Solar UV-B dosimetry in situ with ‘D-dosimeter’: effect of ozone depletion on the Vitamin D synthetic capacity of sunlight

Vitamin D synthesis under solar UV-B radiation (280–315 nm) occurs widely in nature being an inherent characteristic of mammals and plants. Current data suggest that pro-Vitamin D can act as an UV-B receptor in plants, and thus monitoring the Vitamin D synthetic capacity of sunlight should be the subject of UV-B dosimetry. With this aim ‘D-dosimeter’ based on an in vitro model of Vitamin D synthesis has been designed for direct monitoring the Vitamin D synthetic capacity of sunlight in situ. Besides, ‘D-dosimeter’ possesses spectral selectivity that is helpful for detecting mid-latitude UV-B trends which accuracy is hindered by variations of solar UV radiation by clouds and aerosols, that have a comparable effect on UV-B caused by variations in stratospheric ozone.     

A review of applications of model–data fusion to studies of terrestrial carbon fluxes at different scales

Model–data fusion is defined as matching model prediction and observations by varying model parameters or states using statistical estimation. In this paper, we review the history of applications of various model–data fusion techniques in studies of terrestrial carbon fluxes in two approaches: top-down approaches that use measurements of global CO₂ concentration and sometimes other atmospheric constituents to infer carbon fluxes from the land surface, and bottom-up approaches that estimate carbon fluxes using process-based models. We consider applications of model–data fusion in flux estimation, parameter estimation, model error analysis, experimental design and forecasting. Significant progress has been made by systematically studying the discrepancies between the predictions by different models and observations. As a result, some major controversies in global carbon cycle studies have been resolved, robust estimates of continental and global carbon fluxes over the last two decades have been obtained, and major deficiencies in the atmospheric models for tracer transport have been identified. In the bottom-up approaches, various optimization techniques have been used for a range of process-based models. Model–data fusion techniques have been successfully used to improve model predictions, and quantify the information content of carbon flux measurements and identify what other measurements are needed to further constrain model predictions. However, we found that very few studies in both top-down and bottom-up approaches have quantified the errors in the observations, model parameters and model structure systematically and consistently. We therefore suggest that future research will focus on developing an integrated Bayesian framework to study both model and measurement errors systematically.     

Differences in soil CO2 flux between different land use types in mid-subtropical China

It is crucial to advance the understanding of the soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux and environmental factors for a better comprehension of carbon dynamics in subtropical ecosystems. Red soil, one of the typical agricultural soils in subtropical China, plays important roles in the global carbon budget due to their large potential to sequester C and replenish atmospheric C through soil CO₂ flux. We examined the relationship between soil CO₂ flux and environmental determinants in four different land use types of subtropical red soil-paddy (P), orchard (O), woodland (W) and upland (U) using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to evaluate the relationship of soil temperature, water-filled pore space (WFPS), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with the soil CO₂ flux. Soil CO₂ fluxes were measured on each site about every 14 days between 09:00 and 11:00 a.m. during 14-July 2004 to 25-April 2007 at the experimental station of Heshengqiao at Xianning, Hubei, China. Soil CO₂ fluxes revealed seasonal fluctuations, with the tendency that maximum values occurred in summer, minimum in winter and intermediate values in spring and autumn except for paddy soil when it was submerged. Further, significant differences in soil CO₂ fluxes were observed among the four soils, following the order of P > O > U  W. Average soil CO₂ fluxes were estimated as 901 ± 114, 727 ± 55, 554 ± 22 and 533 ± 27 (±S.D.) g CO₂ m⁻² year⁻¹ in paddy, orchard, upland and woodland soils, respectively. Variations in soil CO₂ flux were related to soil temperature, WFPS, and dissolved organic carbon with a combined R² of 0.49–0.75. Soil temperature was an important variable controlling 26–59% of soil CO₂ flux variability. The interaction of soil temperature and WFPS could explain 31–60% of soil CO₂ flux variations for all the land use types. We conclude that soil CO₂ flux from red soil is under environmental controls, soil temperature being the main variable, which interact with WFPS and DOC to control the supply of readily mineralizable substrates.     

