.1 (No. 7), 48.4 (No.3), 43.3 (No. 4), and 43.9% (No. 3), respectively. In 2011, the highest average apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE) in grain of the 4 N levels occurred in No. 3 cultivar (45.9%), followed by No. 4, No. 6, and No. 1, and the highest average agronomic efficiency (AE) in grain of the 4 N levels occurred in No. 9 cultivar [29.0 kg (kg N)^?1], followed by No. 3, No. 1, and No. 4. For the second-season planting, the highest average ANRE occurred in No. 4 cultivar (28.4%), followed by No. 3, No. 5, and No. 6, and the highest average AE occurred in No. 5 cultivar [18.1 kg (kg N)^?1], followed by No. 4, No. 3, and No. 7. Overall, No. 3 and No. 4 cultivars were the ideal ones that not only increased the grain yield but also improved the N use efficiency.