黄淮海平原晚第四纪古土壤

本文运用孢子花粉,古生物化石和放射性碳断代等手段,从土壤剖面层段的特征,土壤年龄和环境变化方面证明,分布于黄淮海平原的变性土不是现代土壤,而是古土壤,该古土壤自晚新世晚期以来经历了三次沉积－成土作用旋回,其土壤发育程度较弱,且是由钙质结核土层,暗色土层,表土层和（或）淤土层组成的一个叠置型古土壤。     

土壤的年龄

通过文物考证,地质历史及14C测定的资料对多种土壤推断,大部分土壤形成的年龄约在二千年前到一万年之间,提出土壤来之不易,要爱惜土壤资源,保护和合理利用土壤资源。     

陇东和陇中黑垆土的发生与演变

前人认为，我国黑垆土是现代草原环境条件下形成的。我们通过对陇东和陇中黑垆土理化性质分析，１４Ｃ年代和孢粉组成的测定。认为这里的黑垆土是由深色埋藏古土壤层和浅色表土覆盖层叠加构成。剖面呈两段性构造。古土壤层由晚更新世晚期开始发育，主要成壤于全新世中期，具有与现代成土环境不相符合的深厚腐殖质蓄积层，理化性质，孢粉成分等残遗埋藏特性。浅色表土层是全新世晚期气候传向旱型化条件下发育的土壤，其性质和现代成土     

陕西洛川全新世黑垆土理化特征年龄函数的构建

构建土壤理化特征年龄函数是定量认识土壤发育过程的重要途径,也是建立土壤发育模型的基础。本研究通过对陕西洛川全新世黑垆土剖面土壤理化特征及土壤14 C年龄进行研究,利用线性函数、对数函数和三阶多项式对其进行拟合,从而构建土壤年龄函数。结果表明:利用三阶多项式对土壤黏粒(<0.002mm)、粉粒(0.002～0.02mm)、砂粒(0.02～2mm)与土壤年龄拟合效果最好,其变化趋势表明了黑垆土层的存在;而对数函数的拟合结果较好地反映了土壤有机碳随土壤年龄逐渐减少和pH随土壤年龄逐渐增大的过程;土壤CaCO3含量、Mn/Zr,Fe/Zr,K/Zr,Mg/Zr,Ca/Zr,P/Zr,Na/Zr随土壤年龄变化规律与三阶多项式拟合结果最为相符,其结果较好地反映了CaCO3与各种土壤元素在土壤中的迁移过程。     

苏南昆山地区全新世土壤与环境

河湖相沉积物上发育的昆山大市镇土壤位于太湖地区 ,形成于 1万年以前。根据土壤特性 ,沉积—成土作用阶段 ,放射性碳年龄以及孢粉和微形态分析 ,该土壤可划分为四个层段。土壤层段特性的变化反映出这里全新世自然环境的变迁和人为活动在土壤中留下的不可磨灭影响 ,尤为强调的是这里水稻栽培有着悠久的历史     

土壤中~(14)C-甲磺隆的结合残留及其在腐殖质中的分布规律

实验室培养条件下 ,研究了14 C 甲磺隆在 7种不同类型土壤中形成结合残留( 14 C BR)的规律、主要影响因子及14 C BR在腐殖质中的动态分布规律等。结果表明 :( 1 ) 14 C 甲磺隆在 7种土壤中形成的14 C BR含量在培养初期的 2 0d内与土壤pH呈显著负相关且与土壤粘粒含量呈显著正相关 ;而 2 0d后 ,14 C BR含量只与土壤pH呈显著负相关。土壤pH是14 C 甲磺隆在土壤中形成BR的主要影响因子。14 C -甲磺隆在各类土壤中的14 C BR的最大值分别占引入量的 48 5%、46 5%、52 6%、1 9 3 %、49 7%、42 0 %和 46 5% ;( 2 )在整个培养试验过程中 ,14 C 甲磺隆在 7种不同类型土壤中的14 C BR ,主要分布在富啡酸和胡敏素中 ,前者中的相对百分比大于后者 ,而在胡敏酸中的相对百分比较小。土壤中14 C 甲磺隆BR的形成过程中 ,富啡酸的作用 >胡敏素 胡敏酸     