黄土丘陵区典型沟道侵蚀诱发的CO2通量估算

以黄土丘陵区典型侵蚀沟道为对象,基于沟道剖面有机碳和¹³⁷Cs数据,采用碳库重分布模型估算了典型沟道侵蚀诱发的CO₂通量,并通过检验模型预测效率、解析影响因子,提出了模型校正的思路。结果表明:(1)在长期侵蚀作用下,沟道侵蚀区和沉积区均表现为剧烈的侵蚀效应,侵蚀区侵蚀速率介于30.99~46.44 mm/a,沉积区侵蚀速率介于34.20~37.88 mm/a,沉积区土壤流失速率略小于侵蚀区;(2)碳库重分布模型估算显示,侵蚀区与沉积区均表现为较强烈的碳源效应,侵蚀区CO₂通量介于18.41~28.44 g/(m²·a),沉积区CO₂通量介于22.19~29.25 g/(m²·a);(3)侵蚀部位、土壤容重、有机碳含量、侵蚀量、沟道平均坡度、植被地上部与地下部生物量共同解释了碳库重分布模型预测效率的变异特征(R²=0.68),其中侵蚀部位、侵蚀量、有机碳含量、土壤容重、植被地下部对预测效率有强驱动效应;(4)引入被忽略的植被新输入有机碳库参数,有望校正碳库重分布模型,提升模型预测效率。该研究结果明确了碳库重分布模型在沟道侵蚀区相比沉积区有更高的CO₂通量预测效率,为进一步提高模型的预测精度,可以考虑引入植被输入有机碳库作为校正参数。     

Measuring forest floor CO2 fluxes in a Douglas-fir forest

CO₂ exchange was measured on the forest floor of a coastal temperate Douglas-fir forest located near Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada. Continuous measurements were obtained at six locations using an automated chamber system between April and December, 2000. Fluxes were measured every half hour by circulating chamber headspace air through a sampling manifold assembly and a closed-path infrared gas analyzer. Maximum CO₂ fluxes measured varied by a factor of almost 3 between the chamber locations, while the highest daily average fluxes observed at two chamber locations occasionally reached values near 15 μmol C m⁻² s⁻¹. Generally, fluxes ranged between 2 and 10 μmol C m⁻² s⁻¹ during the measurement period. CO₂ flux from the forest floor was strongly related to soil temperature with the highest correlation found with 5 cm depth temperature. A simple temperature dependent exponential model fit to the nighttime fluxes revealed Q₁₀ values in the normal range of 2–3 during the warmer parts of the year, but values of 4–5 during cooler periods. Moss photosynthesis was negligible in four of the six chambers, while at the other locations, it reduced daytime half-hourly net CO₂ flux by about 25%. Soil moisture had very little effect on forest floor CO₂ flux. Hysteresis in the annual relationship between chamber fluxes and soil temperatures was observed. Net exchange from the six chambers was estimated to be 1920±530 g C m⁻² per year, the higher estimates exceeding measurement of ecosystem respiration using year-round eddy correlation above the canopy at this site. This discrepancy is attributed to the inadequate number of chambers to obtain a reliable estimate of the spatial average soil CO₂ flux at the site and uncertainty in the eddy covariance respiration measurements.     

