施肥对I-107杨树人工林土壤根际效应的影响

 通过研究施用有机肥、化学肥料和生物菌肥对I-107杨树人工林根际和非根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响,分析土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量的关系。研究结果表明:不同种类肥料使用后3个月,林地根际土壤和非根际土壤微生物总量均有显著增长,其中有机肥处理土壤微生物数量增长幅度最大,菌肥处理最小。施肥处理显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性,但尿素和菌肥处理土壤多酚氧化酶活性降低。施用有机肥处理对土壤微生物和土壤酶根际效应值影响最明显,菌肥处理影响最小。尿素处理土壤pH值高于对照,有机肥和菌肥处理小于对照,但不同处理间土壤pH值的根际效应值差异性不明显。土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性之间存在一定的相关性,其中:土壤脲酶活性与好气性纤维素分解菌之间、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与氨化细菌、真菌、放线菌、亚硝酸细菌之间,土壤过氧化氢酶与好气性纤维素分解菌、真菌、放线菌之间相关性显著。     

酸性黄壤铅污染下植物根际微生物和酶活性研究

采用盆栽试验研究了酸性黄壤铅污染下4种草本植物根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的变化。结果表明:植物根际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌对铅污染的响应因植物根系环境的不同而有所区别:4种植物根际土壤中细菌和真菌数量增加,但增幅不一致。黑麦草和早熟禾根际土壤放线菌数量降低,翦股颖根际土壤放线菌数量呈现波动起伏。4种植物根际土壤中过氧化氢酶活性、淀粉酶活性和中性磷酸酶活性与土壤铅含量都表现出负相关性,与淀粉酶活性负相关达到极显著,铅对黑麦草和狗牙根根际土壤脲酶活性表现出低浓度下激活高浓度下抑制,早熟禾和翦股颖根际土壤脲酶活性与土壤铅含量表现出正相关性。     

酸性黄壤铅污染下植物根际微生物和酶活性研究

采用盆栽试验研究了酸性黄壤铅污染下4种草本植物根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的变化。结果表明：植物根际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌对铅污染的响应因植物根系环境的不同而有所区别：4种植物根际土壤中细菌和真菌数量增加,但增幅不一致。黑麦草和早熟禾根际土壤放线菌数量降低,翦股颖根际土壤放线菌数量呈现波动起伏。4种植物根际土壤中过氧化氢酶活性、淀粉酶活性和中性磷酸酶活性与土壤铅含量都表现出负相关性,与淀粉酶活性负相关达到极显著,铅对黑麦草和狗牙根根际土壤脲酶活性表现出低浓度下激活高浓度下抑制,早熟禾和翦股颖根际土壤脲酶活性与土壤铅含量表现出正相关性。     

豆科牧草根际土壤脲酶活性的研究

研究结果表明:土壤脲酶活性与养分含量呈极显著相关,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标;脲酶活性的垂直分布随土层深度而递减;土壤脲酶活性数量随作物生长与根系生物量的增强而增加,与土壤微生物数量显著相关;根际土壤脲酶活性高于近根际土壤;不同种类豆科牧草,根际土壤脲酶活性存在明显差异。深根豆科牧草苜蓿、草木樨可留给深层土壤大量根系残留物,从而有利于提高土壤深层脲酶活性与综合供肥能力。     

断根和施肥对杨树人工林根际土壤肥力及生物学特性的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了不同的断根和施肥措施对I-107杨树人工林根际养分、微生物数量及酶活性的影响。结果表明:相同处理的杨树林地根际土壤pH均低于非根际土壤,而有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效铜和有效锌的含量均高于非根际土壤;与其它处理相比,断根施肥处理的根际土和非根际土壤速效养分含量最高,差异达显著水平;与对照相比,断根施肥处理显著提高了林地土壤的脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,而施肥未断根处理少量增加了此5种土壤酶活性,断根未施肥处理则降低了土壤酶的活性。各处理林地土壤微生物数量大小次序为:断根施肥>施肥未断根>断根未施肥>对照。由此可得出,施肥和断根措施相结合可有效改善根系土壤环境,提高林地土壤肥力。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型林地土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

