轿子山国家级自然保护区气候变化特征及对NDVI的影响

轿子山国家级自然保护区保存有最完整的滇中高原植被与生境，是气候敏感性热点地区之一。采用一元线性回归、Pettitt突变检验、Spearman相关系数等方法识别1961—2019年气候要素和极端气候指数变化特征，1999—2016年归一化植被指数（NDVI）时空变化趋势特征及对极端气候指数的响应，旨在辨识轿子山植被变化特征及对极端气候变化的动态响应，以期为保护区的气候风险评估提供参考依据。结果表明：（1）全球变暖下，1961—2019年气候要素（平均气温、日照时间、风速、雾日）变化趋势显著，垂直温度带组合动态变化，2017—2019年基带由南亚热带转为北热带；（2）整体来看，1961—2019年极端气温指数变化率和突变点较极端降水指数显著；（3）1999—2016年NDVI增速随海拔升高降低，以海拔2 736，3 236 m为界，NDVI增长速率的变化率表现为"高—低—高"；（4） NDVI_mean、NDVI_max、NDVI_min对极端气温指数的相关性总体上强于极端降水指数，对暖指数、降水强度指数、极端降水日指数响应最为敏感；（5）如果（极端）气候变化超过植被耐受阈值，则可能抑制植被生长。鉴于未来气候变化的不确定性，有必要进一步识别极端气候变化对保护区NDVI的影响，加强保护区极端气候风险预警、监测和管控。     

2001-2017年新疆NDVI变化及其对极端气候的响应

[目的] 研究新疆2001—2017年植被覆盖变化，并分析其与气候指数之间的响应特征，以期为该地区生态环境保护和区域可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法] 基于2001—2017年的MOD₁₃Q₁ NDVI数据，采用最大合成法、Savitzky-Golay（SG）滤波法和相关分析等方法，并结合同期气温和降水数据，分析新疆生长季归一化植被指数（NDVI）和极端气候之间的响应关系。[结果] ①2001—2017年，新疆地区植被覆盖普遍不高，自2009年开始表现出缓慢改善趋势，且未来一段时间内，该趋势具有一定的持续性；②NDVI总体上呈西北向东南降低趋势，天山山脉和伊犁河谷地区是NDVI高值区，北疆各子区域生长季NDVI普遍高于南疆地区；③NDVI在北疆中部和南疆西南部等地区与极端气温指数多呈负相关，日平均温差（DTR）和冷夜日数（TN_10p）是主要的影响指数；NDVI与平均气温指数在沙漠地区多呈负相关，在部分山区呈正相关，这主要与年平均气温（T_y）的变化有关；④NDVI与降水指数之间多呈正相关，且单日最大降水量（RX_{1 d}），连续5日最大降水量（RX_{5 d}）和年降水量（TP_y）对NDVI的影响都很显著。[结论] 新疆植被覆盖总体向良好方向发展。NDVI对降水指数的响应高于气温指数，其中，降水指数以正向影响为主，气温指数则以负向影响为主，降水对新疆植被改善有着明显的促进作用。     

黄土残塬沟壑区范围界定及近21年来NDVI时空变化特征

为探究黄土残塬沟壑区退耕还林（草）工程等林业生态工程实施后林业资源恢复情况，以黄土高原DEM数据及2000—2020年归一化植被指数NDVI数据为基础，采用地形因子计算、水文分析、空间叠加分析等方法，划分了较为完整的黄土残塬沟壑区的范围，并利用趋势分析法、变异系数的相关理论与方法，分析了近21年来黄土残塬沟壑区NDVI时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）黄土残塬沟壑区横跨山西、陕西和甘肃3省，面积约为2.99万km²，沟壑密度为1.91~3.21 km/km²；（2）黄土残塬沟壑区NDVI从时序变化上看，全区21年总平均NDVI值为0.711，2000—2020年该区植被NDVI变化趋势呈快—慢—较快增长；从空间分布来看，植被覆盖度NDVI值总体为0.6~0.9，研究区中部地区植被覆盖度较其他地区高；（3）在时空趋势特征方面，研究区西部和东部部分地区植被覆盖改善程度明显，中部地区植被覆盖情况较为稳定；在时空波动特征方面，该区植被NDVI时序波动稳定，空间波动差异性较大，低波动区域面积占比为48.06%。整体而言，黄土残塬沟壑区主要分布在山西、陕西和甘肃3省，该区2000—2020年间植被NDVI整体呈上升态势，植被覆盖水平整体较高且波动较低，并呈持续改善趋势。研究结果可为黄土残塬沟壑区水土保持工作提供理论基础和科学依据。     