Applying a Lagrangian dispersion analysis to infer carbon dioxide and latent heat fluxes in a corn canopy

Warland and Thurtell (2000) proposed an analytical dispersion Lagrangian analysis (hereafter WT analysis) to relate the mean scalar concentration field to source profiles inside the canopy. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the WT analysis with existing turbulence statistics parameterizations in a corn canopy, by comparing its inferred net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and latent heat flux (λE) with eddy covariance measurements. The second objective was to assess the performance of the WT analysis to infer the soil CO₂ flux. Four parameterizations of turbulence statistics were used to estimate Lagrangian time scale (T_L) and standard deviation of vertical wind velocity (σ_w) profiles. The estimated T_L and σ_w profiles were then corrected for atmospheric stability conditions. The field experiment was carried out in a corn field from August to October 2007 and 2008. Profiles of water vapour and CO₂ mixing ratios were measured using a multiport sampling system connected to an infrared gas analyzer. Wind velocity within and above the canopy and eddy covariance measurements over the canopy were taken. The soil respiration, estimated using the WT analysis, was compared to estimates obtained by an empirical model. WT analysis fluxes showed good correlation (R² = 0.77-0.88) with NEE and λE obtained by the eddy covariance technique, but overestimated net fluxes, especially when corrections for atmospheric stability were applied. The optimization of T_L and σ_w profiles using in-canopy turbulence measurements improved the agreement between measured and modeled NEE and λE. Inferred soil CO₂ fluxes were underestimated and were poorly correlated (R² = 0.02-0.01) with estimates obtained using an empirical model based on soil temperature. This poor performance in estimating the soil respiration is likely caused by the decoupling between inside and above canopy flows.     

Carbon budget and seasonal carbon dioxide emission from a central Ohio Luvisol as influenced by wheat residue amendment

Enhancement of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through mulching has been proposed, and although this practice can alter several soil properties, its impact on the temporal variability of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from soils has not been widely investigated. To that end, we monitored CO₂ fluxes from a central Ohio Luvisol (fine, mixed, mesic Aeric Ochraqualf) amended with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw applied at rates of 0 (M0), 8 (M8) and 16 (M16) Mg dry matter ha⁻¹ per year and supplemented with fertilizer (244 kg N ha⁻¹ per year) or without. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The intensity of CO₂ emission was higher in the late winter (mean: 2.79 g CO₂-C m⁻² per day) and summer seasons (2.45 g CO₂-C m⁻² per day) and lowest in the autumn (1.34 g CO₂-C m⁻² per day). While no significant effect of N fertilization on CO₂ emission was detected, soil mulching had a significant effect on the seasonal variation of CO₂ fluxes. The percentage of annual CO₂ emitted during the winter and spring was similar across treatments (17–22%); however, 43% of the annual CO₂ loss in the M0 plots occurred during the summer as opposed to 26% in the mulch treatments. A close relationship (F=0.47X+4.45, R²=0.97, P<0.001) was found between annual CO₂ flux (F, Mg CO₂-C ha⁻¹) and residue-C input (X, Mg C ha⁻¹). Litter and undecomposed residue amounted to 0.32 and 0.67 Mg C ha⁻¹ per year in the M8 and M16 plots, respectively. After 4 years of straw application, SOC stocks (0–10 cm) were 19.6, 25.6 and 26.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ in the M0, M8 and M16 treatments, respectively. The results show that soil mulching has beneficial effect on SOC sequestration and strongly influence the temporal pattern of CO₂ emission from soils.     

The response of terrestrial c storage to climate change: Modeling C dynamics at varying temporal and spatial scales

The response of terrestrial C storage to GCM derived climate change scenarios was investigated over a range of temporal and spatial scales. The potential changes in the global distribution of major ecosystem complexes were examined by combining changes in land cover and corresponding soil type with C storage estimates for each of the ecosystem types. All scenarios consistently showed an overall increase in global carbon storage. On a more regional basis, the potential impacts of climate change on the structure, composition and biomass dynamics of major forest types within the North American Boreal zone were investigated using individual based stand models. Biomass fluxes were found to be dependent on the tree species, site and GCM parameters. A method to simulate corresponding changes in intra- and interannual patterns of CO₂ flux by combining a gap model with an ecosystem model which incorporates photosynthesis, respiration (both canopy and decomposer) and transpiration is demonstrated.     

