前期土壤含水量对坡面产流产沙特性影响的模拟试验(简报)

为了研究黄土区降雨前期土壤含水量对不同土壤坡面降雨入渗、产流和产沙特性的影响,采用室内降雨模拟试验方法,探讨了前期土壤含水量从风干土状态至近饱和条件下塿土和砂黄土坡面降雨入渗、产流产沙的特征。研究结果表明：在雨强（80 mm/h）和坡度(10°)较大情况下,前期土壤含水量对塿土坡面产流时刻、入渗和产流过程影响不明显;砂黄土坡面产流时刻受前期土壤含水量影响显著,随着前期土壤含水量的增大先延长后缩短,其极差值达到28.91 min;前期土壤含水量在风干土～10%和15%～25%两段范围内,砂黄土坡面入渗产流规律差异十分显著。基于土壤水分累积入渗过程特征,塿土前期含水量可分成“三区”,砂黄土则可分成“两区”;利用前期土壤含水量与坡面土壤流失量的二次多项式关系,分别确定出塿土和砂黄土坡面土壤流失量最少的前期含水量值为11.25%和12.74%,为黄土区坡地水土管理提供理论依据。     

模拟降雨下前期含水量对黄绵土坡面产流产沙过程的影响

为探究不同前期土壤含水量条件下坡面产流产沙特征及产流产沙关系，以安塞黄绵土为研究对象，通过设置6个前期土壤含水量处理(5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%),采用室内人工模拟降雨试验来系统研究前期土壤含水量对坡面产流产沙过程的影响。每个含水量处理设置2个重复，坡面坡度为15°,设计雨强为90 mm/h,降雨历时为1 h。结果表明：(1)随着前期土壤含水量的升高，坡面初始产流时间幂函数减小，产流量线性增大。(2)坡面土壤流失量随前期土壤含水量增大呈幂函数增加，高含水量组(29.3%)土壤流失量分别是低含水量组(5.8%和10.6%)和中含水量组(15.3%,20.4%,25.1%)的86.1,8.9倍。当前期含水量接近饱和时，坡面侵蚀加剧，土壤流失量迅速增加。(3)不同前期土壤含水量条件下坡面产流量与产沙量呈幂函数关系，当产流速率超过1.4 L/min,产沙量迅速增加甚至翻倍，呈“水大沙多”的特点。前期土壤含水量通过影响入渗产流和改变径流泥沙关系双重作用来影响坡面产沙。因此，对黄绵土坡面而言，应注意防范连绵持久降雨后暴雨或特大暴雨所造成的水土流失问题，可采取耕作、植被覆盖等措施维...     

土壤前期含水量对弃渣坡面侵蚀特性影响的模拟试验

利用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究弃渣前期含水量在不同降雨强度条件下对土壤坡面入渗、产流和产沙特性的影响.结果表明:弃渣坡面入渗率随时间呈幂函数变化.在雨强较小(0.64 mm/min)的情况下,含沙率在产流初期会出现峰值,之后随时间递减,前期含水量越高,峰值出现的越早,土壤前期含水量对土壤侵蚀量的影响符合幂函数变化规律.在1.05 mm/min降雨强度条件下,含沙率变化呈波动性增长趋势,无明显峰值.土壤前期含水量对土壤侵蚀量影响呈二次多项式关系,计算得出土壤流失量最少的最优前期含水量为9.65%.     

模拟降雨下前期含水量对冻融坡面产流产沙过程的影响

为了探究不同前期含水量条件下冻融作用对坡面降雨侵蚀的影响,采用室内冻融和人工模拟降雨方法研究了不同含水量条件下冻融坡面与未冻融坡面的降雨侵蚀特征。结果表明:黄土坡面的产流时间随前期含水量增大呈先增大后减小的规律,冻融作用使黄土坡面产流时间滞后,其中含水量为20%的坡面经过冻融作用滞后62.50%,最为明显。在产流过程中,20%含水量的冻融坡面比未冻融坡面产流总量低9.14%存在极显著性差异(P0.01)。在产沙过程中,20%和25%含水量的冻融坡面比未冻融坡面产沙总量减小28%,存在极显著性差异(P0.01);20%和25%含水量的冻融坡面与未冻融坡面的可蚀性相差最明显。综上可以得出含水量为20%时冻融作用对坡面产流时间和产流过程影响最显著;含水量为20%和25%时冻融作用对坡面产沙过程和可蚀性K值影响最显著。含水量为20%时产沙量最小,可蚀性最低,可将20%作为黄土最优含水量。     

