洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染调查与评价

通过对洛川苹果园地土壤样品的采集、监测,依据无公害果园产地土壤环境质量标准和绿色食品产地土壤环境质量标准,重点分析评价了对土壤环境及人体危害较大的Cd、As、Cr、Pb等重金属元素的污染现状。评价结果表明:以无公害果园产地土壤环境质量为评价标准,洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染程度有As>Cr>Cd>Pb的特征,土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.51,土壤Cd、As、Cr、Pb单项污染指数平均值均小于0.7,土壤环境中的重金属元素含量现状水平符合无公害苹果生产的要求;以绿色食品产地土壤环境质量为评价标准,洛川苹果园地土壤重金属污染程度有As>Pb>Cr>Cd的特征,土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.64,土壤Cd、Cr、Pb单项污染指数平均值均小于0.7,土壤As单项污染指数平均值大于0.7,但小于1。土壤环境中的重金属含量现状水平符合绿色食品苹果生产的要求。但土壤As单项污染指数平均值为0.74,已超过绿色食品产地土壤污染警戒线。洛川苹果园地土壤重金属As污染程度较高,主要是由于人为长期不合理使用含As农药、化肥所致。因而,洛川苹果生产中应将土壤环境中的As作为严控的土壤污染物。     

临洮县无公害蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况评价

采用单因子指数法和综合污染指数法,对临洮县洮阳镇无公害青椒、大白菜基地27个主要蔬菜种植区重金属含量进行了评价。结果表明,以自然背景为评价标准,蔬菜基地土壤中重金属超过污染指标;以国家《土壤环境质量标准》为评价标准,蔬菜基地土壤中的重金属均未超过污染标准。     

黄土高原长期苹果园地土壤重金属分布和评价

通过对陕西长武苹果园地土壤样品采集和实验分析,依据无公害果园产地土壤环境质量标准和绿色食品产地土壤环境质量标准,对其土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明:以无公害果园产地土壤环境质量为评价标准,长武果园土壤重金属污染程度有NiAsCrZnCuPb的特征,土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.489;以绿色食品产地土壤环境质量为评价标准,长武果园土壤重金属污染程度有CrAsPbCu的特征,土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.715。因此,其土壤环境质量应判定为尚清洁。环境质量评价过程揭示了Ni、Cr存在潜在污染可能,特别是Cr含量已达绿色食品产地土壤环境质量标准的警戒线,所以应将它作为今后监测的重点并引起足够的重视。     

不同行业污染土壤重金属污染特征比较研究

以塑料、化工、火电、养殖行业污染土壤为研究对象,通过对土壤中重金属的总量和化学形态进行分析,比较了这4种行业土壤重金属的污染特征。结果表明,这些行业土壤中重金属含量均高于该地背景值,部分指标超出了国家标准规定的土壤环境质量二级标准值,各行业土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数从大到小依次是化工行业1.74、火电行业1.40、塑料行业1.39、养殖行业0.82。按照土壤综合污染分级标准,塑料行业、化工行业、火电行业污染等级已达到轻污染,养殖行业处于警戒级。对土壤中重金属的有效态研究发现,4种行业土壤中重金属有效态含量差异较大,土壤重金属有效态含量主要受重金属的全量、土壤pH及有机质影响,还与各行业排放污染物中重金属的排放特征、原始形式有关。     

销毁高危化学品造成土壤污染的解析及评价——以南京某地销毁含砷高危废旧弹药污染水泄漏为例

通过对南京某地销毁含As高危废旧炮弹过程中污染水泄漏事件的调查数据统计分析和分布态势研究,从7种重金属中逐步确定了污染区域的4种主要重金属污染物,并利用污染指数法,采用不同的评价标准对重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明,研究区域的主要污染物为As、Cr、Cu、Hg,As和Cr与污染水泄漏有关,并受周边居民生活活动的影响,Cu、Hg污染来源与事件无关;以背景对照点上限值(St-1)为评价标准,重金属累积性污染综合污染指数为3.57,土壤受到Cu、Hg的严重污染;以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB/T 15612-1995)二级标准(St-2)和《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》(HJ 332-2006)指标限值(St-3)为评价标准,土壤重金属综合污染指数为1.58和1.60,该地不适合种植无公害蔬菜或食用等农作物;以中国蔬菜地土壤重金属健康风险基准值(St-4)为标准评价,考虑到重金属被蔬菜吸收的难易性,Cr会造成污染区域的叶类、瓜类等可食用植物存在安全隐患。     

沈阳郊区耕作土壤As、Hg的污染评价

对沈阳郊区3个农产品生产区域土壤中的重金属As、Hg进行检测,用土壤环境质量标准和土壤背景值标准进行评价,结果表明,沈阳郊区土壤已经受到了不同程度的污染,污染较重的元素是Hg。以土壤环境质量标准评价其综合污染指数为2.89;以土壤背景值标准评价其综合污染指数为13.56。     