Estimating transpiration and the sensitivity of carbon uptake to water availability in a subalpine forest using a simple ecosystem process model informed by measured net CO2 and H2O fluxes

Modeling how the role of forests in the carbon cycle will respond to predicted changes in water availability hinges on an understanding of the processes controlling water use in ecosystems. Recent studies in forest ecosystem modeling have employed data-assimilation techniques to generate parameter sets that conform to observations, and predict net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) and its component processes. Since the carbon and water cycles are linked, there should be additional process information available from ecosystem H₂O exchange. We coupled SIPNET (Simple Photosynthesis EvapoTranspiration), a simplified model of ecosystem function, with a data-assimilation system to estimate parameters leading to model predictions most closely matching the net CO₂ and H₂O fluxes measured by eddy covariance in a high-elevation, subalpine forest ecosystem. When optimized using measurements of CO₂ exchange, the model matched observed NEE (RMSE = 0.49 g C m⁻²) but underestimated transpiration calculated independently from sap flow measurements by a factor of 4. Consequently, the carbon-only optimization was insensitive to imposed changes in water availability. Including eddy flux data from both CO₂ and H₂O exchange to the optimization reduced the model fit to the observed NEE fluxes only slightly (RME = 0.53 g C m⁻²), however this parameterization also reproduced transpiration calculated from independent sap flow measurements (r² = 0.67, slope = 0.6). A significant amount of information can be extracted from simultaneous analysis of CO₂ and H₂O exchange, which improved the accuracy of transpiration estimates from measured evapotranspiration. Conversely, failure to include both CO₂ and H₂O data streams can generate results that mask the responses of ecosystem carbon cycling to variation in the precipitation. In applying the model conditioned on both CO₂ and H₂O fluxes to the subalpine forest at the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, we observed that the onset of transpiration is coincident with warm soil temperatures. However, after snow has covered the ground in the fall, we observed significant inter-annual variability in the fraction of evapotranspiration composed of transpiration; evapotranspiration was dominated by transpiration in years when late fall air temperatures were high enough to maintain photosynthesis, but by sublimation from the surface of the snowpack in years when late fall air temperatures were colder and forest photosynthetic activity had ceased. Data-assimilation techniques and simultaneous measurements of carbon and water exchange can be used to quantify the response of net carbon uptake to changes in water availability by using an ecosystem model where the carbon and water cycles are linked.     

Two-dimensional simulation of airflow and carbon dioxide transport over a forested mountain: Part II. Carbon dioxide budget analysis and advection effects

We apply a high-resolution atmospheric model to assess the influence of mesoscale advection of CO₂ on the estimation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using eddy-covariance CO₂ flux measurements at a Fluxnet-Canada forest site located on sloping terrain on Vancouver Island, Canada. The numerical simulation is performed for fair-weather conditions over an idealized two-dimensional mountain bounded by water. The model is enhanced to include a CO₂ budget with a treatment of canopy photosynthesis and soil respiration.The simulation captures the transport of CO₂ by nocturnal drainage flows and weak land breezes. The resulting vertical profiles and time evolution of CO₂ concentration show a significant variation near the ground, associated with stability changes in the atmospheric boundary layer. The simulated vertical CO₂ gradients are found to be large around sunset and sunrise. The decrease of CO₂ concentration over land after midnight and the CO₂ accumulation over the neighboring water surface indicate CO₂ advection.A CO₂ budget analysis of the numerical-model output shows that the mean horizontal and vertical advection have significant fluctuations and opposite signs during daytime, with the net result that they largely counteract each other. At night, mean advection results in the underestimation by 20% of the nocturnal respiration. The estimated NEE at night is dominated by sub-grid-scale vertical flux in this simulation. Further evaluation using 3D simulations with higher resolution is needed to see if our results hold where vertical fluxes are much better resolved.     