沙层厚度和粒径组成对覆沙黄土坡面产流产沙的影响

片沙覆盖黄土区是水蚀风蚀交错带内土壤侵蚀最为强烈的区域,研究该区内土壤侵蚀特征可对水蚀风蚀交错带水土流失的预报及防治提供理论依据。采用室内模拟降雨,研究黄土坡面不同覆沙厚度(2 cm、5 cm和10 cm)和沙层粒径组成(100%0.25 mm、75%0.25 mm+25%0.25mm、50%0.25 mm+50%0.25 mm、未处理原沙和100%0.25 mm)对坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明,覆沙黄土坡面较黄土坡面的初始产流时间明显延长,产流速率和产流量减小,产沙速率和产沙量增大,降雨过程中产流产沙波动性增大,且这些变化随覆沙厚度增加而明显加强;沙层粒径组成在不同覆沙厚度下对坡面产流产沙的影响不同,2 cm覆沙厚度坡面在降雨前期随粒径变粗产流产沙呈增大趋势,降雨后期无明显变化;5 cm覆沙厚度坡面随沙层粒径变粗产流速率呈增加趋势,降雨前期上覆粗粒径沙层坡面的侵蚀速率高于细粒径沙层坡面,降雨后期恰好相反;10 cm覆沙厚度的坡面产流产沙随沙层粒径组成变化不明显。典型覆沙黄土坡面的产流过程为雨水垂直入渗―沙土界面潜流―沙层边缘渗流―地表径流,产沙过程为沙层边缘渗流侵蚀―沙层坍塌重力侵蚀―地表径流输移,明显不同于无覆沙黄土坡面的超渗产流方式及溅蚀―片蚀―细沟侵蚀的侵蚀发展过程。     

喷施中性多聚糖对黄土坡面降雨入渗的影响

中性多聚糖(Jag S)是一种新型高聚物,研究该高聚物对黄土坡面降雨入渗的影响可对采用土壤侵蚀化学调控技术措施防治黄土坡面土壤侵蚀提供新的理论基础。通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同雨强(1.0、1.5、2.0 mm min-1),不同坡度(10°、15°、20°)条件下,坡面降雨入渗及产流时间与喷施不同剂量(1、3、5 g m-2)Jag S之间的关系。结果表明:在不同坡度不同雨强下,与裸露坡面相比,喷施3种剂量的高分子化学材料Jag S均减少了前期降雨入渗率,但1及3 g m-2剂量Jag S处理能够明显提高黄土坡面入渗性能,减缓入渗在整个降雨过程的下降趋势,提高稳渗率,强化入渗效应均值分别为21.53%及9.17%,大剂量(5 g m-2)Jag S反而降低了土壤入渗性能(小雨强下除外)。喷施不同剂量Jag S的坡面其产流开始时间差异很小,但均早于裸露坡面,且表现为Jag S喷施剂量越大,坡面越早产流,大坡度大剂量对降雨产流时间影响较大。三个剂量对应产流时间提前百分比均值分别为47.26%、50.47%及66.28%。总之,Jag S在一定程度上能改善黄土坡面土壤结构,提高黄土坡面降雨入渗性能,从而降低土壤侵蚀,为采用高聚物进行水土保持提供了科学依据。     

前期土壤含水量对粘性红壤产流产沙及溶质运移的影响

采用针头式降雨器对零坡度、短坡长、不透水底层的红壤土体进行人工模拟降雨试验,在消除坡度坡长影响模拟南方蓄满产流条件下,研究前期土壤含水量对红壤产流、产沙及溶质运移机制的影响。结果表明:前期土壤含水量为20%时,红壤黏结力最大且结构最稳定,初始产流时间延续最长,入渗水量最多,径流总量最少,泥沙流失量少,形成蓄满产流条件;前期含水量为饱和时,则反之。径流中溴离子流失量和流失率随着前期土壤含水量的变化而变化,其数量大小顺序为20%10%2%;磷的流失总量,无论是溶解态磷(DP)还是颗粒态磷,流失总量大小依次为饱和20%10%2%。     

西南黄壤和西北黄土坡面侵蚀产沙规律比较研究

喀斯特地区是我国主要生态脆弱地区之一,黄壤是该地区主要土壤类型,本文基于贵州省毕节市与陕西安塞径流小区观测资料,对比分析降雨与坡面径流深、产沙模数等关系,研究次降雨坡面侵蚀规律.结果表明:黄壤坡面产流产沙主要来源于大雨及暴雨,受降雨量影响最大,数量上小于黄土坡面;黄壤坡面产流与降雨量相关性大于与其与时段降雨强度相关性,黄土坡面反之;随降雨级别增大,黄壤坡面产流与降雨特征关系由无规律变为线性;时段降雨强度与黄壤坡面产沙呈指数关系,与黄土坡面呈幂函数关系;缺乏过程资料时,可采用M=0.54e011p预测黄壤坡面次降雨侵蚀量;降雨侵蚀力与产流产沙呈线性关系,单位降雨侵蚀力引起的产流产沙量黄壤坡面均小于黄土坡面;坡面产流与产沙均呈良好线性关系,产流量相近时,黄壤坡面产沙量略小于黄土坡面.研究结果表明黄壤坡面侵蚀量小于黄土坡面,但由于其土层薄,侵蚀程度仍十分严重,区域水土流失防治工作仍需加强.     

