基于GIS空间分析的基本农田配置研究

各地在将耕地划定为基本农田时,主要考虑完成保护数量的任务,而对地区之间资源禀赋的差异则考虑不够。利用GIS空间分析技术,借鉴土地适宜性研究的思路,提出依据土地适宜性指数和土地利用现状划定基本农田的思路。以江苏省泗阳县为例,依上述划定方法,入选基本农田的耕地面积为577.5km2,占全县耕地面积的84.8%。县域北部、南部区域的耕地因适宜性高而入选比例较高,城镇周边、道路两侧的耕地因适宜性低且开发需求高,入选比例相对较低。这样的基本农田划定模式,有助于发挥不同地区的资源禀赋优势,强化划入基本农田部分的耕地保护力度,可达到经济发展与耕地保护相协调的效果。     

基于潜在土地利用冲突识别的主城区周边耕地保护

科学的潜在土地利用冲突识别能够判别和协调冲突用地类型，也是有效解决当前日益严峻的土地利用冲突的基础。该研究以鞍山主城区为研究对象，基于耕作和建设适宜性评价系统开展耕地适宜性评价，通过ArcGIS软件以及耦合协调度模型进行冲突分区识别，进而根据冲突类型提出耕地差别化利用建议。研究结果表明：鞍山主城区周边耕地可划分为9类区域，包括3类潜在土地利用冲突区，占总面积的22.20%；3类耕作优势无冲突区，占总面积的67.33%；3类建设优势无冲突区，占总面积的10.47%，综合考虑城市周边耕地自然、区位和社会经济条件，将高度和中度潜在冲突区以及耕作优势区内的优质连片耕地划为永久基本农田；将建设优势区零散耕地作为城市开发边界弹性发展区用地；将生态红线范围内的低度潜在冲突区耕地划为生态用地。该研究结果为耕地利用适宜类型的冲突判别以及城市周边耕地保护提供参考。     

沈北新区潜在土地利用冲突识别及其应用

科学识别土地利用冲突的潜在发生区域,是因地制宜有效预防、破解当前日益严峻的土地利用冲突形势的基础。该文以沈北新区为例,通过构建耕地的耕作和建设适宜性多目标评价系统,建立识别矩阵对潜在土地利用冲突进行识别研究,并探讨其结果在基本农田划定中的应用。研究结果将沈北新区耕地划分为9类区域,其中2类潜在土地利用冲突区,占总面积的71.10%;3类耕作优势无冲突区,占总面积的16.33%;3类建设优势无冲突区,占总面积的9.29%,1类耕作及建设适宜性均较低的无冲突区,占总面积的3.28%,总体上沈北新区面临的土地利用冲突形势严峻。运用冲突识别结果,选择耕作优势区和中度宜耕且中度宜建(C2)型冲突区内高等别耕地划定为基本农田。该文研究结果可为有效预防和破解土地利用冲突,进行耕地保护决策提供参考。     

多情景模拟下城市周边耕地功能分区

科学划定耕地功能分区有助于制定区域差别化的耕地保护措施,是协调耕地保护与经济发展,维护城市粮食安全的重要手段。以常州市主城区为例,综合运用斑块生成土地利用模拟（patch-generating land use simulation model,PLUS）模型、热点分析、k-means 空间聚类等方法,系统分析自然发展、耕地保护、可持续发展3种情景下未来耕地变化冷热点区域与现状耕地综合适宜性,在可持续发展情景下耦合两类分析结果,规划耕地功能分区。结果表明：1）在不同情景下,研究区各用地类型整体空间分布格局保持稳定,未来不稳定耕地冷热点分布具有差异性;2）基于生产适宜性、空间集聚性、区位便利性指标综合评价,按聚类结果初步将研究区划分为4类,耕地面积占比分别为38.71%、32.73%、19.80%、8.76%;3）结合两类评价结果,组合不同层次特征,将研究区耕地归并划分为粮食主产区、都市农业区、农地改善区、城乡过渡区,因地制宜地提出相应管控措施。研究结果可以为中国类似城市周边耕地分区分类利用与保护提供参考。     

长春市生态保护红线划定方法及方案

划定生态保护红线有利于维护国家和区域生态安全、保障社会经济可持续发展。以长春市辖区为研究对象,依据该区生态环境现状,综合考虑该区重要生态功能区、生态敏感区、禁止开发区和其他需保护区,划定了长春市生态保护红线,并提出相应的管控措施。结果表明:长春市生态保护红线面积为927.4km~2,约占辖区面积的4.2%,分布在长春市东南部和西南部地区,主要的土地利用类型为耕地和林地;长春市80%的水源涵养功能极重要区、70%的水土保持功能极重要区以及20%的防风固沙功能极重要区均在生态保护红线范围内;长春市生态保护红线区包含了全市12%的森林、70%的农田,红线区可使长春市60%的自然生态系统得到保护,有利于维护区域生态安全。建议在长春市生态保护红线内开展的管控措施包括:一级管控区禁止建设与生态保护无关的项目,省政府批准的重大基础设施和公共服务设施除外;二级管控区允许适度的、对生态功能无破坏性的生态旅游、科学研究、基础设施建设等活动;原有的各类保护区域依据现有法律法规从严管控。     