Net ecosystem exchange, evapotranspiration and canopy conductance in a riparian forest

The ecosystem fluxes of mass and energy were quantified for a riparian cottonwood (Populus fremontii S. Watson) stand, and the daily and seasonal courses of evapotranspiration, CO₂ flux, and canopy conductance were described, using eddy covariance. The ecosystem-level evapotranspiration results are consistent with those of other riparian studies; high vapor pressure deficit and increased groundwater depth resulted in reduced canopy conductance, and the annual cumulative evapotranspiration of 1095 mm was more than double the magnitude of precipitation. In addition, the cottonwood forest was a strong sink of CO₂, absorbing 310 g C m⁻² from the atmosphere in the first 365 days of the study. On weekly to annual time scales, hydrology was strongly linked with the net atmosphere-ecosystem exchange of CO₂, with ecosystem productivity greatest when groundwater depth was ∼2 m below the ground surface. Increases in groundwater depth beyond the depth of 2 m corresponded with decreased CO₂ uptake and evapotranspiration. Saturated soils caused by flooding and shallow groundwater depths also resulted in reduced ecosystem fluxes of CO₂ and water.     

Carbon stocks and carbon fluxes from a 10‐year prescribed burning chronosequence on a UK blanket peat

Prescribed burning is a common land management technique in many areas of the UK uplands. However, concern has been expressed at the impact of this management practice on carbon stocks and fluxes found in the carbon‐rich peat soils that underlie many of these areas. This study measured both carbon stocks and carbon fluxes from a chronosequence of prescribed burn sites in northern England. A range of carbon parameters were measured including above ground biomass and carbon stocks; net ecosystem exchange (NEE), net ecosystem respiration (R_eco) and photosynthesis (P_g) from closed chamber methods; and particulate organic carbon (POC). Analysis of the CO₂ data showed that burning was a significant factor in measured CO₂ readings but that other factors such as month of sampling explained a greater proportion of the variation in the data. Carbon budget results showed that whereas all the plots were net sources of carbon, the most recent burn scars were smaller sources of carbon compared with the older burn scars, suggesting that burning of Calluna‐dominated landscapes leads to an ‘avoided loss’ of carbon. However, this management intervention did not lead to a transition to a carbon sink and that for carbon purposes, active peat‐forming conditions are desirable.     

在纤毛狼尾草为主的草原上植物叶片以及生态系统的气体交换对夏季降水的响应特征

Sporadic rain events that occur during summer play an important role in the initiation of biological activity of semi-arid grasslands.To understand how ecosystem processes of a buffel grass(Cenchrus ciliaris L.)-dominated grassland respond to summer rain events,an LI 6 400 gas exchange system was used to measure the leaf gas exchange and plant canopy chambers were used to measure net ecosystem CO2exchange(NEE) and ecosystem respiration(Reco), which were made sequentially during periods before rain(dry) and after rain(wet). Gross ecosystem photosynthesis(GEP) was estimated from NEE and Reco fluxes, and light use efficiency parameters were estimated using a rectangular hyperbola model. Prior to the monsoon rain, grassland biomass was non-green and dry exhibiting positive NEE(carbon source) and low GEP values during which the soil water became increasingly scarce. An initial rain pulse(60 mm) increased the NEE from pre-monsoon levels to negative NEE(carbon gain) with markedly higher GEP and increased green biomass. The leaf photosynthesis and leaf stomatal conductance were also improved substantially. The maximum net CO2uptake(i.e.,negative NEE) was sustained in the subsequent period due to multiple rain events. As a result, the grassland acted as a net carbon sink for 20 d after first rain. With cessation of rain(drying cycle), net CO2 uptake was reduced to lower values. High sensitivity of this grassland to rain suggests that any decrease in precipitation in summer may likely affect the carbon sequestration of the semiarid ecosystem.     

