烤烟中微量营养元素含量与物理特性的关系探讨

通过分析我国2010—2014年C3F等级的初烤烟叶中6种中微量营养元素(Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn,Ca和Mg)含量与烟叶厚度、叶面密度、平衡含水率、拉力、填充值和含梗率6项物理特性指标以及物理特性总分间相关性,得到如下主要结论:(1)烟叶厚度和叶面密度与Mn和Zn含量呈极显著负相关关系,与Ca和Mg含量呈极显著正相关关系。(2)Zn和Mg对烟叶的物理特性指标影响最大,其中Zn主要影响烟叶厚度、叶面密度、拉力等指标;Mg主要影响烟叶厚度、叶面密度等指标。(3)Ca含量越高,烟叶越厚,但填充性能越差,过高的Ca含量会降低烟叶的吸湿性能。     

湖南浓香型烤烟烟碱含量与物理性状的回归分析

为研究烤烟烟碱含量与物理性状的的定量关系,对湖南浓香型烟区烤烟样本的烟碱和物理性状进行检测鉴定,并对烟碱与各项物理性状进行回归分析。结果表明:各项指标中变异系数从大到小排序为:烟碱单叶重=叶质重叶厚叶宽=开片度含梗率=平衡含水率叶长;单叶重、叶厚、叶质重与烟碱含量呈显著正相关;开片度、平衡含水率与烟碱含量呈显著负相关;叶长与烟碱含量可用二次函数y=-49.2917x2+1.5595x-49.2917来描述,且达显著水平;叶宽、含梗率对烟碱的影响较小。该研究结果为丰富烟质量评价理论及湖南浓香型优质烟叶开发提供参考。     

光照条件对烤烟叶片理化指标和致香物质含量的影响

为明确光照条件对烤烟生长和品质的影响,在四川中海拔烟区通过对盆栽烤烟全生育期进行人工遮光,设置5个光照水平即自然光(T1)、60%自然光(T2)、40%自然光(T3)、20%自然光(T4)和10%自然光(T5),比较分析了不同光照条件下烤烟叶片理化成分和致香物质含量等指标的差异。结果表明:随着光照条件从自然光逐级减至10%,烤烟叶片表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度逐渐降低,烤后烟叶单叶重、厚度、叶质重逐渐降低,叶片含梗率逐渐增加,对叶片平衡含水率的影响不显著;烤后烟叶总糖和还原糖含量逐渐降低,总氮、烟碱、钾和氯含量有不同程度的增加;叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素、类胡萝卜素总量、部分中性致香成分含量和总量呈增加趋势。研究结果可为中高海拔烟区烟草种植布局和特色烟叶形成机理提供理论依据。     

基于主成分分析的杂交稻芽种物理特性评价研究

杂交稻芽种物理特性研究评价与水稻机械化生产密切相关。为对杂交稻芽种物理特性进行系统研究及科学评价,该文以华南稻区常用的杂交稻芽种为试验样品,分别测定其含水率、千粒质量、滑动摩擦角、休止角α、休止角β、芽长、三轴算术平均粒径及硬度8个物理特性指标参数,并运用主成分分析法简化物理特性指标,构架科学的量化评价体系,得到每种样品的综合得分。结果表明,样品的各个物理特性指标参数差异明显,各物理特性指标之间存在不同程度的相关性。千粒质量与休止角α和休止角β呈显著正相关;三轴算术平均粒径与休止角α和休止角β呈显著正相关;休止角α与休止角β呈显著正相关;千粒质量与含水率、三轴算术平均粒径及滑动摩擦角呈正相关;含水率与芽长呈正相关;硬度与休止角α呈正相关;芽长与休止角α、休止角β和三轴算术平均粒径呈正相关。采用主成分分析法提取前3个主成分因子,累计贡献率达到80%以上,能够代表原来8个物理特性指标中的绝大部分信息,具有较好的代表性与客观性。结合试验结果初步确定9种杂交稻芽种样品物理特性的评价等级划分标准,对其做出了适当评价。采用聚类综合分析法对样品物理特性综合得分进行分析研究,9种杂交稻芽种被聚合为5类,各杂交稻芽种样品间物理特性有差异。本研究基于主成分分析法对杂交稻芽种物理特性进行评价,为杂交稻芽种物理特性的科学评价提供一种新思路,同时为水稻精密排种器作业参数的设计优化提供数据依据。     

麦饭石肥料施用量对来凤雪茄烟叶品质的影响

分析麦饭石肥料施用量对来凤雪茄烟叶品质的影响,为来凤雪茄烟施肥调控提供理论参考,并为开发当地丰富的麦饭石肥料资源提供可利用途径。以印尼BES NO H382为供试品种,设置低、中、高(450、900、1350 kg/hm²)3个施肥梯度,研究了3个施肥梯度下麦饭石肥料对雪茄烟农艺性状、物理特性、常规化学成分、矿质元素含量、中性致香物质及感官评吸的影响。结果表明:合理施用麦饭石肥料使株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、最大叶面积等农艺性状指标显著提高;单叶重、叶片厚度等物理指标显著提高,含梗率显著降低;钾含量及矿物质含量明显提高;烟叶的香气质、香气量、甜感和燃烧性得到提升。因此,适量增施麦饭石肥料可以有效促进烟株生长发育,改善烟叶品质,且以常规施肥+450 kg/hm²麦饭石肥料效果最好。     