鄱阳湖流域NDVI时空变化及其与地表径流的关系

根据鄱阳湖流域4个子流域1982-1999年归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据集和4个水文站的径流数据,采用年代际差异变化、相关分析、Morlet小波分析方法,对鄱阳湖4个子流域NDVI和径流关系进行研究,并从年内、年际两个角度研究各子流域的NDVI时空变化特征。结果表明：分析期内鄱阳湖流域各子流域多年平均NDVI的年内变化趋势一致,年平均NDVI总体上都呈增加趋势,NDVI主要受到降水、径流的影响。相关分析显示,整个流域年NDVI与径流量间呈显著正相关,径流量与滞后3个月的植被NDVI间相关性最高;子流域的径流量普遍存在着12个月、部分存在35、62个月左右周期的震荡信号,各信号频率分布的时间域及其强度存在着差异,其中12个月周期最强,短周期强于长周期;NDVI与径流量具有同等的周期变化特点。     

基于温度植被旱情指数的徐州市郊干旱遥感监测

利用Landsat TM/ETM+数据,以徐州市郊为研究区,获取归一化植被指数(NDVI)、土壤调整植被指数(SAVI)和地表温度(Ts)信息,分别构建NDVI-Ts和SAVI-Ts特征空间,依据这两个特征空间计算出研究区2001年4月3日和2007年5月14日的温度植被旱情指数TVDI(NDVI)和TVDI(SAVI),并分别与地表温度(Ts)和降水量进行了相关评价.结果表明,TVDI可用于实现大范围的干旱监测,SAVI能够修正NDVI对土壤背景的敏感,基于SAVI的反演结果明显优于基于NDVI的反演结果,能够有效地运用于干旱监测.     

基于Landsat 8卫星影像和地表参数的宿州市城市热岛效应分析

以2013年4月28日的Landsat8影像为数据源,以安徽省宿州市为研究对象,以ENVI 5.1遥感软件为平台,分别提取宿州市土壤调节植被指数、改进的归一化水体指数、增强型裸土指数和增强的指数型建筑用地指数,然后利用单窗算法对热红外波段(第10波段)影像进行热辐射亮度和地表亮度温度反演,将地表亮度温度归一化处理(值在0~1之间),采用等差级数把宿州市城市热岛效应分为强绿岛区(0~0.2)、绿岛区(0.2~0.4)、正常区(0.4~0.6)、热岛区(0.6~0.8)和强热岛区(0.8~1.0)。在此基础上对城市热岛效应与土壤调节植被指数、改进的归一化水体指数、增强型裸土指数和增强的指数型建筑用地指数进行分析,找出地表亮度温度和这些地表参数间的定量关系。研究结果表明:(1)宿州市建成区的地表亮度温度比相邻郊区高,城市热岛效应显著;(2)城市热岛效应与土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)呈负相关;(3)城市热岛效应与增强型裸土指数(EBSI)呈正相关;(4)城市热岛效应与改进的归一化水体指数(MNDWI)呈负相关,适度增加水体面积对抑制城市热岛效应具有一定的积极作用;(5)城市热岛效应与增强的指数型建筑用地指数(EIBI)呈正相关。     

