青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡

为探讨青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡规律及其影响因子 ,并揭示其对全球含碳温室气体源、汇变化的贡献与响应 ,1 998～ 1 999连续 2年在拉萨农业生态站农田用静态箱法和生物量取样法开展土壤—植被界面CO2 吸收与排放的试验研究。农作物生长季 ,以冬小麦为例 ,生长前期 (从播种到拔节 )土壤碳排放量高于植被碳固定 ,生长后期 (灌浆到成熟 )则是植被碳固定高于土壤碳排放量 ,从全年来看 ,土壤碳排放量略高于植被碳固定     

我国主要土壤剖面酶活性状况

本世纪五十年代以来,由于科学的发展以及新技术的引入,土壤酶的研究愈来愈为人们所重视。试验研究已证明,土壤酶是土壤的组成分之一。     

太仓菜地土壤硝态氮状况

本文研究了不同种植制度对农田土壤NO3--N含量的影响。结果表明,由于管理方式不同,大棚蔬菜地土壤中NO3--N明显高于其它管理方式下的土壤,NO3--N含量依次为:大棚蔬菜地>露天蔬菜地>传统菜地>稻田。此外,大量的N肥投入带来了土壤pH的改变。土壤pH(y)值与土壤NO3--N含量(x)呈线性负相关(y = -9.961x 98.095 R2 = 0.151 n=84),经统计检验相关性达极显著水平。 -     

云南省烟区土壤中的放射性核素

核辐射危害人类健康，是造成多种全身性疾病，如造血功能障碍，白血病、神经系统疾病和恶性肿瘤等的重要诱因。与所有的食品相比较，烟叶中的天然^238U、^232Th、^226Ra和^137Cs等放射性核素含量较高而引起对人体的危害。因此，有效降低烟叶中的放射性核素含量对于保护吸烟者的身体健康至关重要。     

植物不对称体细胞杂交的研究进展

本文就不对称体细胞杂交研究的方法 ,不对称体细胞杂种的形态学、细胞学、同工酶分析及分子生物学等方面的研究进行了综述。     

ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY IN AVOCADO

Several methods for determination of extractable iron (Fe; or so-called “active Fe”) have been proposed. In this study, three methods of Fe extraction were tested: 1.5% phenanthroline (pH 3) and 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) from fresh leaves, and 1 M HCl from oven-dry leaves. A six-year-old avocado orchard (cultivar ‘Hass’), grown on a calcareous soil in the proximity of Cabildo (Valparaíso region, Chile), was selected for the study. Samples of mature (5–7 moths-old) leaves of different degree of chlorosis were collected. Total Fe concentrations in chlorotic leaves were similar or even greater than in green leaves. Regressions between the extractable Fe concentrations and the leaf SPAD-color were statistically significant for phenanthroline method, while non-significant for HCl methods. Thus, phenanthroline method was superior over others for diagnosis of Fe deficiency in avocado. Phenanthroline-extractable Fe concentration of 6 mg kg^?1 was considered as a critical value for mature avocado leaves.     

CHANGES IN FOLIAR AMMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SUBSTRATE-GROWN STRAWBERRY

Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Nyoho) grown in peat-based substrate often suffer interveinal chlorosis in their immature leaves 10–20 d after planting. Based on our previous results and observations from growing practice, we hypothesized that the cause of this phenomenon could be due to drastic changes in plant nitrogen (N) nutrition in strawberries just after planting into peat bags. To determine optimal sampling time, diurnal variations in foliar ammonium (NH₄)-N concentration were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Results showed a broadly similar pattern of diurnal variation, with the rates increasing to a maximum at midday and decreasing steadily during the second-half of the light period. However, foliar NH₄-N concentration was higher under sunny than under cloudy or shaded light conditions. In the second part of this study, changes in foliar NH₄-N and in nitrate (NO₃)-N in petioles in relation to the occurrence of interveinal chlorosis were investigated. When the plants were supplied with 30 (control) or 50% ‘Ohtsuka A’ nutrient solution for two weeks after planting, foliar NH₄-N concentrations increased earlier than petiole NO₃-N concentrations, and reached their peak 8 and 10 days after planting in 50% (1.90 μmol g^?1 FW) and 30% (1.78 μmol g^?1 FW) treatment respectively. Interveinal chlorosis was observed in immature leaves in 50% treatment about 10 days after planting while there was no chlorotic symptom in control treatment. The absence of interveinal chlorosis in immature leaves in control plants, led to the conclusion that a high leaf NH₄-N concentration and related accumulation of NH₄-N play an important role in triggering interveinal chlorosis.     