基于图像法和粒度分形模型的打叶过程烟片结构在线检测

为实现烟叶采收后初加工过程打叶质量的实时监测与调控,该文采用图像分析法在线检测烟叶打后叶片结构,即叶片面积分布,应用分形理论建立烟叶打后叶片面积分布的分形模型,用分维数表征叶片面积分布特征。结果表明:分形模式计算的打后叶片面积分布结果与实测值相关系数较高,粒度分形模式可较准确描述烟叶打后叶片面积分布;分维数可表征打后叶片面积分布均匀程度,可反映出不同等级烟叶打叶特性差异;分维数与目前打叶过程的主要工艺控制指标大中片率成线性关系,相关系数大于0.90。基于图像法和粒度分形模型建立的打叶过程烟叶结构在线检测方法,可用于打叶质量的实时监测与调控。     

不同形状打叶框栏组合对烟叶打后叶片结构和经济指标的影响

基于卷烟工业企业对叶片结构质量指标"降大、提中、控碎"需求及重庆烟叶原料物理特性,开展工艺试验,研究不同形状打叶框栏组合对叶片结构和经济指标的影响。结果表明:烟叶复烤企业在一级和二级打叶器上用六边形框栏替换菱形框栏后,可使大片率显著降低,中片率显著升高,大中片率适度降低。建议复烤企业根据自身打叶设备设施条件,结合不同客户不同加工要求,在打叶线合理选配不同形状框栏组合,既满足卷烟工业对片型结构质量要求,又兼顾企业经济指标。     

湘西烟叶烟气特性感官评价北大核心CSCD

为明确湘西烟叶烟气特性的区域特征和空间分布特征,对来自湘西烟区的41个烟叶样品进行了感官评价。结果表明：（1）湘西烟叶烟气细腻程度为尚细腻,柔和程度为尚柔和,圆润感为尚圆润至稍圆润。（2）烟气细腻程度和圆润感标度值县域间差异不显著;柔和程度标度值县域间差异极显著,主要是古丈县烟叶的烟气柔和程度标度值相对较高。（3）不同乡镇之间以列夕乡烟气细腻程度和圆润感标度值最高,红石林镇的烟气柔和程度标度值最高。（4）K326品种的烟气品质较云烟87品种要好。（5）海拔低于600m烟区的烟叶烟气品质相对较优。（6）烟叶细腻程度、柔和程度、圆润感在空间分布上分别以标度值2.8~2.9分、2.6~2.8分、2.5~2.6分为主要分布;烟气特性评价指标的标度值呈斑块状分布态势。     

基于模糊数学和GIS的湖南浓香型烤烟化学成分综合评价

为丰富和完善烤烟化学成分综合评价体系,了解湖南浓香型产区烤烟化学成分区域特征,本研究以湖南浓香型产区的2011年和2012年烤烟样品为材料,应用模糊数学和GIS对其化学成分可用性进行了综合评价.结果表明:湖南浓香型烤烟具有中糖高钾的特点;2011年以新田县烤烟的化学成分可用性最高,2012年以永兴县烤烟的化学成分可用性最高;不同风格类型和地区的烤烟化学成分可用性指数差异不显著.湖南浓香型烤烟化学成分可用性指数空间分布中,2011年有从西北向南部方向递减的分布趋势,2012年呈斑块状分布.本试验对指导卷烟企业采购湖南浓香型特色优质烟叶具有重要参考价值.     

禄丰基地烤烟生态环境和烟叶质量分析

利用云南省楚雄州江苏中烟禄丰烤烟生产基地的气候观测数据、土壤理化分析结果,分析了当地烤烟种植的气候适生性、气候相似性和土壤适宜性,通过分析禄丰基地烟叶外观质量、化学成分与感官质量,对烟叶质量作了综合评价。结果表明:(1)禄丰基地气候适生性指数(Climate Feasibility Index,CFI)为100%,为烟叶最适宜种植区;与国内烟区的气候相似性距离分布在0.50～0.99,与国外烟区的气候相似性距离分布在0.75～0.88,都达到高级相似。(2)禄丰基地的土壤适宜性指数(SFI)为0.73,达到2级水平,接近1级,土壤适宜于种植烤烟。(3)禄丰基地烟叶香型指数(K值)为0.26,为典型的清香型烟叶;烟叶成熟度好,叶片结构疏松,香气质较好,杂气和刺激性相对较小。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI