基于前期有效降水推算耕作层土壤湿度的方法

土壤水分是研究水资源循环及干旱监测的重要指标。本文基于土壤水分平衡原理提出,在无灌溉的条件下,当前土壤含水量主要由前期有效降水决定,并利用荆州（1982—2006年）、随州和麻城（1993—2006年）3个站点的土壤湿度实测资料,建立了0-10cm、10—20cm土层的土壤湿度与前期有效降水量线性回归方程。模型检验效果较好,0-10cm土层的准确率在85％左右,10—20cm的准确率高于85％;在2007年湖北部分地区秋冬季干旱监测实际应用中准确率达93％以上。此模型与一般经验模型相比,不依赖于前期土壤湿度资料,适用范围更广、时效性强,更具有推广价值。     

近50年贵德县旱涝灾害变化特征分析

利用青海省贵德气象站1961—2010年逐日平均气温、逐月降水资料以及逐日最高、最低气温资料,分析近50a气温、降水以及最高最低气温的变化趋势,并对其突变年份进行了检测。用降水量来确定贵德县旱涝等级,进而确定出贵德县气温突变前后旱涝等级出现的年份及所占的比例。结果表明:贵德地区偏旱、正常和偏涝的状态不断增加,增加的比例为旱>正常>偏涝。运用马尔柯夫模型对未来5a的旱涝状态进行了预测,2011—2015年处于"偏涝"的概率较大。     

1951-2016年长江荆南三口地区旱涝演变与急转特征分析

根据荆南三口地区22个气象站点1951—2016年月降水资料,采用标准化降水指数（SPI）及夏季长周期旱涝急转指数（LDFAI）,辅以EOF分析、小波分析、M-K检验等相关分析方法,分析荆南三口地区66年旱涝的变化特征。结果表明：（1）旱涝年际变化较大,20世纪50年代前涝后旱、60—70年代整体干旱、80年代旱涝交替、90年代洪涝、21世纪前涝后旱,且四季均可发生旱涝事件。（2）空间尺度可分为3个区域类型,东南部（湿润区）、中部（降水均匀区）、西北部（偏干区）,且季节空间分布上存在较大差异,西北部的五峰、宜昌、荆州等地四季干旱较多,中部的安乡、南县、华容等地四季洪涝较多。（3）年与四季多以5年、10年周期为主,并具有30~35年的长周期。（4）旱涝急转指数在1981年和2015年发生显著变化,而旱涝强度在1972年和2014年发生显著突变。（5）宜昌、石门、澧县等夏季多为旱转涝;五峰、宁乡、安乡、华容、常德等地夏季多为涝转旱。     

基于TVDI的艾比湖地区土壤水分时空变化分析

以艾比湖湿地为研究区,利用2003年5月和2013年5月Landsat遥感影像,提取了地表温度(Ts)和植被指数(NDVI)反演温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),并构建特征空间,分析了土壤水分的时空变化。试验结果表明:TVDI可有效反演区域土壤水分,且精度较高;自2003—2013年共10a的时间跨度下,艾比湖地区土壤水分空间分布由湖区向周边地区呈减少趋势;湿润、正常和轻旱面积减少,干旱和重旱面积增加,呈现"两增三减"的趋势。区域土壤水分分布情况不容乐观,仍需加强当地水资源管理,以保障区域生态系统的正常运转。     