科技部“十三五”农业面源和重金属污染农田综合防治与修复技术研发重点专项 “农田系统重金属迁移转化和安全阈值研究”项目正式启动

农田系统重金属迁移转化和安全阈值是土壤环境中重金属研究领域的基础性和复杂性的核心问题。与国外相比,以往我国在农田土壤重金属研究方面的投入和成果多集中在土壤重金属污染调查和修复技术方面,而有关土壤重金属的形态转化、风险评价和阈值方面的研究较少。近年来,土壤重金属的形态转化、风险评价和阈值研究在土壤污染防治和修复中的作用和重要性越来越突出。比如,多年研究成果证明现有的土壤重金属铅的环境质量标准过宽,说明单纯采用生态环境效应来制定我国农用地土壤环境质量标准不能有效地保障农产品质量安全。正是由于我国过去关于土壤重金属安全阈值研究基础数据和方法不足,我国土壤环境质量标准没有充分考虑农产品产地土壤性质差异大、种植作物类型和品种多的特点,使得我国土壤重金属环境质量标准的科学性和可操作性亟待完善和提升,从而有效地保障我国农产品安全生产和农田生态安全。     

“农田系统重金属迁移转化和安全阈值研究”项目正式启动

正农田系统重金属迁移转化和安全阈值是土壤环境中重金属研究领域的基础性和复杂性的核心问题。与国外相比,以往我国在农田土壤重金属研究方面的投入和成果多集中在土壤重金属污染调查和修复技术方面,而有关土壤重金属的形态转化、风险评价和阈值方面的研究较少。近年来,土壤重金属的形态转化、风险评价和阈值研究在土壤污染防治和修复中的作用和重要性越来越突出。比如,多年研究成果证明现有的土壤重金属铅的环境质量标准过宽,说明单纯采用生态环境效应来制定我国农用地土壤环境质量标准     

关中灌区农业土壤重金属污染调查与评价

通过对关中宝鸡峡灌区、交口灌区、洛惠东灌区农业土壤样品的采集、监测,依据关中土重金属元素背景值和国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准作为评价标准,重点分析评价了对土壤环境及人体危害较大的Cd、As、Cr、Pb等重金属元素的累积程度和污染程度。结果表明:以关中土重金属元素背景值为评价标准,关中灌区土重金属综合累积程度依次为交口灌区、宝鸡峡灌区、洛惠东灌区,土壤重金属累积程度具有PbAsCrCd的特征;关中灌区农业土壤重金属Pb累积程度普遍较高,主要是由于长期污水灌溉所致。以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价指标,关中灌区土重金属污染程度依次为宝鸡峡灌区、洛惠东灌区、交口灌区,土壤重金属污染程度具有AsCrCdPb的特征;关中灌区农业土壤重金属综合污染指数P均小于0.7,土壤样品单项污染指数Pi均小于0.7。因而,关中灌区农业土壤环境中的重金属元素含量现状适宜于无公害农产品和果品基地建设的要求。     

天津地区土壤环境中有效态重金属的分布特征与生态意义

重金属是土壤环境中对土壤质量有着极其重要影响的的污染物之一,重金属在土壤中的有效态既决定了它的生物有效性及对环境的危害程度,又是人们对受污染土壤进行治理和修复的基础。文章在分析天津市土壤类型、土壤质地和土地利用类型的基础上,分析了不同类型、质地和土地利用类型等各种类型土壤环境中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、Mn等重金属元素有效态含量的分布特征及生态意义。     

水产养殖物联网的应用评价方法

构建科学合理的水产养殖物联网应用评价指标体系和评价方法,是保证水产养殖物联网系统发挥最大能效的基础。为解决指标设置随意、冗余、交叉及技术指标过剩的问题,该文构建了指标筛选模型,将水产养殖物联网应用评价指标体系从40个优化到14个,用35%的指标表达了88.45%的信息,保证了指标体系的完备性和简洁性。同时,基于模糊评价法构建了水产养殖物联网应用评价模型,可对水产养殖物联网应用水平进行总体评价以及功能、性能、效益方面的评价。最后,以江苏宜兴河蟹养殖物联网和广东湛江南美白对虾养殖物联网为实例进行了验证,宜兴物联网的评价结果为优,而湛江物联网的评价结果为良,与实际情况相符,表明该研究构建的指标体系科学合理,评价方法可行,可为水产养殖物联网应用评价提供参考。     

Evaluation of soil extractants for silicon availability for sugarcane

Adequate evaluation and interpretation of silicon (Si) phytoavailability in soil is a key to fertilizer recommendation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil texture on the choice of Si extractant, and provide baseline data on the relationship between extractable Si and sugarcane Si accumulation. The effects of soil texture and extractant solutions of Si were investigated on soil of nine areas of sugarcane cultivation. Si contents in clayey soils were higher than in sandy soils only in the extraction with standard calcium chloride, acetic acid, potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium acetate buffer. Other extractants failed to reveal differences in the Si availability among the three soil textures. The choice of the extractant should consider soil texture for the determination of adequate Si contents in soils planted with sugarcane, and the extractants that proved to be more efficient in the three soil textures was acetic acid and KCl.     