Forest–atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange in eastern Siberia

We investigated the daily exchange of CO₂ between undisturbed Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. forest and the atmosphere at a remote Siberian site during July and August of 1993. Our goal was to measure and partition total CO₂ exchanges into aboveground and belowground components by measuring forest and understory eddy and storage fluxes and then to determine the relationships between the environmental factors and these observations of ecosystem metabolism. Maximum net CO₂ uptake of the forest ecosystem was extremely low compared to the forests elsewhere, reaching a peak of only ∼5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ late in the morning. Net ecosystem CO₂ uptake increased with increasing photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) and decreased as the atmospheric water vapor saturation deficit (D) increased. Daytime ecosystem CO₂ uptake increased immediately after rain and declined sharply after about six days of drought. Ecosystem respiration at night averaged ∼2.4 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ with about 40% of this coming from the forest floor (roots and heterotrophs). The relationship between the understory eddy flux and soil temperature at 5 cm followed an Arrhenius model, increasing exponentially with temperature (Q₁₀∼2.3) so that on hot summer afternoons the ecosystem became a source of CO₂. Tree canopy CO₂ exchange was calculated as the difference between above and below canopy eddy flux. Canopy uptake saturated at ∼6 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ for a PPFD above 500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and decreased with increasing D. The optimal stomatal control model of Mäkelä et al. (1996) was used as a `big leaf' canopy model with parameter values determined by the non-linear least squares. The model accurately simulated the response of the forest to light, saturation deficit and drought. The precision of the model was such that the daily pattern of residuals between modeled and measured forest exchange reproduced the component storage flux. The model and independent leaf-level measurements suggest that the marginal water cost of plant C gain in Larix gmelinii is more similar to values from deciduous or desert species than other boreal forests. During the middle of the summer, the L. gmelinii forest ecosystem is generally a net sink for CO₂, storing ∼0.75 g C m⁻² d⁻¹.     

Resolving systematic errors in estimates of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and ecosystem respiration in a tropical forest biome

The controls on uptake and release of CO₂ by tropical rainforests, and the responses to a changing climate, are major uncertainties in global climate change models. Eddy-covariance measurements potentially provide detailed data on CO₂ exchange and responses to the environment in these forests, but accurate estimates of the net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco) require careful analysis of data representativity, treatment of data gaps, and correction for systematic errors. This study uses the comprehensive data from our study site in an old-growth tropical rainforest near Santarem, Brazil, to examine the biases in NEE and R_eco potentially associated with the two most important sources of systematic error in Eddy-covariance data: lost nighttime flux and missing canopy storage measurements. We present multiple estimates for the net carbon balance and R_eco at our site, including the conventional “u* filter”, a detailed bottom-up budget for respiration, estimates by similarity with ²²²Rn, and an independent estimate of respiration by extrapolation of daytime Eddy flux data to zero light. Eddy-covariance measurements between 2002 and 2006 showed a mean net ecosystem carbon loss of 0.25 ± 0.04 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, with a mean respiration rate of 8.60 ± 0.11 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ at our site. We found that lost nocturnal flux can potentially introduce significant bias into these results. We develop robust approaches to correct for these biases, showing that, where appropriate, a site-specific u* threshold can be used to avoid systematic bias in estimates of carbon exchange. Because of the presence of gaps in the data and the day–night asymmetry between storage and turbulence, inclusion of canopy storage is essential to accurate assessments of NEE. We found that short-term measurements of storage may be adequate to accurately model storage for use in obtaining ecosystem carbon balance, at sites where storage is not routinely measured. The analytical framework utilized in this study can be applied to other Eddy-covariance sites to help correct and validate measurements of the carbon cycle and its components.     