粗质地土壤坡度和前期含水量对土壤侵蚀的影响

利用野外模拟降雨试验,研究了粗质地土壤裸地和苜蓿地在不同坡度(5°,15°,25°)、不同前期含水量(低、中、高)条件下坡面降雨产流、产沙的过程及其特征,以此探究该区退耕还草效益。结果表明:3种坡度条件下裸地和苜蓿地的产流过程在不同前期含水量下均为先增大后趋于稳定,不同坡度之间的径流量差异不显著,但泥沙流失量随着坡度的增大而显著增加,在降雨过程中先增大达到峰值趋于稳定波动,裸地的波动幅度大于苜蓿地。2种处理的前期含水量对径流量以及平均入渗率的影响均达显著水平,裸地在相同的坡度下,前期含水量由低水平增加到中水平、低水平增加到高水平,径流量分别增加38.2%~52.8%,39.7%~42.8%,苜蓿地径流量分别增加27.3%~77.8%,45.5%~91.1%。坡度对泥沙流失量及含沙率影响显著,在相同的前期含水量下,裸地由5°增加到15°,15°增加到25°的泥沙流失量分别增加96.3%~268.7%,6.9%~40.3%,苜蓿地的泥沙流失量分别增加81.1%~384.2%,61.7%~169.9%。在相同坡度和前期含水量下,苜蓿地的径流量和泥沙流失量均显著低于裸地。研究结果表明粗质地土壤前期含水量和坡度显著影响坡地土壤侵蚀过程和总量,植被不但因为冠层拦截而减少径流,而且因为耗水量增加,降低了土壤前期含水量而减水减沙。     

不同尺度下冻融作用对东北黑土区产流产沙的影响

通过对东北黑土区坡面8年和小流域7年的降雨产流产沙过程观测,对比每年受冻融作用影响的降雨和其余不受冻融作用影响的降雨产流产沙的特征,研究冻融作用在坡面和小流域尺度上对东北黑土区产流产沙的影响,为东北黑土区在冻融作用下多尺度土壤侵蚀定量评价及其转换模型的建立提供科学依据。结果表明:冻融作用减小了坡面和小流域的产流,径流系数分别减小0.07和0.03,坡面产流延迟71.7%,而小流域无明显延迟。坡面和小流域土壤流失量、土壤可蚀性K值及含沙量均显著增加,更易在较小降雨侵蚀力下产生较大流失量;与不受冻融的降雨事件相比,受冻融影响的降雨事件因径流减弱,在相同降雨量下的侵蚀量低,而在相同径流深下的侵蚀量高。冻融作用在径流较小时对坡面细沟的发育及产沙影响明显,在径流较大时对小流域切沟中松散堆积物的搬运及产沙影响明显。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Effect of soil acidification on the soil microflora

The effects of short and long term acidification on a few Alberta soils were studied with respect to bacterial numbers and total soil respiration. Significant reductions in bacterial numbers were observed in both short and long term acidified soils. Total soil activity was severely affected in an acid soil (pH 3.0, longterm) adjacent to a S block. A soil (pH 6.8) 200 m away from this S block when artificially acidified to pH 2.9 significantly reduced soil activity but not as drastically as found in the long term pH 3.0 soil. A garden soil (pH 7.7) which was also acidified to pH 3.2 showed no significant reduction in total soil respiration rate as compared to its unacidified control soil. These acid soils when amended with organic substrates demonstrated that certain physiological groups of organisms were severely inhibited by this acid condition. The importance of examining more than one parameter when assessing the effect of a potential pollutant on soil activity is discussed.     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.     

新造雅阳系土壤养分变化的研究

随着城乡建设和经济发展的需要,征用耕地面积不断扩大。通过新造农田复垦在较短的时间内能实现耕地面积总量的动态平衡,但新造农田复垦达到耕地质量标准尚需较长的时间。本文以新造雅阳系3个不同耕作年限耕层土壤养分变化的分析研究,其结果表明,耕作年限在15年后,土壤有机质、速效P、速效K含量才能达到老雅阳系耕层土壤养分水平,即耕地质量标准,而全N含量存在着一定的差异。     

土壤调节剂对土壤物理性质的改善

Effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM),anionic polyacrylamide(PHP),cationic polyacrylamide(PCAM),non-ionic polyvinylalcohol(PVA),anionic hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile(HPAN)and polyethleneoxide(PEO)on the physical properties of three different soil stpes were studied.content of water-stable aggregates larger than 0.25mm increased to varying extents for different soils and soil conditioners,Among the six kinds of condiftioners,non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM) was the most effective for red soil while polyethyleneoxide(PEO)the least effective for Chao soil,red soil and yellow-brown soil.Water-stable aggregates with the molecular weight of PEO within a certain range.Only evaporation rate of Chao soil decreased after aplication of PAM and HPAN to Chao soil and red soil.     

黑土土壤水分反射光谱特征定量分析与预测

选择单一土类黑土作为研究对象, 并准确调配其不同含水量,实验室测定土壤高光谱反射率,利用光谱分析与统计方法,定量描述了不同含水量黑土反射光谱特征,并建立了黑土含水量反射光谱预测模型,结果表明,随土壤含水量的增加,达到一定阈值（300 g kg-1）,反射率存在过饱和现象,但其倒数对数微分可以有效去除饱和问题;土壤反射率倒数对数微分对土壤含水量的响应表现出三个变化阶段,导致1 870 nm波段的倒数对数微分也表现为非线性变化,需要利用分段函数进行土壤含水量的光谱精确速测。