基于小波变换的华北平原耕地复种指数提取

该文以中国华北平原为研究区域,提出了基于小波变换的耕地复种指数遥感提取方法。首先,利用小波变换对2007年36景SPOT VGT/NDVI（SPOT VEGETATIONVGT数据归一化植被指数）遥感数据进行去噪处理,重建耕地农作物生长NDVI（归一化植被指数）曲线;然后,结合地面样点数据、农时数据和农业统计数据,采用二次差分法提取了华北平原2007年耕地复种指数和空间分布特征。研究结果表明,华北平原5省市耕地复种空间分布存在明显的地域特性,河南省耕地复种指数最大,达到179.4%,山东省次之,北京市最小。该研究结果与统计数据和其他遥感监测比较结果表明,基于小波变换去噪时序遥感数据提取耕地复种指数的技术方法与统计数据和其他遥感监测结果总体上具有较好的一致性,复种指数空间分布变化趋同。     

2000—2019年西南高山峡谷区植被变化对气候变化和人类活动的响应

为了探究中国典型生态环境脆弱区——西南高山峡谷区植被变化对气候变化和人类活动的响应规律,量化气候变化和人类活动的相对贡献。该研究基于2000—2019年归一化差异植被指（normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）数据集,采用Theil-Sen趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验和Hurst指数分析了NDVI时空变化特征及未来变化趋势;在此基础上结合气象因子数据集,采用相关性分析和残差分析探讨了NDVI对气候变化和人类活动的响应。结果表明：1）时间尺度上,2000—2019年NDVI总体表现为波动上升趋势,增长速率为0.0046/a。空间尺度上,NDVI呈上升趋势区域面积占研究区总面积85.59%,植被恢复效果明显,且未来NDVI变化还将以上升趋势为主。2）在区域气候暖干化的背景下,NDVI对不同气候因子的响应有所差异,总体上NDVI与气温和太阳辐射呈正相关,而与降雨量呈负相关,气温对NDVI变化的影响力要强于太阳辐射和降雨量,是影响NDVI变化的主要气候因子。3）85.10%区域面积的植被变化受人类活动和气候变化的共同影响,其中人类活动是植被变化的主要驱动因素,气候变化为次要驱动因素,相对贡献率分别为68.67%和31.33%。该研究结果可为西南高山峡谷区未来生态环境建设提供科学依据,助力区域绿色可持续发展目标的实现。     

台湾省植被NDVI随海拔高度的变化及其气候响应

[目的]揭示台湾省陆地植被生态系统随海拔高度的变化趋势及其响应程度,为区域可持续发展、生态环境保护提供理论依据。[方法]基于台湾省1998—2018年SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI卫星遥感数据、气象及DEM数据,结合相关分析法、回归分析法等数理统计方法,对气候变化下的台湾省植被归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化趋势及区域响应进行了分析。[结果] 1998—2018年台湾省植被NDVI均值增长率为5.09%;台湾省不同高程范围所占的面积比例差异较大,500 m区域的面积比例高达52.49%,3 600 m区域的面积比例仅为0.01%,且NDVI均呈现较低值,分别为0.72和0.73;1998—2018年台湾省海拔除3 600 m外,其他海拔高程范围NDVI均值增长明显(p0.001);在500～3 600 m高程范围内,NDVI年均值与气温、降雨相关关系显著(p0.05)。[结论]海拔越高,植被生长状况对降雨的变化较气温更为敏感。     

1982-2010年松花江流域植被动态变化及其与气候因子的相关分析

利用1982-2010年GIMMS和MODIS两种遥感数据集的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,分析了松花江流域植被NDVI时空特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明,松花江流域植被覆盖存在着显著的空间差异,山区NDVI值明显高于中部平原区。过去29a间,松花江流域植被NDVI稳定性较强,总体上变化趋势不明显,但有明显的阶段性：1982-1990年植被NDVI持续增加;1991-1997年相对稳定,1997-2003年呈波动降低趋势,2003-2010年缓慢上升。基于像元的相关分析表明,松花江流域NDVI与气温和降水量间均具有很强的相关性（P〈0.01）,而且植被NDVI变化受气温影响程度强于降水,针叶林是松花江流域受气温影响最大的植被类型。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.