Recommendations for preparing test samples for AOAC collaborative studies of microbiological procedures for foods

Preparation of test samples for microbial collaborative studies poses problems not encountered in studies on chemical analytes. For Associate Referees who are considering a collaborative study of a microbiological procedure for food analysis, these problems have not been adequately addressed. Types of contamination (natural or artificial), number of test samples required, analyte selection, proper controls, and container selection are addressed herein. The discussion is a supplement to the guidelines contained in the Handbook for AOAC Members.     

Method for Preparation of Nutrient-depleted Soil for Determination of Plant Nutrient Requirements

ABSTRACT

Research for nutrient optimization and crop nutrient use efficiency requires precise control on soil nutrient status. While nutrient-depleted soils are preferable to artificial soils or hydroponics, reliable and affordable methods for nutrient removal are lacking. We report the systematic standardization and validation of a simple method to wash soil with purified deionized water for the removal of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and organic carbon. Sandy soil was washed with RO water (1:1, w/v) followed by several washes with Type 1 ultrapure water (2:1, w/v) and tested after each wash for the removal of organic carbon, N, P, K, and Ca. After seven washes, total dissolved solids (TDS) were reduced to 5 ppm, conductivity to 10 µS, organic carbon content was reduced by 78%, while N by 19.5%, P by 30%, K by 48% and Ca by 29%. Two genotypes of rice were grown for full life cycle under normal and low N fertilizer (urea) levels to demonstrate that soil depleted with nutrients by our method supports normal plant growth in the greenhouse and allows experiments impossible under field conditions. Precise control on the nutrient status of the soil by our method also helped demonstrate yield differences between genotypes and N regimes and also that higher grain yields can be obtained with low nitrogen (N) input. Thus, our method facilitates better design of experiments for precise determination of nutrient requirements for crop growth and nutrient use efficiency.     

Laboratory evaluation of a model for soil crumbling for prediction of the optimum soil water content for tillage

A model for soil crumbling, called the capillary crumbling model (CCM) was introduced by Aluko and Koolen [Aluko, O.B., Koolen, A.J., 2000. The essential mechanics of capillary crumbling of structured agricultural soils. Soil Till. Res. 55, 117–126]. According to the CCM, the optimum soil water content for tillage (θ_OPT) may be defined as the water content at which the capillary bonding strength between aggregates is minimum. The objective of this study was to evaluate the CCM for the arable layer of 10 agricultural soils (sandy loam to clay textures) from semi-arid regions in western Iran. The results were compared with conventional soil workability limits such as 0.85 of the soil plastic limit (0.85θ_PL), Proctor critical water content (θ_Proctor), 0.6 or 0.7 of water content at matric suction of 50 hPa (0.6–0.7θ_50 hPa), and the Kretschmer optimum water content (θ_Kretschmer = θ_PL − 0.15(θ_LL − θ_PL)) where θ_LL is the soil liquid limit. Repacked soil cores were prepared from intact soil aggregates (0.50–4.75 mm) to 0.9 of the critical bulk density (to represent the soil conditions before tillage). Tensile strength and matric suction of the cores were determined at different soil water contents obtained by slow drying. The CCM provided evidence for the physics and mechanics of crumbling in the studied soils. It revealed that effective stresses are the dominant inter-aggregates forces, at least for the wet range of soil water content. A fall in strength of inter-aggregate bonds (i.e. tensile strength) was recorded due to water emptying from structural pores in a narrow range of matric suction (h_OPT) which was consistent with the model. With increasing soil organic matter and clay contents the fall became more distinct, indicating increased structural stability. The θ_OPT values determined by the CCM were found in the h_OPT range 551–612 hPa corresponding to 0.91–0.79θ_PL, which was in agreement with published values for the soil workability limit. Negative correlations between h_OPT and clay and organic matter contents clearly confirmed the increasing effect of soil structure on the enlargement of inter-aggregate pores. High correlations were observed between θ_OPT and 0.85θ_PL, θ_Proctor or 0.7θ_50 hPa. The results showed that the CCM might be recommended as a physically based method for the determination of θ_OPT. Considering the 1:1 relationships between θ_OPT and 0.85θ_PL or θ_Proctor, and easy determination of θ_PL and θ_Proctor, use of these indices is recommended in situations where the CCM is not applicable.     