黄土高原褐土和黑垆土剖面中Rb和Sr分布与全新世成土环境变化

对黄土高原 3个土壤剖面Rb和Sr分布规律的研究表明 ,全新世不同阶段的黄土和土壤中Rb和Sr分布存在明显的差异 ,Rb/Sr比值的变化反映了成土环境和成土作用强度的变化。全新世早期 ,气候比较温和干燥 ,风尘堆积速率降低 ,土壤发育表现为边沉积边成土 ;全新世中期 ,气候温暖湿润 ,沙尘暴很少发生 ,风尘堆积速率极低 ,生物风化成土作用达到最强 ,以至于在黄土高原面发育黑垆土 ,在关中盆地形成褐土。到了 3 10 0多年前 ,气候恶化变干 ,风尘堆积速率加快 ,土壤严重退化。从区域上看 ,冬季风对黄土高原南部的环境效应比夏季风对北部的环境效应要强 ;黄土高原南部季风场强的变化较北部大。     

关中东部TSG全新世剖面粒度分形特征及古气候意义

利用分形理论计算可知,关中东部TSG全新世剖面的土壤粒度分布具有分形特征,剖面分形维数值在2.5443~2.7123之间,其中古土壤S0的分形维数均值最大。粒度分形维数的高值指示暖湿的气候,低值指示干冷的气候。分形特征所揭示的关中东部地区的环境演变过程为:全新世早期,粒度分形维数值相对偏低,风尘堆积占优势,为干旱寒冷的环境,成壤作用较弱;全新世中期,粒度分形维数值偏大,其平均值为2.6713,指示温暖湿润的气候,成壤作用较强;全新世晚期以来,粒度分形维数值降低,土壤颗粒粒径增大,气候变得相对干旱,成壤作用也减弱,但是全新世晚期的分形维数值高于末次冰期。     

吉林西部全新世晚期土壤碳酸盐中碳稳定同位素记录的古气候信息

土壤碳酸盐中碳稳定同位素是记录古气候变化信息的重要载体。本文对吉林省西部大安市姜家甸草场土壤剖面中的δ13C值特征进行了详细分析,并在此基础上推得C3、C4植物生物量;结合野外观察到的剖面特征,作者认为全新世晚期以来,该地区气候曾经历过从干-热～湿-暖～干-热的演变过程。现今吉林西部的干旱化环境正是全新世晚期以来气候持续演化的结果。     

土食性大型土壤动物转化土壤有机碳的14C示踪法应用研究进展

土壤有机C是维持全球C平衡过程中的重要C库,其降解和转化在地球化学循环中占有重要地位。大型土壤动物对土壤有机C的稳定性起着重要的调控作用。14C示踪技术由于在测定目标化合物的转化速率和定位代谢产物和残留物分布上的优势,近年来在土壤有机C稳定性研究中得到了广泛应用。本文综述了3种典型土食性大型土壤动物,白蚁(Isoptera:Termitidae)、甲虫幼虫(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)和蚯蚓(Oligochaeta:Lumbricidae),对土壤稳态有机C降解转化的14C示踪研究结果及相关的微生物作用。食土白蚁和甲虫幼虫的极端碱性(pH10～12.5)肠道段和肠道内的特殊蛋白酶的共同作用促使这两种动物可以选择性地降解和矿化腐殖酸中的稳态多肽等组分,进一步提高腐殖酸的腐殖化程度。食土蚯蚓体内含有高活性的纤维素酶,能促进纤维素的降解。虽然木质素在蚓粪中能发生降解,蚯蚓也能降解植物树叶,但是食土蚯蚓能否降解或选择性降解稳态土壤有机C的研究还极少。大型土壤动物肠道内含有大量微生物及酶,这些微生物在土壤动物降解和腐殖化有机C的过程中所起的具体作用如何以及这些酶的来源还不是很清楚。文中总结了目前对大型土壤动物转化土壤有机C认识上的不足,并对一些优先研究方向提出了建议。     

利用放射性碳对中国变性土的年代确定

Vertisols,which are mainly developed on fluvial and lacustrine deposits and basalt,are extensively distributed in China.66 samples of them for radiocarbon dating were collected across 5 porvinces and 1 autonomous region,ranging from warm-temperate to subtropical and tropical zones in China.The soil organic matter was dated via surface horizon,black soil horizon and dark-colour horizon of the vertisols,whereas carbonate through calcareous concretions and dispersed carbonate in soil profile using radiocarbon method.The present article elucidates the dates of genetic horizons,and of surface and buried vertisols as well.14C dating indicates that the surface vertisols were formed during the end of the late Pleistocene.ca.15600 years ageo.Correlation between depth of sampling and measured 14C age shows that age characteristics of the vertisols of China are close to those of West Germany,Italy,TUrnisia,Australia and Argentina,However,two buried vertisols developed on fluvial and lacustrine deposits were formed during different geological periods,The buried soils in warm-temperate zone were formed in the mid Holocene,while those in subtropics were buried at 12930 years B.P., and formed in the end of the late Pleistocene.     