分时段修正双源模型在西北干旱区玉米蒸散量模拟中的应用

蒸散发(ET)是陆地水循环过程的重要组成部分,同时也是区域能量平衡以及水量平衡的关键环节,精确估算ET,对于提高水分利用效率以及优化区域用水结构具有重要意义。本文利用黑河重大计划观测数据,对比了考虑CO_2浓度和不考虑CO_2浓度对玉米冠层影响的冠层阻力模型,分别将其耦合到双源的Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型中,并利用这两种模型分时段对玉米整个生育期内半小时尺度上的ET进行模拟,利用涡度相关实测数据对模型进行验证,最后分别对影响玉米冠层阻力的气象要素和影响ET的阻力参数进行敏感性分析,探寻大气CO_2浓度改变条件下黑河中游绿洲区玉米不同生长阶段的农田耗水规律。结果表明:本文所修正的考虑CO_2浓度对玉米冠层影响的冠层阻力模型耦合到S-W模型后,能够较精准地模拟玉米整个生育期不同生长阶段半小时尺度上农田耗水过程。敏感性分析表明:各生长阶段冠层阻力(r_s~c)和冠层面高度到参考面高度间的空气动力阻力(r_a~a)对ET的影响最为强烈,其他阻力参数对ET的影响不明显,ET的变化程度随着r_s~c和r_a~a的增大而减小。本文所修正的考虑CO_2浓度影响的分时段双源模型能够精准地模拟玉米整个生育期各生长阶段的ET,可为种植结构调整和土地利用方式改变以及CO_2浓度变化环境下的农田蒸散研究提供参考。     

Empirical and optimal stomatal controls on leaf and ecosystem level CO2 and H2O exchange rates

Linkage between the leaf-level stomatal conductance (g_s) response to environmental stimuli and canopy-level mass exchange processes remains an important research problem to be confronted. How various formulations of g_s influence canopy-scale mean scalar concentration and flux profiles of CO₂ and H₂O within the canopy and how to derive ‘effective’ properties of a ‘big-leaf’ that represents the eco-system mass exchange rates starting from leaf-level parameters were explored. Four widely used formulations for leaf-level g_s were combined with a leaf-level photosynthetic demand function, a layer-resolving light attenuation model, and a turbulent closure scheme for scalar fluxes within the canopy air space. The four g_s models were the widely used semi-empirical Ball-Berry approach, and its modification, and two solutions to the stomatal optimization theory for autonomous leaves. One of the two solutions to the optimization theory is based on a linearized CO₂-demand function while the other does not invoke such simplification. The four stomatal control models were then parameterized against the same shoot-scale gas exchange data collected in a Scots pine forest located at the SMEAR II-station in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. The predicted CO₂ (F_c) and H₂O fluxes (F_e) and mean concentration profiles were compared against multi-level eddy-covariance measurements and mean scalar concentration data within and above the canopy. It was shown that F_c comparisons agreed to within 10% and F_e comparisons to within 25%. The optimality approach derived from a linearized photosynthetic demand function predicted the largest CO₂ uptake and transpiration rates when compared to eddy-covariance measurements and the other three models. Moreover, within each g_s model, the CO₂ fluxes were insensitive to g_s model parameter variability whereas the transpiration rate estimates were notably more affected. Vertical integration of the layer-averaged results as derived from each g_s model was carried out. The sensitivities of the up-scaled bulk canopy conductances were compared against the eddy-covariance derived canopy conductance counterpart. It was shown that canopy level g_s appear more sensitive to vapor-pressure deficit than shoot-level g_s.     

Soil carbon dioxide flux, carbon sequestration and crop productivity in a tropical dryland agroecosystem: Influence of organic inputs of varying resource quality