不同海拔高度下森林土壤中氮的矿化

土壤中氮(N)的矿化过程是森林生态系统中的重要动态过程,影响着生态系统的生产力、结构及功能[1]。氮的矿化过程会受到许多因素的影响,并且在不同的空间与时间上表现出不同的变化特征[2,3]。随海拔高度的变化,土壤的温度水分均会随之改变,很多研究发现[3~5]土壤中氮的矿化会随海拔高度的升高而增加,可能原因是(1)高海拔的枯落物可促进矿化,(2)低海拔土壤的低pH会抑制矿化,(3)高海拔氮库较大,(4)低海拔土壤水分含量相对较低,(5)土壤质地的差异以及(6)生物族群的差异。然而目前的证据还不足以很好解释高海拔土壤中高的氮矿化速率[6]。因此,本研究旨在通过分析土壤中无机氮、可溶性有机氮及土壤净矿     

我国牧草诱变育种研究进展

本文从诱变机理、诱发的生物学效应、新种质材料的创造和新品种选育等不同角度简要综述了γ射线、离子束注入、航天搭载、诱发突变辅助选择方法等在牧草育种中的研究概况和最近新研究进展,并对牧草诱变技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

OCHRE FORMATION IN FIELD DRAINS IN PYRITIC SOILS

Two distinct forms of ochre are known to occur in field drains. One form, which is most common in wet peaty areas, is caused by the growth of filamentous iron bacteria. The second form is associated with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, and occurs where the soil contains pyrite. Contrary to previous reports, liming decreases the rate at which pyrite is oxidized in soil and, by decreasing the amount of iron entering the drains in a given period, should significantly increase the active life of the drainage system. Regular liming is probably preferable to a single large initial dressing.     

土壤侵蚀研究回顾与展望

本文概述了建国40年来土壤侵蚀研究的成就，以及在国民经济建设中的地位和作用。讨论了需要进一步研究解决的问题。诸如：查明水土流失和水土保持现状；土壤侵蚀量预报；自然侵蚀与人为加速侵蚀评价；土壤侵蚀过程和生态环境演变；土壤侵蚀-土壤生产力反应模型；水土流失区的整治开发与大江大河治理及发展农林牧生产的关系。     

湛江市区不同利用类型土壤的PAHs污染特征和来源

多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,简称PAHs)由于具有致癌、致畸、致突变等特性,以及存在较大的健康风险而成为国内外重点研究的污染物之一[1-2]。土壤作为一种重要的环境介质,是PAHs的重要储库和中转站,承担着90%以上的PAHs环境负荷[3]。近年来,我国土壤PAHs     

干旱季节不同耕作制度下红壤-作物-大气连续体水流阻力变化规律

确定水流阻力不仅有助于定量土壤栕魑飽大气连续体（SPAC）描述的水分传输过程，而且对建立减少水流阻力的节水农业措施，解决红壤区季节性干旱有重要意义。本文研究了不同耕作制度下作物气孔阻力日变化及其与蒸腾速率、土壤基质势、作物叶水势的关系，并分析了水流阻力的分布及其日变化规律。结果表明气孔阻力和蒸腾速率受作物种类和耕作制度影响，气孔阻力随着70cm土层以上土壤基质势的变化而变化；SPAC中叶气系统水流阻力为109～1010S，是作物体水流阻力的1000倍，而后者又是70cm以上土层土壤水流阻力的100倍；作物体水流阻力大小顺序为：大豆＞花生＞玉米＞甘薯，除甘薯外，其它作物体水流阻力有明显的日变化；此外，耕作制度也影响作物体水流阻力。     

旱地土壤微生物磷测定方法研究

介绍了国外关于土壤微生物磷测定方法的研究进展 ,讨论了常用的几种方法所存在的问题 ,介绍了主要操作过程要求。对我国 5种主要母质类型的土壤 (pH 3 .3～ 7.4,1molL- 1KCl)的对比研究表明 ,我国土壤采用氯仿熏蒸、0 .5molL- 1NaHCO3在 1∶2 0土水比提取测定无机磷 (Pi)、并以同时测得的培养土壤微生物的磷的回收率作为计算常数得到的结果最佳。测定的大多数南方土壤的微生物磷占土壤全磷的比例小于 1 .5 % ,微生物碳磷比值大于 3 0∶1 ,反映南方土壤磷的生物活性较低 ,土壤微生物对磷的作物供应调节能力不强。     

东北北部农田黑土障碍因子分析

选取中厚层黑土、中层黑土、侵蚀黑土、薄层黑土4种典型黑土进行定点定位研究,根据测定结果进行横向和纵向比较,分析黑土障碍因子的形成以及对土壤生产力的影响。     

我国花生诱变育种技术应用研究概况

本文回顾了我国花生诱变技术应用研究的方法和取得的成就。主要采用6 0 Co诱变、激光诱变、化学诱变及上述诱变方式与杂交相结合等诱变育种方法选育花生新品种。获省部级成果 1 4项 ,育成花生新品种 3 5个 ,创造优异突变材料 3 0 0多份。同时对花生诱变技术应用前景作了展望