通过对陕西吴起县黄土沟壑区退耕还林地不同林分(沙棘、刺槐、油松、小叶杨)根际与非根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物特征进行研究,比较4种典型林分及退耕草地“根际效应”及根际对养分的截留效应,评价根际效应对土壤特性产生不同改良效果,为黄土沟壑区退耕地人工林科学选择造林树种提供理论支持。研究表明:1根际与非根际土壤中有机质含量、有效磷含量、碱解氮含量和速效钾含量表现出显著差异,有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量均呈现明显的根际聚集现象。2根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性总体高于非根际,仅油松样地中过氧化氢酶活性和小叶杨样地中脲酶活性根际低于非根际。3根际土壤中脲酶活性与细菌和真菌数量相关性达到显著水平,过氧化氢酶活性与真菌相关性达到显著水平;有机质含量与细菌、放线菌数量和脲酶活性相关性达到显著水平;碱解氮、有效磷含量均与细菌、真菌数量和脲酶活性相关性达到显著水平。在非根际土壤中,土壤养分含量与土壤微生物、土壤酶活性的相关性明显降低。4从土壤肥力综合水平看,根际土壤肥力水平综合得分总体上大于非根际土壤,其中根际土壤中沙棘小叶杨油松刺槐草地。沙棘能大幅度提高土壤肥力,具有较好的土壤改良效果。     

NaCl+Na_2SO_4胁迫对甜菜根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

为了探究NaCl+Na_2SO_4胁迫下甜菜根际环境的变化,选用KWS0143和Beta464 2个品种为材料,在盆栽条件下,将Na Cl和Na_2SO_4以摩尔比2∶1混合,按Na占土壤质量百分比为0、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%(S0、S2、S3和S4)设置4个处理,研究不同程度盐胁迫对甜菜根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,胁迫处理下根际土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量差异显著,细菌(18.19×10~5~176.23×10~5CFU·g~(-1))放线菌(7.08×10~5~35.18×10~5CFU·g~(-1))真菌(0.18×10~5~0.98×10~5CFU·g~(-1))。同一取样时期,各处理之间比较,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性和微生物总量均是S3最高;2个品种的根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性在取样后期差异均显著,KWS0143高于Beta464。相关分析表明,脲酶活性与细菌数量和微生物总量,过氧化氢酶活性与放线菌数量均呈显著正相关。由此可见,一定量的盐胁迫有利于提高甜菜根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性。本研究为调控盐渍土甜菜生长提供了理论依据。     

银北盐碱区植物根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落特征

开展盐碱区耐盐植物根际微生物群落多样性研究,对于盐碱土壤的植被恢复和生态修复具有重要意义。运用Biolog微平板技术,对宁夏银北盐碱区6种耐盐植物根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落代谢功能多样性进行研究。结果表明:不同植物根际土壤理化性质和酶活性存在一定的差异。与裸地相比,6种植物能显著提高盐碱地土壤酶活性,苜蓿根际土壤三种酶活性显著高于其他植物。土壤平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随培养时间的延长而逐渐增加,大小顺序依次为苜蓿(MX)、芨芨草(JJC)、柽柳(CL)、柳枝稷(LZJ)、苦豆子(KDZ)、枸杞(GQ)和裸地土壤(CK),根际土壤与盐碱裸地土壤之间差异显著(P0.05)。土壤微生物群落香农指数、辛普森指数和麦金塔指数均以苜蓿根际土壤最高,芨芨草次之,二者较其他土壤差异显著(P0.05)。不同植物根际土壤微生物碳源利用能力存在差异,苜蓿根际土壤微生物的利用率显著高于其他土壤(P0.05),碳水化合物类是根际土壤微生物的主要碳源,其次为氨基酸类和羧酸类,胺类的利用率最小。主成分分析显示,对PC1和PC2起分异作用的主要碳源为碳水化合物类和羧酸类。综合各项指标,均表现为植物根际土壤优于盐碱裸地,其中苜蓿和芨芨草能显著提高土壤微生物群落功能多样性,对盐碱地根际微环境的养分循环具有积极意义。     

秦岭火地塘林区森林根际微生物及其土壤生化特性研究

对秦岭林区几种主要林型根际土壤微生物的测定分析表明根际微生物数量表现为油松—华山松混交林＞落叶松林＞锐齿栎—油松混交林,且以细菌数量为主。同一林型微生物状况为根际＞非根际,干基根区＞干基非根区,且不同林分差异显著。微生物的数量分布与土壤酶活性、有机质含量、土壤养分状况等强弱呈正相关关系。     

不同林龄杉木根际与非根际土壤微生物群落特征

为探究中亚热带杉木土壤微生物群落随林龄变化特征,以中亚热带7,24,34 a生杉木人工林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法分析其根际和非根际土壤微生物数量和群落结构及驱动土壤微生物变化的主要土壤环境因子。结果表明:随着杉木林龄的增长,非根际土壤各类微生物数量不断减少,根际土壤微生物数量不断增加,34 a生杉木人工林细菌含量、革兰氏阴性菌含量、Cy:MONO根际土壤显著高于非根际土壤,而其他各类微生物在根际和非根际土壤间均没有显著差异。相关分析和冗余分析结果表明:土壤环境因子对杉木土壤微生物群落有显著影响,其中有效磷和铵态氮含量对土壤微生物群落的影响较大,有效磷含量与土壤微生物群落呈正相关,土壤铵态氮含量与其呈负相关。因此,在杉木人工林管理过程中,可适当增加磷的输入,以增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤质量,促进杉木的生长。     

Growth, P uptake and rhizosphere properties of intercropped wheat and chickpea in soil amended with iron phosphate or phytate

Intercropping has been shown to increase total yield and nutrient uptake compared to monocropping. However, depending on crop combinations, one crop may dominate and decrease the growth of the other. Interactions in the soil, especially in the rhizosphere, may be important in the interactions between intercropped plant genotypes. To assess the role of the rhizosphere interactions, we intercropped a P-inefficient wheat genotype (Janz) with either the P-efficient wheat genotype (Goldmark) or chickpea in a soil with low P availability amended with 100 mg P kg⁻¹ as FePO₄ (FeP) or phytate. The plants were grown for 10 weeks in pots where the roots of the genotypes could intermingle (no barrier, NB), were separated by a 30 μm mesh (mesh barrier, MB), preventing direct root contact but allowing exchange of diffusible compounds and microorganisms, or were completely separated by a solid barrier (SB). When supplied with FeP, Janz intercropped with chickpea had higher shoot and grain dry weight (dw) and greater plant P uptake in NB and MB than in SB. Contact with roots of Janz increased shoot, grain and root dw, root length, shoot P concentration and shoot P uptake of chickpea compared to SB. Root contact between the two wheat genotypes, Janz and Goldmark, had no effect on growth and P uptake of Janz. Shoot and total P uptake by Goldmark were significantly increased in NB compared to MB or SB. In both crop combinations, root contact significantly increased total plant dw and P uptake per pot. Plant growth and P uptake were lower with phytate and not significantly affected by barrier treatment. Differences in microbial P, available P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere among genotypes and barrier treatments were generally small. Root contact changed microbial community structure (assessed by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis) and all crops had similar rhizosphere microbial community structure when their roots intermingled.     

降解菌HD接种和非接种根围土壤中丁草胺的降解动力学研究

测定了小麦、棉花、水稻和玉米根围土壤和非根围土壤中丁草胺的降解特征和降解菌变化动态。结果表明,种植作物丰富了土壤微生物,根围土壤丰富的微生物对丁草胺的降解具有显著的促进作用。根围土壤中丁草胺的降解是非根围土壤的1.63～2.34倍,相应的半衰期缩短为非根围土壤的 42.2％～72.8％。根围土壤接种处理后这种促进作用得到进一步加强,其降解速率是非根围土壤的1.68～2.83倍,半衰期为非根围土壤的34.4％～59.4％。试验结果表明,作物根围是丁草胺残留快速降解的微环境,作物根围接种处理可以强化丁草胺残留的微生物降解。     

Growth,P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of soil type on growth, P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability. Two wheat (Goldmark and Janz) and two canola genotypes (Drum and Outback) were grown in a calcareous soil (pH 8.5) at two P levels [no P addition (0P) or addition of 200 mg kg⁻¹ P as Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (200P)] and harvested at flowering or maturity. Shoot and root dry weight, root length and shoot P content were greater in the two canola genotypes than in wheat. There were no consistent differences in available P, microbial P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of the different genotypes. Shoot P content was significantly positively correlated with root length, pH and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere. The microbial community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester analysis, of the canola genotypes differed strongly from that of the wheat genotypes. The weight percentage bacterial fatty acids, the bacteria/fungi (b/f) ratio and the diversity of fatty acids were greater in the rhizosphere of the canolas than in the rhizosphere of the wheat genotypes. In contrast to the earlier studies in an acidic soil, only small differences in growth and P uptake between the genotypes of one crop were detected in the alkaline soil used here. The results confirmed the importance of root length for P uptake in soils with low P availability and suggest that the rhizosphere microbial community composition may play a role in the better growth of the canola compared to the wheat genotypes.     

磷供应对玉米根际微生物碳源利用和功能多样性的影响

磷有效性能够改变根分泌物的组成和数量,调节土壤微生物的群落结构和多样性,但磷添加如何影响土壤微生物碳源利用和功能多样性尚不清楚。本研究通过盆栽土培试验,设置2个磷处理[低磷5.7 mg(P)?kg?1和高磷200 mg(P)?kg?1],以生长35 d的玉米根际土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog微平板法,分别在培养后240 h内每隔24 h检测具有31种不同碳源的微孔溶液颜色变化,揭示磷供应对玉米根际微生物碳源利用模式和功能多样性的影响。结果表明:随着培养时间的延长,土壤微生物对土壤碳源的利用呈现增加的趋势,直至碳源消耗殆尽;高磷供应显著增加了玉米根际土壤微生物群落平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD),提高了对糖类及其衍生物、氨基酸和代谢产物的利用,但没有显著提高对脂肪酸和脂类的利用;在培养前72 h内,高磷供应显著增加了玉米根际微生物多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数,但培养72 h后,磷供应对其没有显著的影响。主成分分析结果表明,提取的前3个主成分解释了75.15%的碳源利用,高磷和低磷处理具有显著不同的土壤微生物碳源利用模式。总之,糖类及其衍生物、氨基酸和代谢产物是玉米根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源,短期磷添加能够显著增加土壤微生物对碳源的利用,在一定程度上能够提高土壤微生物群落功能多样性。     

Distribution of phosphatase activity and various bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of Hordeum vulgare L. depending on P availability

Despite the importance of the rhizosphere for nutrient turnover, little is known about the spatial patterns of organic phosphorus mineralization by plants and by microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Therefore, the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity and the abundance of bacteria belonging to various bacterial phyla were investigated in the rhizosphere of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as dependent on the availability of inorganic P. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with barley growing in inclined boxes that can be opened to the bottom side (rhizoboxes), and applied soil zymography and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). Acid phosphatase activity was strongly associated with the root and was highest at the root tips. Due to P fertilization, acid phosphatase activity decreased in the bulk soil, and less strongly in the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity, i.e., microbial phosphatase activity was high throughout the soil in the control treatment and was reduced due to inorganic P fertilization especially in the rhizosphere and less strongly in the bulk soil. P-fertilization slightly increased the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Moreover, P-fertilization decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundances of Beta- and Gamma-Proteobacteria. The total number of bacterial cells was significantly higher at the root surface than at the root tip and at a distance of 30 μm from the root surface. Our results show that alkaline phosphatase activity decreased more strongly in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil due to P fertilization, which might be because of greater C deficiency in the bulk soil compared to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the results indicate a spatial separation between hotspots of acid phosphatase activity and hotspots of bacteria in the rhizosphere of H. vulgare. Taken together, our study shows that bacteria and phosphatase activity were very heterogeneously distributed in soil, and that the effects of P fertilization on phosphatase activity differed strongly between bulk soil and rhizosphere as well as between various zones of the rhizosphere.     

Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms isolated from rhizosphere of maize cultivated in an oxisol of the Brazilian Cerrado Biome

Many soil microorganisms are able to transform insoluble forms of phosphorus to an accessible soluble form, contributing to plant nutrition as plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM). The objective of this work was to isolate, screen and evaluate the phosphate solubilization activity of microorganisms in maize rhizosphere soil to manage soil microbial communities and to select potential microbial inoculants. Forty-five of the best isolates from 371 colonies were isolated from rhizosphere soil of maize grown in an oxisol of the Cerrado Biome with P deficiency. These microorganisms were selected based on the solubilization efficiency of inorganic and organic phosphate sources in a modified Pikovskaya's liquid medium culture containing sodium phytate (phytic acid), soybean lecithin, aluminum phosphate (AlPO₄), and tricalcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂). The isolates were identified based on nucleotide sequence data from the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for bacteria and actinobacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA for fungi. Bacteria produced the greatest solubilization in medium containing tricalcium phosphate. Strains B17 and B5, identified as Bacillus sp. and Burkholderia sp., respectively, were the most effective, mobilizing 67% and 58.5% of the total P (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) after 10 days, and were isolated from the rhizosphere of the P efficient L3 maize genotype, under P stress. The fungal population was the most effective in solubilizing P sources of aluminum, phytate, and lecithin. A greater diversity of P-solubilizing microorganisms was observed in the rhizosphere of the P efficient maize genotypes suggesting that the P efficiency in these cultivars may be related to the potential to enhance microbial interactions of P-solubilizing microorganisms.     