In view of the significance of agricultural soils in affecting global C balance, the impact of manipulation of the quality of exogenous inputs on soil CO₂–C flux was studied in rice–barley annual rotation tropical dryland agroecosystem. Chemical fertilizer, Sesbania shoot (high quality resources), wheat straw (low quality resource) and Sesbania + wheat straw (high + low quality), all carrying equivalent recommended dose of N, were added to soil. A distinct seasonal variation in CO₂–C flux was recorded in all treatments, flux being higher during rice period, and much reduced during barley and summer fallow periods. During rice period the mean CO₂–C flux was greater in wheat straw (161% increase over control) and Sesbania + wheat straw (+129%) treatments; however, during barley and summer fallow periods differences among treatments were small. CO₂–C flux was more influenced by seasonal variations in water-filled pore space compared to soil temperature. In contrast, the role of microbial biomass and live crop roots in regulating soil CO₂–C flux was highly limited. Wheat straw input showed smaller microbial biomass with a tendency of rapid turnover rate resulting in highest cumulative CO₂–C flux. The Sesbania input exhibited larger microbial biomass with slower turnover rate, leading to lower cumulative CO₂–C flux. Addition of Sesbania to wheat straw showed higher cumulative CO₂–C flux yet supported highest microbial biomass with lowest turnover rate indicating stabilization of microbial biomass. Although single application of wheat straw or Sesbania showed comparable net change in soil C (18% and 15% relative to control, respectively) and crop productivity (32% and 38%), yet they differed significantly in soil C balance (374 and −3 g C m⁻² y⁻¹ respectively), a response influenced by the recalcitrant and labile nature of the inputs. Combining the two inputs resulted in significant increment in net change in soil C (33% over control) and crop yield (49%) in addition to high C balance (152 g C m⁻² y⁻¹). It is suggested that appropriate mixing of high and low quality inputs may contribute to improved crop productivity and soil fertility in terms of soil C sequestration.     

FACE facility CO2 concentration control and CO2 use in 1990 and 1991

CO₂ treatment level control and CO₂ use are reported for free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility operations at the University of Arizona's Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1990 and 1991. These are required for evaluation of the validity of biological experiments conducted in four replicates of paired experimental and control plots in a large cotton field and the cost-effectiveness of the plant fumigation facility. Gas concentration was controlled to 550 γmol mol^-1 at the center of each experimental plot, just above the canopy. In both years, season-long (April–September) average CO₂ levels during treatment hours (05:00–19:00 h Mountain Standard Time) were 550 γmol mol⁻¹ measured at treatment plot centers when the facility was operating. Including downtime, the season average was 548 γmol mol⁻¹ in 1991. In 1990, the season averages for the four elevated CO₂ treatments varied from 522 to 544 γmol mol⁻¹, owing to extended periods of downtime after lightning damage. Ambient CO₂ concentration during treatment was 370 γmol mol⁻¹. Instantaneous measurements of CO₂ concentration were within 10% of the target concentration of 550 γmol mol⁻¹ more than 65% of the time when the facility was operating, and 1 min averages were within 10% of the target concentration for 90% of the time. The long-term average of CO₂ concentration measured over the 20 m diameter experimental area of one array at the height of the canopy was in the range 550–580 γmol mol⁻¹ during July 1991, with the higher values near the edges. In 1991, CO₂ demand averaged 1250 kg per array per 14 h treatment day, or 4 kg m⁻² of fumigated plant canopy. The FACE facility provided good temporal and spatial control of CO₂ concentration and was a cost-effective method for large-scale field evaluations of the biological effects of CO₂.     

无人机遥感监测技术在CO2地质封存泄漏风险事故监测中的应用

[目的]通过无人机遥感监测技术对泄漏CO_2响应效果的研究,为CO_2的捕捉与封存(carbon capture and storage,CCS)泄漏风险事故的新型监测技术的应用提供理论基础。[方法]通过环境背景值监测、试验监测、理论模拟和数据对比分析的方法为无人机遥感监测技术对CCS泄漏风险事故的响应效果进行了研究。[结果]以泄放CO_2引起环境中CO_2浓度变化幅度超过某一断面环境背景最高值一个标准差作为响应浓度差,在试验条件下无人机在距离泄漏源10 m,高9 m的位置响应到浓度变化,响应浓度为502mg/kg,此处的环境背景值为448mg/kg。通过高斯模型进行计算发现该试验条件下泄放的CO_2扩散至此处的理论数值为40mg/kg。[结论]无人机遥感监测系统能够对泄漏的CO_2做出响应,能够应用到实际CCS泄漏事故中,且因为工业尺度下的泄漏量很大,无人机遥感监测平台能够对大空间场做出有效的监测响应。