1960-2010年渭河流域旱涝时空分布特征

利用1960-2010年渭河流域12个气象站5-9月降水量资料,采用Z指数作为划分旱涝等级的标准,分析了渭河流域近50 a旱涝时空特征.结果表明,近50a来,流域范围内大旱大涝年份各出现过至少6次.大旱出现最多的站点为环县和平凉两站.大涝出现最多的站点为长武和西吉两站.发生大涝的站点基本位于渭河干流的中下游.受大涝(大旱)影响范围较广的年份主要发生在1965 1970年和1980 1985年(1970-1975年和1985-2000年),尤其是1964,1975,1983,1984和2003年(1972,1994,1995和1997年)受大涝(大旱)影响的站点数超过了50％.1960-2010年大旱站点比例有明显增加趋势,大涝站点比例有降低趋势.根据累积距平曲线可以看出,全流域在1960-1968年和1977-1985年年降水量高于均值,在1970-1974年和1992-2001年年降水量低于均值;对渭河流域区域Z指数进行经验正交函数分析,发现渭河流域旱涝主要受流域中心地带(洛川—长武宝鸡)的早涝气候控制.受地面高程差异影响,北偏西方向发生旱灾机会增大,而南偏东方向发生涝灾的概率增大.东西差异为东部洛川地区旱灾概率加大,流域西部来水概率增强等,表明渭河流域旱涝分布除受大尺度的气候系统影响和控制外,还受地面高程、局地地形等多种因子影响.     

胶东梨园根系层土壤贮水量估算研究

2005年4月～2006年1月期间利用Trime土壤水分速测系统,分18次测定了烟台农科院梨园0～180cm范围内的土壤水分。对表层土壤水分与深层土壤水分之间的转换关系,及梨树在不同生长阶段对转换关系的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在梨树生长旺盛期和休眠期两个阶段内,0～10cm和0～30cm土层对深层土壤水分的预测效果都较差,0～50cm对深层土壤水分的预测效果较好,预测结果中相对误差大于12%的分别占26.67%和20.00%,最大相对误差依次为21.07%和15.05%;经验模型的预测精度偏高且各模型在生长旺盛期内的预测效果总体上较在生长休眠期内的预测效果差。因而本地区进行深层土壤水分估算的最佳表层深度为0～50cm土层,且以经验模型预测为佳。     

ERS卫星反演数据在黄土高原近地表土壤水分中的应用研究

将黄土高原地区1992—2000年欧洲遥感卫星(European Remote Sensing Satellites,ERS)风散射计获取的土壤水分指数(Soil Water Index,SWI)与农田实测土壤水分数据进行对比,并分析降雨、植被、土地利用和人工灌溉对反演数据的影响;探讨其在近地表土壤水分时空变化中的应用情况。结果表明,遥感反演的土壤水分数据SWI较好地反映了黄土高原地区土壤水分的时空变化规律,总体上表现出南多北少、东高西低的空间特点和夏秋偏高、春季较低的季节变化趋势;其次,根据SWI转换得到的土壤体积含水量数据Wswi与0~10 cm农田实测土壤水分呈极显著相关,表明该ERS反演土壤水分数据接近表层土壤水分实际情况,可用于估测研究区表层土壤水分含量;在农业集中的平原地区,Wswi与农田表层实测土壤水分相关性较高;而在农业、林业、牧业用地复合交叉地区其相关性较差。研究结果还发现,在相对干旱季节农田实测水分普遍较卫星反演结果高,主要是由于灌溉增加了农田水分含量。这说明在应用卫星遥感数据估算土壤水分时,除了考虑气候、地貌、土壤、植被等自然因素,同时也应充分考虑人为因素的影响。     

科尔沁地区不同类型沙地土壤水分的时空异质性

应用半干旱区科尔沁沙地2006-2010年5-9月份土壤水分定点观测资料,研究农田、沙质草地和固定沙丘土壤水分的时空变异性。结果表明:2006年5月-2010年9月,(1)农田、沙质草地和固定沙丘土壤水分都在7月份最高;农田7月份土壤水分与5、6月份的差异显著,沙质草地7月份的与8、9月份的差异显著,而固定沙丘7月份的与生长季其他月份的都有显著差异;(2)3个样地土壤水分随年份有逐渐增加的趋势;(3)农田、沙质草地和固定沙丘0-160cm平均土壤含水量分别为20.69%,7.63%,3.61%,农田土壤水分明显高于沙质草地和固定沙丘,而且3种样地间土壤水分差异显著;(4)3个样地土壤水分随土层厚度增加呈"先增加后减少,最后又增加"的趋势;农田0-20cm土壤水分与20-40cm,40-60cm,120-140cm及140-160cm的差异显著;沙质草地0-20cm土壤水分除与140-160cm有显著差异外,与其他土层均无显著差异;固定沙丘土壤水分只有100-120cm与140-160cm的差异显著;(5)研究区降雨的季节分配极不均匀,主要集中在4-10月的生长季,占全年降雨量的92.58%;0～5mm降雨占全年降雨事件的73.29%,但其降雨量只占全年降雨量的25.1%;降雨间隔期以0～10d为主,占全年无降雨期的37.6%;0～10d降雨间隔期出现的频数最高,占全年间隔期频数的86.9%;(6)当土壤水分较高时,其变异性会随着土壤水分的增加而减小,而当土壤水分较低时,其变异性随土壤水分的增加而增加。     

日照市旱涝变化特征分析

基于1955—2007年日照市的月降水资料,利用距平百分率和z指数旱涝指标,确定日照市降水的旱涝等级,分析了旱涝发生的时问演变特征及对农业的影响。结果表明：Z指数旱涝指标能较好地反映日照市的旱涝演变情况,近53a来日照市旱年有14a,出现频率为26．4％,涝年有12a,出现频率为22．6％。年降水量呈下降趋势,变化倾向率为41．4mm／10a,向干旱化趋势发展。四季的Z指数变化趋势不同,冬、春季略上升,为洪涝增强趋势但不明显;夏、秋季为下降趋势即干旱增强,夏季最明显,秋季次之。近53a来发生季节性旱涝的频率较高。旱涝灾害是导致农作物损失的主要因素,研究结果对旱涝趋势预测和防灾减灾具有参考作用。     

广东省旱涝灾害时空变化特征研究

[目的]研究广东省旱涝灾害时空变化特征,并对广东省1960—2012年旱涝等级进行划分。[方法]应用小波分析、马可尔夫链、Mann—Kendall突变检验、经验正交函数以及克里金空间插值法等方法。[结果](1)在时间上,广东省年降水量呈上升趋势,存在28,13和6a的时间尺度上的震荡周期;(2)广东省旱涝灾害发生频率及未来几年旱涝状态与气温变化有良好的响应关系。(3)在空间上,粤东地区和粤西地区以涝灾为主,而广宁—广州—台山地区一带以旱灾为主。[结论]广东省旱涝灾害与气温变化存在一定的响应关系,气温突变后旱涝灾害增多。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

我国亚热带山地丘陵区特征及开发中的有关问题

我国亚热带山地丘陵区，山多地少、人口众多、经济基础薄弱，生态环境严重恶化，障碍着区内经济的发展，区内开发应按照以下几个方面搞好：１、协调山－林－地－人的关系；２．调整粮食－林牧－融渔关系；３．改善生产－生活－生态环境。４．提高生态－经济－社会效益。     

红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收累积特征及根际土壤Pb、Cd形态分布研究

为了解土壤在Pb、Cd单一以及复合污染条件下红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收和积累规律,通过盆栽试验对红薯地上部和地下部的生物量和重金属含量进行测定,分析了单一及复合污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cd形态分布特点。结果表明,相对于对照,较低浓度的Pb、Cd能显著促进红薯的生长（P〈0.05）,Pb超过50mg.kg-1、Cd超过3mg.kg-1时,红薯生长受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）,Cd是影响红薯生长的主要因素;随着试验处理浓度的升高,红薯体内重金属含量也随之升高,二者之间存在极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,Pb、Cd共存对红薯吸收累积Pb、Cd具有明显的交互作用,Pb促进Cd向地上部转移,Cd促进Pb在地下部积累。根际土壤中Pb、Cd以可交换态与碳酸盐结合态为主,二者均占总量的55以上,在复合污染条件下,Pb浓度为50mg.kg-1时其活性系数显著高于其他Pb处理（P〈0.05）,并在很大程度上促进有效态Cd含量的增加。     

百菌清和毒死蜱在大棚番茄中的分布与降解特征

大棚和露地环境下,分别对番茄植株一次性喷洒推荐剂量的百菌清（CHT）和毒死蜱（CHP）,研究喷药后两周内农药在番茄根、茎、叶和果实中分布的持久性及其动态降解规律。实验结果表明,百菌清在大棚番茄中的残留浓度分布呈现为叶片垌果实〉茎〉根;毒死蜱呈现为叶片〉果实垌茎〉根。大棚番茄各部位的最高残留浓度出现时间滞后于喷药时间8~60h;空间浓度分布上表现为大棚中间区域浓度高于两侧,这与棚内的空气对流有关。大棚番茄果实中百菌清和毒死蜱的残留半衰期分别为5.8d和7.2d,明显高于文献报道。     

Sources of sulphate and acidity in wetlands and lakes in Nova Scotia

There is a declining gradient of wet SO₄ deposition from south to north in Nova Scotia with the highest values being in the south, along with a localized increase around the Halifax metropolitan area, due to local SO₄ emission. Edaphic conditions such as drainage from soils containing gypsum or drainage on disturbed rocks containing pyrite, provide additional SO₄ to surface waters.Acidity is usually absent in the former (pH > 7.0) and very high in the latter (as low as pH 3.6). By contrast peaty, organic drainages release water low in SO₄ during the growing season but they release high amounts of organic anions (A?), consequently, these waters maintain decreased pH values, usually < 4.5. A study of over 80 wetlands and lakes during the ice free period in Nova Scotia showed that sea salt corrected SO₄ concentrations range from 45 ueq L^?1 in the south end of the province, ～30 ueq L^?1 in the Kejimkujik area and < 17 ueq L^?1 in the northern areas with values > 85 ueq L^?1 in the Halifax area, reflecting the atmospheric deposition pattern of SO₄ The SO₄ concentrations may be > 2000 ueq L^?1 in drainages containing gypsum, > 700 ueq L^?1 in drainages over pyrite bearing socks but < 20 ueq/L^?1 in streams draining bogs. The SO₄ concentrations change considerably during the non-growing season when the ground is saturated with water or frozen, and the runoff is high (snow and rain often alternate in winter). Under such conditions SO₄ concentration drops in the two former cases and increases in bog drainages, accompanied with a considerable drop in (A?) concentrations. Care should be taken when interpreting SO₄ concentrations in surface waters in Nova Scotia with respect to atmospheric SO₄ deposition.     

Degradation and development of peatlands in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo since 1990

In this study, we investigated the extent of peatland degradation and development in Peninsular Malaysia and in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, in the western part of insular Southeast Asia, since 1990. Furthermore, carbon emissions caused by these land cover changes were estimated in order to evaluate their contribution to global climate change. High resolution Landsat (30 m spatial resolution) and Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT; 10–20 m) satellite images were used to derive information on land cover in 1990 and 2008. Analysis of land cover changes since 1990 revealed remarkable reduction and degradation of peatswamp forest ecosystems. In less than 20 years, 5·1 Mha of the total 15·5 Mha of peatland had been deforested (11·6 Mha → 6·5 Mha; 75 per cent → 42 per cent) and the great majority of the remaining forests had been selectively logged. Simultaneously, area covered by unmanaged secondary growth ecosystems had doubled to nearly a quarter of all peatlands and industrial plantations had expanded dramatically (0·3 Mha → 2·3 Mha; 2 per cent → 15 per cent). It was conservatively estimated that these changes have caused minimum of 1·5 Gt carbon emissions into the atmosphere since 1990. Currently, peatlands of the study area emit at least 81 Mt of carbon (equivalent to 300 Mt of carbon dioxide) on annual basis due to mere peat decomposition. Thereby, it was concluded that peatland degradation and development in insular Southeast Asia during the past two decades have not only put the existence of Southeast Asian peatswamp forest ecosystems in danger but it has also caused globally significant carbon emissions and created a constant source of carbon dioxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immobilization and species of heavy metals in soils in the absence and presence of rhizobia