黄腐酸肥料对小麦根际土壤微生物多样性和酶活性的影响

目的研究不同用量黄腐酸肥料对根际土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响,为黄腐酸肥料的研究与应用提供理论依据。方法以小麦为试验作物进行了盆栽试验。黄腐酸肥料的施用量 (含黄腐酸20.6%) 为0、2、6、10 g/kg,除CK外其他处理施等量复合肥 (N?P₂O₅?K₂O 15–10–20),种子薄覆土壤后,再施入处理所需黄腐酸肥料。小麦播种40天后,采集小麦根际土壤,采用稀释平板涂抹法测定了土壤微生物种群数量,Biolog-Eco生态板测定了微生物功能多样性,常规方法测定了相关土壤酶活性。结果黄腐酸肥料施用量为0、2 g/kg时小麦种子发芽率均为100%,而施用黄腐酸肥料6、10 g/kg时,种子发芽率分别为97%、91%,四个处理间差异不显著。施用黄腐酸肥料,土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量显著增加,在黄腐酸肥料施用量为6 g/kg 时达到最大值。施用黄腐酸肥料对四种土壤酶的活性均有促进作用,尤其对过氧化氢酶活性的促进作用最为显著。当黄腐酸肥料的施用量为10 g/kg时,小麦根际土壤中脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性均达到最大值。施用黄腐酸肥料6、10 g/kg,土壤微生物的总体活性,物种的丰富度和均匀度、群落的多样性以及根际土壤微生物呼吸强度显著增加,施用10 g/kg黄腐酸肥料时效果最佳。结论在40天的试验周期内,施用黄腐酸肥料能有效增加土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,显著改善微生物群体功能,增加脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性。但是,只有在黄腐酸肥料施用量达6 g/kg后才有显著的效果。     

氮素营养水平对小麦根际微生物及土壤酶活性的影响

在大田高产栽培条件下．研究了不同施氮水平对豫麦49-198根际微生物和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：豫麦49-198根系土壤蛋白酶活性和脲酶活性随生育时期推进均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势．蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性分别在拔节期和返青期达到最大值。在同一生育时期内，随着施氮水平的提高，蛋白酶活性呈先增加后降低的变化趋势．其中以N2（180kg／hm^2）处理的蛋白酶活性最高，但N4（360kg／hm^2）处理的蛋白酶活性仍大于对照N1（0kg／hm^2）；脲酶活性随施氮水平的提高呈上升趋势．以N4（360kg／hm^2）处理的脲酶活性最大。根际微生物总量随生育时期推进呈先增加后下降的趋势，在孕穗期达到最大值．开花期略有降低；在同一生育时期．随着施氨水平的提高，根际微生物数量呈先增加后下降的趋势，以N3（270kg／hm^2）处理的根际微生物总量最高．且各处理之间的差异都达到了显著水平。     

Bacterial diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) rhizosphere in response to salinity, soil pH, and boron

Soil salinity is a major factor relating microbial communities to environmental stress in the microbial selection process as stress can reduce bacterial diversity. In the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California, the problem of increasing salinity and consequently, decreasing crop productivity, due to reuse of saline drainage water are major concerns. An experiment was conducted in a closed, recirculating volumetric lysimeter system (VLS) consisting of 24 experimental plant growth units to determine the interactive effects of salinity, boron and pH on rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbial composition of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Seminis Turbo hybrid). Plants in the VLS were irrigated from individual reservoirs containing a modified half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution combined with salinity, boron (B), and pH treatments. The results indicated that salinity and pH were the most influential factors affecting the growth of plants and the effect of boron on the plant was more severe under slightly acidic conditions. Total bacterial DNA was extracted from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere samples, and a 236-bp DNA fragment in the V3 region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of eubacteria was amplified. The 16S rRNA and the products were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing. Analyses of bacterial diversity showed that the effects of salinity, boron, and pH were more severe on the rhizosphere bacterial population during the first week of growing cucumber, with decreasing impacts with plant growth. However, there was no salinity-B-pH interaction effects on plant biomass, but the effects were seen in the number of heterotrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere and on species richness and diversity during week seven of the study. These suggest that the effects of salinity-B-pH interactions may influence microorganisms first before plants and may pose long term effects on soil quality.