Identification of carbonate pedofeatures of different ages in modern chernozems

Carbonate pedofeatures of three chernozemic soils developed from loesslike loams in the foreststeppe zone of Lipetsk oblast under fallow plot (Luvic Chernozem (Clayic, Pachic)) and under forest (Calcic Chernozem (Clayic, Pachic)) and in the steppe zone of Dnepropetrovsk oblast (Calcic Chernozem (Episiltic, Endoclayic, Pachic)) were studied in the field and laboratory with the use of a set of methods, including the radiocarbon method, mass spectrometry, and micro- and submicromorphology. The morphological diversity of carbonate pedofeatures in these soils was represented by carbonate veins, coatings, disperse carbonates (carbonate impregnations), soft masses (beloglazka), and concretions. In the forest-steppe soils, disperse carbonates and soft masses were absent. The radiocarbon age of carbonate pedofeatures in the forest-steppe soils varied within a relatively narrow range of 3–4.3 ka cal BP with a tendency for a younger age of carbonate concretions subjected to destruction (geodes). In the steppe chernozem, this range was larger, and the ¹⁴C ages of different forms of carbonate pedofeatures were different. Thus, soft masses (beloglazka) had the age of 5.5–6 ka cal BP; disperse carbonates, 17.5–18.5 ka cal BP; and hard carbonate concretions, 26–27 ka cal BP. Data on δ¹³C demonstrated that the isotopic composition of carbon in virtually all the “nonlabile” carbonate pedofeatures does not correspond to the isotopic composition of carbon of the modern soil organic matter. It was shown that the studied chernozemic soils are polygenetic formations containing carbonate pedofeatures of different ages: (a) recent (currently growing), (b) relict, and (c) inherited pedofeatures. The latter group represents complex pedofeatures that include ancient fragments integrated in younger pedofeatures, e.g., the Holocene soft carbonate nodules with inclusions of fragments of the ancient microcodium.     

Age and Some Genetic Characteristics of Vertisols in China

The ages of organic matter of some dark-colored horizons and calcareous concretions in some Vertisols from tropical,subtropical and warm-temperate zones of China were studied using radiocarbon dating method.The relationship between soil age and genesis of Vertisols was also expounded based on the study of their genetic characteristics and micromorphological features.The results show that although Vertisols have developed for a relatively long time,their weathering and soil forming process are weak and young with little horizonation.This is closely related to their special grochemical soil forming environment.Low-lying terrain,heavy texture,clay minerals dominated by montmorillonites and alternative drying-wetting climate give rise to the vertic features expressed in intense swelling-shrinking and cracking-closing in soils.As a result,the soil development and soil leaching process are resisted,and the climatic effect on the horizonation is impeded.Moreover,pedoturbation eliminates the horizonation in the upper part of soil profile,and postpones their evolution into zonal soils.So vertisols show certain pedogenic inertia and stay at relatively young developmental stage.Therefore,Vertisols are intrazonal soils dominated by local soil forming factors such as the relief and parent materials.     

南海诸岛土壤的地球化学特征及其生物有效性

南海诸岛主要由三类土壤组成，即富磷岩性均腐土，盐成土和新成土。这些土壤均发育于具有强石灰性的生物碎屑沉积物之上。富磷岩性均腐土的元素含量与母质相比，Ｐ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｂａ、Ｃｄ等元素含量较高，且随成土时间的增加，其含量有增加的趋势，而Ｍｇ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂ、Ｖ、Ｐｂ、Ｍｏ等元素含量较低，随成土时间的增加逐渐降低。新成土和盐成土除Ｐ和Ｎａ元素含量较高外，其余元素均接近母质。南海诸岛独特的生物气候、母质等     

钙质结核放射性碳断代的研究

本文运用放射性碳方法对钙质结核进行了断代研究,阐明了钙质结核的化学组成及其与年龄的关系,进而对影响钙质结核形成的地下水、石灰岩碎屑物质和人为活动几个主要因子进行了探讨。     

