食用明胶的酶解及其酶解物的甲醛捕获特性研究

以氨基含量为响应值,通过Box-Behnken中心组合试验对碱性蛋白酶酶解食用明胶的工艺条件进行优化,并进一步研究明胶酶解物的甲醛捕获特性.结果表明:(1)碱性蛋白酶酶解食用明胶的最佳工艺条件为:加酶量2667U·g-1,温度61℃,pH值8.0,时间180min,在此条件下,所得酶解液的氨基含量为0.277mol·L-1.(2)酶解物能捕获甲醛,其甲醛捕获率受酶解物浓度、反应温度、反应时间及pH值的显著影响,与酶解物浓度、反应温度和反应时间呈正相关,碱性环境有利于酶解物对甲醛的捕获.100℃反应1h,1％浓度酶解物的甲醛捕获率在pH值为7时达51.09％,pH值为9时高达82.77％.     

响应面法优化带鱼下脚料酶解物螯合锌的制备工艺

为优化带鱼下脚料酶解物和锌离子的螯合工艺条件,以带鱼加工下脚料为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计和响应面分析法,探讨酶解物与硫酸锌的质量比、酶解物浓度、p H、反应温度、反应时间等因素对酶解物锌螯合反应的影响。结果表明,带鱼下脚料酶解物螯合锌的最适条件为:质量比4.5∶1,p H值6.0,酶解物浓度4%,反应温度50℃,反应时间40 min,在此条件下螯合率达到84.16%,与模型预测值相符。该螯合工艺反应条件温和,锌螯合率高。本研究为锌螯合物的制备以及带鱼下脚料的高值化利用提供了理论依据。     

不同海拔蔗区土壤有机质、全氮含量和pH值特征

为明确海拔高度对云南省山地甘蔗土壤有机质、全氮及p H的变化影响,研究了云南省甘蔗种植面积最大的地级市——临沧市甘蔗生产区1 740份土壤样品的有机质、全氮含量和p H值的差异。结果表明:土壤有机质和海拔呈极显著相关关系(γ=0.156**,p0.01),随海拔升高而增加;土壤全氮含量、p H值与海拔无显著相关关系,不随海拔升高而增加。临沧市蔗地土壤有机质含量平均为25.6 g·kg~(-1),变幅为0.3 g·kg~(-1)~79.1 g·kg~(-1),变异系数为41%;土壤全氮平均含量为0.120 g·kg~(-1),变幅0.117 g·kg~(-1)~0.122 g·kg~(-1),变异系数为44%;土壤p H值平均5.3,变幅3.6~8.6,变异系数15%。     

酶解牦牛血发酵液制备抗氧化肽工艺优化

为进一步提高牦牛血枯草芽胞杆菌发酵液多肽含量,对牦牛血发酵液进行酶解,以酶解液的·OH清除率、多肽含量为主要指标,筛选酶解发酵液的最适蛋白酶,通过单因素和响应面试验优化酶解工艺,并对比菌酶联合制备产物与发酵液体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解发酵液最佳条件为:酶解时间3 h、p H值9.5、酶解温度60℃和酶底比190 U·g-1,此条件下制备得到酶解液多肽含量为5.52mg·mL~(-1),较发酵液提高2.39倍。菌酶联合制备产物对·O2-及脂质过氧化的IC50分别为6.22、4.87mg·mL~(-1),发酵法制备产物对·O2-及脂质过氧化的IC50分别为8.42、11.71 mg·mL~(-1),且菌酶联合制备产物的还原力优于发酵制备产物。因此,菌酶联合制备牦牛血抗氧化肽法优于传统单一发酵法。本研究结果对提高牦牛血抗氧化肽得率,增加牦牛产品附加值具有重要的意义。     

甘肃九甸峡移民区土壤养分分布特征

针对甘肃省九甸峡移民区新垦耕地土壤板结、盐碱含量高、土壤肥力低及种植作物出苗率差等问题,本研究以九甸峡移民区开垦400 hm2土地为研究对象,采用GPS定位,网格采样法,以500 m为间隔,采集了56个耕层(0～30 cm)土样,对其土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾、盐分及p H等进行了测定,应用Surfer8. 0软件对其克里格插值,以全国第二次土壤普查技术规程规定的养分分级标准为依据,对其养分丰缺进行评价。结果表明:九甸峡移民区土壤有机质含量变化在3. 58～13. 7 g·kg~(-1)之间,全氮含量变化在0. 29～0. 79 g·kg~(-1)之间,碱解氮含量变化在40. 6～165 mg·kg~(-1)之间,全磷含量变化在0. 01～0. 42 g·kg~(-1)之间,速效磷含量变化在0. 02～6. 0 mg·kg~(-1)之间,全钾含量变化在14. 3～23. 6 g·kg~(-1)之间,速效钾含量变化在62. 0～659 mg·kg~(-1)之间,土壤盐分含量变化在2. 0～19. 9 g·kg~(-1)之间,p H值变化在7. 20～8. 74之间。土壤碱解氮和全钾接近正态分布,有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾及盐分是正偏(不对称,右偏),且具有比正态分布曲线更尖峭的峰态,而p H呈现负偏(左偏)。从变异系数来看,除p H的变异系数小于10%,属于弱变异之外,其余各指标均属中等变异(10%CV 100%)。该区92. 9%的土壤有机质处于较缺的范畴,98. 2%的土壤全氮、全磷处于较缺和极缺的范畴,28. 6%的土壤全钾处于缺的范畴,19. 6%的土壤碱解氮较缺,82. 1%的土壤速效磷处于极缺的范畴,11. 6%的土壤速效钾处于缺的范畴,中度以上盐渍化土壤占96. 4%。这一研究结果为移民区土壤培肥和改良提供一定的科学依据。     

25年来褐土区土壤养分演变特征

褐土是中国小麦与玉米产区的重要土壤类型之一。为了探明我国褐土养分和肥力的演变特征,科学合理地指导褐土施肥,本研究分析了1988-2013年间褐土中的有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量以及土壤p H值演变特征,并运用主成分分析法(PCA)分析了6个肥力指标对褐土综合肥力的作用和影响。结果表明,褐土有效磷含量从8.8 mg·kg~(-1)上升到30.9mg·kg~(-1),显著上升(P0.05)。土壤速效钾含量从监测初期70.75 mg·kg~(-1)上升到162.20 mg·kg~(-1),显著增加(P0.05)。土壤p H值下降了0.35个单位(P0.05),土壤有机质和全氮含量也显著增加(P0.05)。褐土肥力主要贡献因子为有机质、全氮和碱解氮。褐土区土壤养分含量基本呈上升趋势,说明土壤肥力总体上得到了改善。土壤有机质和全氮含量是褐土区农业生产和可持续发展的重要影响因素,加大有机肥的投入,对提高褐土的综合肥力具有重要意义。     

宁夏青铜峡农耕土壤硒含量分布特征及其影响因素分析

通过对青铜峡市农耕表层土壤和水稻全硒含量的测定,分析了青铜峡市农耕土壤硒含量分布特征及水稻子实硒含量影响因素。结果表明,表层土壤硒元素含量在0.057～0.95 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为0.226 mg·kg-1,83.55%的农耕土壤达到足硒水平(0.175～0.40 mg·kg~(-1)),其中连湖农场土壤硒元素含量均值最高,树新林场最低。不同土壤类型土壤硒元素含量表现为灌淤土潮土粗骨土盐土灰钙土新积土。相关分析结果表明,影响研究区土壤硒元素含量的因素主要是土壤p H、有机质、铁氧化物、锰和CEC。此外,水稻子实硒含量不只受土壤全硒含量的影响,而且与土壤p H、有机质等因素密切相关。     

海伦黑土有机碳和养分含量30年变化特征

黑土是支撑东北地区粮食高产稳产的基础。近年来黑土质量退化、肥力下降,已严重威胁粮食的可持续生产能力。土壤有机碳和养分含量的演变特征是评价土壤肥力变化的重要指标。本文以位于黑土带腹地、具有代表典型黑土的海伦市为例,结合第二次全国土壤普查资料和实际调查数据,系统分析了30年来农田黑土有机碳和养分的变化规律及其相互关系,为改善黑土农田管理措施提供科学依据。结果表明,与80年代相比,黑土农田表层土壤有机碳含量下降了12%,其中厚层黑土下降幅度最大(22%)。土壤养分也呈现不同的变化趋势,表层黑土碱解氮和速效钾分别下降了33%和43%,有效磷增加了48%。碱解氮在厚层、中层和薄层黑土中的下降速率分别为3.25 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1),2.24 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1)和1.64 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1);速效钾的下降速率分别为4.11 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1),3.53 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1)和4.68 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1);不同类型黑土有效磷含量略有增加,增加速率分别为0.14 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1),0.53 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1)和0.22 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1)。相关性分析显示,土壤有机碳与碱解氮和速效钾含量显著正相关,与有效磷相关性不显著。针对当前黑土农田土壤碳和养分状况,应采取固碳、减磷、补钾和提高氮肥利用率的管理措施。     

西北半干旱地区玉米土壤养分丰缺指标研究

对会宁县全膜双垄沟播玉米2007~2010年开展的"3414"田间肥效试验结果进行统计分析,研究了土壤有效养分含量与玉米相对产量之间的相关性,初步建立半干旱地区全膜双垄沟播玉米的土壤养分丰缺指标。结果表明,会宁县土壤碱解氮含量分3个等级,分别为低(43mg·kg~(-1))、较低(43~73mg·kg~(-1))和中(73~125mg·kg~(-1));土壤有效磷含量分5个等级,分别为低(7mg·kg~(-1))、较低(7~15mg·kg~(-1))、中(15~28mg·kg~(-1))、较高(28~35mg·kg~(-1))和高(35mg·kg~(-1));土壤速效钾含量分4个等级,分别为较低(119~172mg·kg~(-1))、中(172~250mg·kg~(-1))、较高(250~283mg·kg~(-1))、高(283mg·kg~(-1))。利用肥料效应函数,结合目标产量计算出不同肥力水平区间的推荐施肥量,每公顷半干旱区全膜双垄沟播玉米随地力等级从低到高以施N 266.1~185.1kg、P_2O_5132.2~95.1kg、K_2O 70~47.7kg,氮:磷:钾=1:0.62~0.43:0.38~0.25为宜。     

超声辅助竹节虾头酶解及抗氧化肽分离研究

为了实现竹节虾加工副产物的高值化利用,以竹节虾加工废弃物中的虾头副产物为原料,以水解度和DPPH清除率作为评价指标,采用中性蛋白酶酶解,通过响应面法优化超声辅助酶解工艺,并依次通过超滤、凝胶层析色谱和反相高效液相色谱等分离方法,从竹节虾虾头酶解产物中分离制备抗氧化肽,采用超高压液相色谱串联质谱联用技术对肽的结构进行表征。结果表明,在中性蛋白酶添加量为3 000 U·g~(-1)、p H值7.0条件下,最佳超声辅助酶解工艺参数为超声时间41 min,超声温度55℃,超声频率22 k Hz,料液比1∶9(w/v),在此条件下获得的酶解产物DPPH清除率达69.50%。当水解时间为0.5~2.5 h时,超声辅助酶解的酶解产物水解度和DPPH清除率比非超声辅助酶解工艺分别高17.95%和18.83%,该工艺缩短了酶解时间,节约了能耗。酶解产物经超滤初步分离发现,相对分子质量在3k Da(SHP4)的组分具有显著的抗氧化活性。用凝胶层析法进一步分离纯化SHP4组分后得到4个峰,其中SHP4-II的DPPH清除率最高;SHP4-II通过反相高效液相纯化后也得到4个主要肽峰,在多肽含量为1.5 mg·m L~(-1)时,SHP4-II-4的DPPH清除率最高,达到85.69%,并且具有较好的分离度,质谱分析发现,该抗氧化肽的结构为Gly-Asn-Gly-Leu-Pro(455.99 Da)。本研究结果为虾肽抗氧化保健食品的研发提供了一定的科学依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.