Abstract

The effect of bacterial inoculation of Rhizobium fredii HN01 on the immobilization and speciation of Cu, Zn, and Cd was studied in Red and Cinnamon soil which are typical Chinese soils. The soil was mixed with bacterial suspension for one week followed by an immobilization of each heavy metal for another week. The total binding and fractionation of heavy metals in soils were analyzed. As compared with the control, the retention of total Cu, Zn, and Cd in Red soil increased by 28, 16, and 28%, respectively, in the presence of rhizobia. The amount of exchangeable, NH₄OAc-extractable, Mn oxides-bound and organic matter-bound Cu increased by 23–123%. There were significant decrease of exchangeable Cu and marked increases of NH₄OAc-extractable and Mn oxide-bound Cu in Cinnamon soil with the presence of rhizobial cells, although no changes for the total retention of Cu were observed. The amount of exchangeable Zn in Red soil-rhizobia composite was 20% greater than that of the no-rhizobia soil. Addition of rhizobia also increased exchangeable Cd and specifically-adsorbed Cd by 25 and 93%, respectively, in Red soil. No considerable differences were found for the total immobilization of Zn and Cd as well as their distribution in various solid fractions of Cinnamon soil in the absence and presence of rhizobial cells. In terms of soil components, it is assumed that bacterial biomass had a relatively less impact on the species of heavy metals bound with Fe oxides. Results suggested that the retention and speciation of heavy metals in soil are governed largely by the interactions of bacteria with various inorganic and organic soil constituents. The data are useful in understanding the impact of microorganisms on the behavior, mobility and transformation of heavy metals in soil environments.     

Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in pairs of arable and afforested soils in Denmark

Afforestation of sandy arable soils in northern Europe is likely to lead to an increase in the soil's acidity and changes in the behaviour of the organic matter, and this might affect the ability of the soil to retain heavy metals. It is important to assess the impact of such a change in the land use on the solubility of the heavy metals and to assess the risk of leaching to surface‐ and groundwater and the possible entrapment of heavy metals in the tree canopy. The impact of afforestation was assessed by excavating soil profiles in adjacent 34‐year‐old Norway spruce stands and arable plots at four different sites. We found that after 34 years the pH had decreased and cations were depleted in the topsoil under forest. The aqua regia‐extractable heavy metals were determined, and the heavy metal binding within the soil was assessed using a modified version of the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. Higher contents of heavy metal were found in the arable plots in the loamy sand soils. Cadmium was found only in the most mobile fractions. The content of Pb in the subsoil was strongly correlated with the clay content, but not in the topsoil, which suggested that Pb had been added to the topsoil. We found strong correlations between the clay content and the Cu, Ni and Zn in the residual fraction, leading us to conclude that much of the Cu, Ni and Zn is of geological origin. No significant differences in the heavy metal fractionation between forest and arable soil were found, presumably because 34 years of different land use is not long enough to produce such differences.     

Concentrations and amounts of methylmercury in water and fish in the limed and acid basins of a small lake

Three months after neutralization concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) were higher in the water of the limed than in the control basin of a small lake. After two years, the concentrations in the limed basin were somewhat lower than in the control (0.056–2.19 ng L^?1 and 0.129–2.65 ng L^?1, respectively). The highest concentrations were found in the anoxic hypolimnia. The total amount of MeHg in the water mass of the lake varied from 19 to 68 mg, showing a drop after spring and autumn overturns and a maximum during stratification periods. The total Hg concentrations of fish in L. Iso Valkjärvi varied from 0.06 to 0.14 μg g^?1 (ww) in whitefish to 0.1 to 0.7 μg g^?1 in perch and to 0.2 to 1.4 μg g^?1 in pike. The total amount of MeHg bound in the fish of the lake was quite similar to that in the water column, 43 to 59 mg in 1990–1993, 33 to 47 mg of which was in the perch population.