温室透光覆盖材料流滴性测试方法

作为温室透光覆盖材料的塑料薄膜的流滴性日益受到关注，为此，已开发出各种无滴膜、无滴板，以改善温室透光覆盖材料的流滴性。但国内外对材料流滴性的监测与判断规则却很不统一，给温室用户带来了困难。该文分析了目前几种常用的流滴性检测方法的原理及其适用性，在此基础上，结合温室生产的实际条件，提出在15°～30°倾斜面上形成露滴后，材料表面凝结水滴面积占整个测试面积比例的检测方法——倾斜面上滞留水滴面积比法，并通过对塑料薄膜和聚碳酸酯板的分析测试，提出了将材料表面上计算水滴滞留面积小于10%作为透光覆盖材料流滴性的判别标准，为标准化检测覆盖材料的流滴性提供了依据。     

土壤养分的低成本速测技术

本文论述了测土施肥必须遵循经济规律,强调测土施肥必须适合我国国情,提出了以常规分析技术为后盾以速测技术为主体的测土施肥技术路线;文章还论述了土壤养分速测技术,提出了推广速测技术必须解决的观念问题、技术问题和服务体制问题.     

New indicator for classification of agroclimatic conditions for the cultivation of catch crops

The realization of the benefits of stubble catch crops (CC) cultivated after the harvest of the main crop requires the ability to produce substantial amounts of biomass before the onset of winter. The growth and biomass production of CC is primarily determined by the time period of sowing and weather conditions of the site. The construction of a new indicator of agroclimatic conditions for the cultivation of CC is described. This indicator includes the possible time period for CC sowing according to the harvest time of the preceding main crop, temperature, and water conditions for emergence and growth. The termination of growth due to low temperatures is considered. The assumptions used for the construction of the indicator, and the relationships to CC biomass were validated with data from field experiments. The resulting maps of regions in the Czech Republic with similar indicator values for three groups of CC differing in temperature demands are shown.     

山地果园蓄电池驱动单轨运输机传动系统设计

为解决将传统的蜗轮蜗杆传动机构应用于山地果园蓄电池驱动单轨运输机所带来的机械效率低的问题,该文设计了一种基于蜗轮蜗杆的双路传动链传动系统,该系统采用电动机为动力源,通过蜗轮蜗杆传动链和链条传动链两路并联传动链传递动力;两路传动链之间相互独立,根据运输机的运动状态,运用STM32内嵌控制程序对电磁离合器状态进行切换.文中分析了该系统的传动原理、关键零部件设计及机械传动效率,设计输出转速为44~131.18 r/min.采用尤奈特MY1020ZXF-75048 V电机作为动力源,4个12V40AH天能蓄电池串联作为能源,由NMRV040减速器(海格尔控股有限公司)、超越离合器与各型链轮组成双路并联传动链,并运用功率流分析法得出该系统平地与上坡运行状态下输出扭矩为44.352 N·m、输出转速为86.318 r/min、输出功率为609.31 W;下坡与反向运行状态下输出扭矩为105.760 N?m、输出转速为28.953 r/min,输出功率为487.342 W.结果表明,该系统结合了链传动的高效性与蜗轮蜗杆传动的自锁优势,在平地与上坡运行中理论机械效率为81.2%,下坡与反向运行中理论机械效率为60.5%.该研究可为山地果园蓄电池驱动单轨运输机提升机械效率提供参考.     

拖拉机双离合器自动变速器换挡品质评价指标

针对双离合器自动变速器拖拉机在田间高负载作业工况下进行换挡时,原换挡品质评价指标不能充分考察对性能的影响,提出了变速器输出转矩传递系数和变速器输出转矩2个评价指标。归纳了奇数挡和偶数挡离合器接合与分离时序对换挡品质影响规律,建立了拖拉机DCT换挡动力学模型和换挡品质仿真模型。以东方红1804拖拉机为研究对象,对其犁耕工况进行了仿真分析,结果表明:当离合器油压上升滞后时间分别为0、0.1及0.2 s时,对应的变速器最小输出转矩传递系数分别为0.42、0.36及0.12,变速器最小输出转矩分别为2 257、1 932及725 N·m,产生的动载荷逐渐增大,拖拉机动力性变差;提出的2个换挡品质评价指标可较好地对换挡过程中产生的动载荷和拖拉机动力性进行评价,对原换挡品质评价指标进行了补充,完善了拖拉机DCT换挡品质评价体系。该研究为拖拉机双离合器自动变速器换挡控制策略制定提供了理论依据。