Morphology,Radiocarbon Age,and Genesis of Vertisols of the Eisk Peninsula (the Kuban–Azov Lowland)

Data on the morphology and radiocarbon ages of humus of dark vertic quasigley nonsaline clayey soils with alternating bowl-shaped (Pellic Vertisols (Humic, Stagnic)) and diapiric (Haplic Vertisols (Stagnic, Protocalcic)) structures are discussed, and the genetic concept for these soils is suggested. The studied soils develop on loesslike medium clay in the bottom of a large closed depression on the Eisk Peninsula in the lowest western part of the Kuban–Azov Lowland. The lateral and vertical distribution of humus in the studied gilgai catena displays a lateral transition of a relatively short humus profile of the accumulative type with a maximum near the surface and with a sharp increase in ¹⁴C dates of humus in the deeper layers within the diapiric structure to the extremely deep humus profile with a maximum at the depth of 40–80 cm, with similar mean residence time of carbon within this maximum, and with a three times slower increase in ¹⁴C dates of humus down the profile within the bowl-shaped structure. The development of the gilgai soil combination is specified by the joint action of the lateral–upward squeezing of the material of the lower horizons from the nodes with an increased horizontal stress toward the zones a decreased horizontal stress, local erosional loss of soil material from the microhighs and its accumulation in the adjacent microlows, leaching of carbonates from the humus horizons in the microlows, and the vertical and lateral ascending capillary migration of the soil solutions with precipitation of calcium carbonates in the soils of microhighs.     

变性土的形态发生: 模型研究

Studies on Vertisols of Southwest China show that the distribution of organic matter, mechanical composition, carbonates and spore-pollen in their profiles exhibits a definite differentiation and the radiocarbon age has a functional variation with soil depth, which suggests that pedoturbation model is a kind of incomplete model for genetic study and that the disturbance and inversion of solums of Vertisol are not as rapid and absolute as expected. In further consideration of the characters of swelling pressure and shear strength of Vertisol, vertic soil and other zonal soils, it is speculated that soil mechanics model is more adaptable for interpreting the morphogenesis of Vertisols without any contradiction with soil properties.     

Polygenetic Vertisols of the Purna Valley of Central India

The Purna Valley, a part of the Payanghat Plain, is an oval basin covering an area of about 1.9 Mha in central India. The soils are deep, calcareous, clayey and very dark greyish brown to dark brown in colour, and meet criteria for the Vertisols order of Soil Taxonomy. Cracks extend down to the slickenside zones in soils of the northeastern part of the valley, but cut through the slickenside zones in the soils of the southwestern part. Soils of the southwestern part are strongly alkaline with exchangeable sodium percentages (ESPs) of 5–26, whereas those of the northeastern part are moderately alkaline and have ESP values <5. Despite their similar coefficients of linear extensibility, volumetric shrinkage potentials, clay contents and amounts of fine clay smectite, the plasmic fabric of the slickenside horizons in soils of the northeastern part is porostriated, whereas in soils of the southwestern part, it is stipple-speckled to mosaic-speckled, indicating weak plasma separation. The soils have both pedogenic and nonpedogenic calcium carbonate, but those of the southwestern part have more pedogenic carbonate than those in the northeastern part. The semiarid climate removes Ca²⁺ ions from the soil solution by precipitating carbonate, and also causes the ESP and sodium absorption ratio to increase with depth. The lack of soil water in soils of the southwestern area is thought to be the reason for weak swelling of smectite, for larger amounts of pedogenic carbonate and for cracks cutting through the slickenside zones. The Vertisols of the southwestern part of the of the Purna Valley are, therefore, polygenetic because they exhibit distinctly different soil properties resulting from increasing aridity in the valley during the late Holocene.     

紫色水稻土有机无机复合与土粒团聚的关系

紫色水稻土的原土复合量（重组腐殖质）为中性土〉钙质土〉酸性土，同一土壤剖面中其含量是随土层深度下降；而有机无机复合度为钙质土〉中性、酸性土，在土壤剖面中是随土层深度增加。〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚量和〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚度为钙质土〉中性土〉酸性土。原土复合量和有机质含量，物理性粘粒含量、铁氧化物含量与〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚量呈显著正相关；而有机无机复合度与有机质含量呈显著负相关，与腐殖质结合状态，物