基于RS和GIS的祁连山地区生态保护红线划定方法研究

划定生态保护红线是提高区域生态产品供给能力和生态系统服务功能,构建国家安全生态格局的有效手段。以祁连山地区为研究对象,采用RS和GIS技术,开展水源涵养、生物多样性维护、水土保持、防风固沙四类生态系统服务功能重要性评价和水土流失、土地沙化两类生态环境敏感性评价,定量分析祁连山地区生态系统服务功能重要性和生态环境敏感性的空间分布特征,在此基础上经过划定范围校验、边界处理后确定红线边界,结果表明:祁连山地区生态保护红线区面积4.44万km~2,占祁连山地区国土总面积的40.11%,呈东南—西北连片状,主要围绕祁连山自然保护区分布,红线类型以水源涵养为主,生态保护红线范围内的草地、林地面积之和占到研究区总面积的67.08%,远高于红线外二者所占的比例。     

基于“多宜性—稀缺性—多样性”的粤港澳大湾区土地利用冲突识别

精准识别土地利用冲突是国土空间治理的重要前提。该研究引入一个基于土地利用多宜性、土地资源稀缺性和需求多样性的土地利用冲突识别新框架，系统评估粤港澳大湾区土地利用冲突。结果表明：1）粤港澳大湾区土地利用冲突以中等为主，占比高达43.67%；其次为高冲突（29.80%），低冲突区域所占比例最小（26.53%）。2）粤港澳大湾区土地利用冲突呈现显著的城乡差异特征。高冲突区集中在城镇和城乡过渡地带，尤其是城镇化快速发展的惠州市、江门市以及肇庆市；中冲突地区广泛分布在乡镇生产生活区域；低冲突区分布在土地利用适宜性低的山地丘陵地区。3）土地利用高冲突区域耕地和生态用地适宜性高，并且土地资源稀缺性普遍较高；中冲突区主要由于土地资源稀缺性、人类需求多样性高导致。在国土空间利用及相关规划中，应充分考虑潜在的土地利用冲突，建立土地利用冲突预警机制，并纳入相关规划监督实施体系，为优化国土空间格局提供科学依据。     

基于土地评价的基本农田划定方法

为了在基本农田划定中实现数量与质量并重的目标,该文以辽宁省东港市为例,借助GIS技术,从耕地的自然条件和立地条件两方面考虑,选取耕地等别、坡度、道路通达度、水利设施状况以及与相邻土地利用类型的适宜性等因素作为评价指标,建立一种以土地评价为基础的“按质定量”的基本农田划定方法。研究结果表明：东港市评价分值≥90分的耕地较少,只占耕地总面积的23.73%,且无规律地散步在整个区域内;若使其基本农田保护率达到国家规定的指标,评价分值≥70分的耕地区域是理想的基本农田保护区。实证研究表明此种方法可以减少基本农田划定中人为因素的干扰,使得基本农田的划定更为科学合理。     

城市郊区基本农田安全风险研究——以眉山市东坡区为例

基本农田生态风险区域的确定对保障粮食安全、实现经济社会的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。本文基于GIS平台,利用最小累计阻力模型,对成都平原城市眉山市东坡区的基本农田生态风险区域进行了研究。在该研究中以东坡区基本农田规划图中提取的基本农田数据作为累计阻力"源",选取了坡度、土地利用类型等6个因子作为阻力层进行分析。结果通过把最小累计阻力栅格的突变点作为临界点,设定阈值,划分出了基于阻力值的4个功能区:基本农田生态安全重点区域、一般区域、过渡区域和非基本农田区域。基本农田安全风险区域的确定可为当地科学全面规划提供决策依据。     

基于景观生态安全格局的成都平原与龙门山脉过渡带土地资源开发利用

[目的]基于景观生态安全格局的土地利用研究,为缓解人地矛盾、经济发展与生态保护提供科学依据。[方法]以成都平原与龙门山脉过渡带的四川省绵竹市为例,基于遥感和GIS技术,在提取和分析20a来土地利用变化及其地形因子响应基础上,以生态用地保护为目标,选取地形和土地覆盖类型为阻力因子,应用最小累计阻力模型构建景观生态安全格局。通过与土地资源现状的叠加,对不同景观安全水平的土地资源进行划分。[结果]研究区土地资源分为优先开发、适度开发、限制开发、禁止开发等4种类型,其面积分别达7 218.39,17 974.75,21 545.39,77 791.46hm2,并分析各类型土地利用特征,提出了相应的土地资源开发利用规划。[结论]基于景观生态格局理论与方法,提出的不同生态安全水平的土地用地规划,有利于区域生态安全保护和土地资源持续性利用。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI