温度对土壤中多环芳烃消失速率的影响

温度对土壤中多环芳烃消失速率的影响ＢａｒｂａｒａＭａｌｉｓｚｅｗｓｋａ－Ｋｏｒｄｙｂａｃｈ多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）是一组具有很强毒性、致癌性和基因诱变性的有机化合物（Ｓｉ￣－ｍ＆Ｏｖｅｒｃａｓｈ，１９８３）。它们产生于各种工业过程，并不断地排放到大气、水...     

浸提剂调温在Olsen—P测定中的应用

通过控制浸提剂温度、可提高Ｏｌｓｅｎ－Ｐ在室温低于２５℃情况下测定的准确性。浸提剂温度（ｙ）依室温（ｘ）变化的关系式为：ｙ＝３４．６－０．３８ｘ。经几年的应用验证，该法具有重现性好、可比性强、应用方便之特点。     

乙肝表面抗原和生长抑素融合基因在杆状病毒中表达

将乙肝表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）与生长抑素的融合基因（ＨＢｓＡｇ／ＳＳ）插入杆状病毒转移载体质粒ｐＶＬ１３９３，构成重组转移质粒ｐＶＬ１３９１ＨＳ。经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂质证实ＨＢｓＡｇ／ＳＳ已插入ＰＶＬ１３９３。借助磷酸钙沉淀法，将ＣｓＣｌ超速离心纯化的重组转移质粒和苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＮＰＶ）共转染Ｓｆ９细胞，用荧光空班和酶联免疫测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ），筛选到重组病毒ＡｃＮＰＶＨＳ。提取感     

固氮粪产碱菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）胞外多糖的分离纯化及成分分析

固氨粪产碱菌野生型Ａ１５０１菌株及其胞外多糖（ＥＰＳ）突变株Ｅｘｏ＋＋（Ａ１５３２）和ＥｘＯ－（Ａ１５３１）,以及ｎｉｆＡ和ｎｔｒＣ－ｎｉｆＡ转化子（Ａ１５１３和Ａ１５２３）的ＥＰＳ,由高分子量（２５０ｋＤ左右）组分（ＥＰＳＨ）和低分子量小于４０ｋＤ组分（ＥＰＳＬ）组成。两个组分中均含有葡萄糖、半乳糖、果糖和戊糖,其主要成分葡萄糖和半乳糖的分子摩尔比：Ａ１５０１－ＥＰＳＨ为２：１、ＥＰＳＬ为３：１;Ａ１５３１－ＥＰＳＨ为２：１、ＥＰＳＬ为１：１;Ａ１５３２－ＥＰＳＨ为８：１、ＥＰＳＬ为５：１;Ａ１５１３－ＥＰＳＨ和ＥＰＳＬ均为４：１;Ａ１５２３－ＥＰＳＨ为４：１、ＥＰＳＬ为８：１。高分子量ＥＰＳ中还含有多肤,其氨基酸组分在各突变株和转化子之间差异明显,而ＥＰＳＬ中仅含有痕量多肽。     

甘薯羽状斑驳病毒外壳蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及特异抗血清的制备

根据已报道的甘薯羽状斑驳病毒（ＳＰＦＭＶ）外壳蛋白（ＣＰ）基因的核苷酸序列合成引物,利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的方法获得ＣＰ基因后,再将其克隆到原核表达载体ｐＥＴ３０ａ（＋）中。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明,经ＩＰＴＧ诱导,ＣＰ基因在大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）ｐＬｙｓＳ中获得了高效表达。以含表达产物的凝胶为抗原,免疫家兔,制备了ＳＰＦＭＶ外壳蛋白的特异性抗血清。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ和点免疫（Ｄｏｔｂｏ     

小麦幼苗对硒的吸收、分布与转运

采用￣（７５）Ｓｅ示踪方法研究了小麦幼苗对硒的吸收、分布及转运。根系饲喂￣（７５）Ｓｅ－亚硒酸钠，标记３ｈ，小麦幼苗茎部有少量￣（７５）Ｓｅ；至４．５ｈ，叶部开始积累￣（７５）Ｓｅ。幼苗各部位对￣（７５）Ｓｅ的累积量依序为根＞茎＞２叶＞１叶。示踪试验表明，￣（７５）Ｓｅ可在幼苗体内转运。     

小麦雄性不育与内源激素关系的初步研究

以小麦核质互作雄性不育（ＣＭＳ）和化学杂交剂（ＣＨＡ）诱导的雄性不育为材料，应用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法，研究了雄性不育与内源激素含量的关系。结果表明Ｔ型、Ｋ型ＣＭＳ和ＢＡＵ２、ＳＣ２０５３两种ＣＨＡ诱导的雄性不育均与ＩＡＡ含量降低有关。Ｔ型、Ｋ型ＣＭＳ不育花药内ＡＢＡ、ＺＲ和ＤＨＺＲ含量较保持系增加；而ＣＨＡ诱导的雄性不育ＡＢＡ含量随小孢子发育较对照降低，ＺＲ含量较对照降低，ＤＨＺＲ含量较对照增加。内源激     

铝肋迫与小麦叶片的内肽酶活性及活性氧的产生

采用温人自然光下小麦种子培养实验，研究了Ａ１＾３＋胁迫下和Ｈ２Ｏ２处理时小麦幼苗叶片中的内肽酶生和可溶性蛋白质的含量变化。结果表明，Ａ１＾３的胁迫和Ｈ２Ｏ２处理均使小麦幼苗叶片中的内肽酶活性升高，可溶性蛋白质含量下降。Ａ１＾３＋的胁迫下，Ｈ２Ｏ２的清除剂ＡＳＡ（抗坏血酸）的加入使仙肽酶活性明显下降，可溶性蛋白质的含量明显增加。Ａ１＾３＋胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片中的仙肽酶活性升高和可溶性蛋白质含量下降的原     

石灰性土壤小麦根际pH及磷动态变化的研究

本文采用网隔栽培室种植小麦,置于人工气候室内生长,对不同温度条件下土小麦根际及距根不同距离土体中ｐＨ,Ｏｌｓｅｎ-Ｐ及无机磷组分动态变化进行了研究。主要结果有:（１）根际及０～３ｍｍ土体ｐＨ较低,而３～８ｍｍ和８～５０ｍｍ土体ｐＨ较高;（２）Ｏｌｓｅｎ-Ｐ含量为根际＜０～３ｍｍ土体＜３～８ｍｍ和８～５０ｍｍ土体,温度升高,各土层Ｏｌｓｅｎ-Ｐ含量呈降低趋势;（３）距小麦根系越近,Ca2-P、Ａｌ Ｐ、Ｆｅ-Ｐ和Ca8-P含量越低,Ｏ-Ｐ和Ca10-P变化不明显;随时间延长和温度升高,Ca10-P含量有所增加,Ca2-P、Ａｌ-Ｐ、Ｆｅ-Ｐ和Ca8-P含量有所降低,Ｏ-Ｐ含量变化不大     

含与不含前导序列的乙肝病毒表面抗原在转基因番茄中表达的研究

将携带有乙型肝炎病毒（ａｄｗ亚型）表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）基因和ＨＢｓＡｇ及其前导序列（ＨＢｓＡｇ＋ｐｒｅＳ１＋ｐｒｅＳ２）基因的植物表达载体ｐＲＯＫＩＩ，分别导入农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４中，通过叶盘转化法得到转基因番茄及其后代。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ杂交证明现任中外源基因已插入到植物染色体中。ＥＬＩＳＡ检测结果表明用ＨＢｓＡｇ基因转化的番茄叶片和果实中都能表达ＨＢｓＡｇ，而用含ｐｒｅＳ的ＨＢｓＡｇ基     

应用~（35）S模拟酸雨硫在蔬菜和土壤中的分布

应用３５Ｓ模拟酸雨硫在蔬菜和土壤中的残留和分布。结果表明：喷施酸雨的浓度越大,残留于蔬菜中的硫量越多;土壤类型不同,蔬菜上残留的酸雨硫量不同,种植在酸性紫色土上的蔬菜残留硫量较多,酸性黄壤次之,中性紫色土上的较少;同一土壤上,莴苣的残留硫量大于白菜;同一蔬菜,叶部残留硫量大于茎部。酸雨在土壤中的残留硫量以酸性紫色土中较多,酸性黄壤次之,中性紫色土中较少;喷施酸雨的浓度越大,残留在土壤表层的硫量越多;土壤深度不同,残留硫量不同,ｐＨ５．６酸雨随着土壤深度增加残留量有所增加,ｐＨ４和ｐＨ２．５酸雨随着土壤深度的增加,残留硫量有所减少。     

Nutrient Solution and Nutrient Soil Solution Parameter Evolution in Tomato with Dynamic Fertigation under Saline Conditions

This trial was carried out to study the evolution of the nutrient parameters of the nutrient solution applied to tomato plants (Lycopersicum sculentum Mill. Forteza) cultivated in Mediterranean greenhouse conditions under different fertigation management models. The dynamic model is based on soil water content, which was measured by tensiometers, and on soil solutions obtained with suction cups (porous ceramic cup water samplers). The local traditional method consists of following technical recommendations, and the classical model requires the estimation of Crop Factor (Kc) and knowing the nutrient extraction. Nutrient solution and water applied are functions of the fertigation management criteria. The water used for fertigation was classified as C₄-S₃ according to the Riverside classification system. The cultivation period lasted from 15 August to 20 April. The nutrient parameters studied in nutrient and soil solution were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO₃ ^?), phosphate (H₂PO₄ ^?), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), and chloride (Cl^?). The pH shows similar trends under the different treatments. Electrical conductivity is in the range of 2.8–4.5 dS m^?1. Chloride, sodium, magnesium, and sulfate are exclusively modified by the salt concentration in the irrigation water, so it can be assumed that the three treatments vary equally. Nitrate, potassium, phosphate, and calcium are modified depending on each fertigation management method. Soil solution is modified by the nutrient solution applied. Dynamic management allows low nutrient concentration in the nutrient solution to be maintained and keeps soil nutrient concentration low, reducing fertilizer losses and therefore aquifer contamination.     

应用15N稀释法测定土壤氮素初级转化速率的一些关键技术

本文综合评述了应用~(15)N库稀释法测定土壤氮素初级转化速率的一些关键技术,即~(15)N标记土壤氮库的方法、~(15)N的加入量、丰度和标记物种类的选择,以及初始取样时间的确定。只有合理地运用这些关键技术,才能更准确地测定土壤氮素初级转化速率,进而更真实地表征土壤氮素的实际周转状况。     

Kinetics of 110mAg, 60Co, 137Cs and 54Mn Bioaccumulation from Water and Depuration by the Crustacean Daphnia Magna

As part of a research program on the transfer withinfreshwater ecosystems of the radionuclides present inthe weakly radioactive liquid effluents from nuclearpower stations, this article presents an assessment ofthe dynamics of zooplankton contamination from water.The experiments were carried out on young pre-adultdaphnids, placed at a density of 250 individualsL^-1, in 0.45 m filtered river water. Inorder to maintain the radionuclide contamination at ahigh level and to limit alterations in the chemicalcharacteristics of the medium, the water was reneweddaily. The dynamics of contamination were described bya one (¹³⁷Cs) or a two compartmental model(^110mAg, ⁶⁰Co and ⁵⁴Mn), taking intoaccount the fluctuations of the radionuclideconcentration in the water, as well as the growth rateof the daphnids. The contamination levels weredescribed by the steady state value of theconcentration factor, which was 2870 mL g^-1 wetweight, 320 mL g^-1 wet weight, 265 mL g^-1wet weight and 30 mL g^-1 wet weight, for^110mAg, ⁵⁴Mn, ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs,respectively. During the depuration phase,radioactivity decrease in daphnids was a very fastphenomenon indicating that radionuclide adsorption tothe surface was the major process involved in thecontamination of daphnids. The two correspondinghalf-lives of the depuration kinetics were 10 min and7 d, 20 min and 1 d and 3 hr and 1.5 d for⁶⁰Co, ^110mAg and ⁵⁴Mn, respectively.The loss of ¹³⁷Cs was characterised by a singlehalf-life of 0.3 d.     

Activity Disequilibrium between 234U and 238U Isotopes in Southern Baltic

The aim of the work was to determine the concentration of ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U and calculate the values of the ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio in samples of living organisms, bottom water, surface and interstitial water and also sediments from the various regions of southern Baltic Sea. The knowledge of ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio in ecosystem allows getting know about the mechanisms and processes of uranium transport and origin.The activities of the analyzed uranium radionuclides in samples were measured using alpha spectrometry. The results of researches revealed diversified concentrations of uranium in the sediments of the southern Baltic Sea (sea and coastal waters) and increase of uranium with sediment depth, suggesting the diffusion of uranium from sediments to water through interstitial water and diagenesis processes in sediment material. The nuclides of uranium ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U were radioactive state equilibrium in most of the sediments. The values of the ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio oscillate around one. In bottom, surface, interstitial water and living organisms mean values of the ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio are between 1.12 and 1.15. Higher uranium concentration was observed in samples of sediments and seawater after flood in 1997 and torrential rainfalls in 2000–2001. River waters are characterized by higher ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio. The values of the ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio equal 1.27 in sediments and 1.34–1.38 in seawater indicate the influence of fresh waters.     

A study of soil and fertilizer phosphorus intake by Barley plants,using Radioactive tracer technique

Introduction

Phosphorus applied on a phosphate deficient soil, by increasing the root development of the plant, or by stimulating the soil microflora especially in the rhizosphere, may increase the amount of phosphorus which the plant takes up from the soil. This present paper is a report on a pot culture investigation of such an effect of added phosphorus.     

Radioactive cesium distribution in bamboo [Phyllostachys reticulata (Rupr) K. Koch] shoots after the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster

Abstract

Radioactivity levels of cesium (Cs)-134 and ¹³⁷Cs in bamboo [Phyllostachys reticulata (Rupr) K. Koch] sprouts grown from April to June 2011 over a wide area (including Fukushima Prefecture) were elevated (max. 3100 Bq kg^?1 fresh weight) after the Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster in March 2011. Bamboo sprouts in 2012 also contained high radioactivity levels. Radioactivity imaging analysis of bamboo sprouts harvested in 2012 showed increasing concentration gradients of radioactivity from the lower parts to the top of the sprouts. The peels were individually separated from the sprouts, and the inner edible part (trunk) was cross-sectioned at the internodal sections from the top to the lower parts. Each segmented trunk and its corresponding peel were analyzed for radioactive cesium (¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs) and stable cesium (¹³³Cs). The concentrations of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs showed significant increases from the lower part to the top, whereas ¹³³Cs showed an almost constant value in the trunk and peel except in the peel of the top node. We speculated that ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in newly emerging bamboo sprouts in 2012 were translocated mainly from various plant tissues (where the fallout was layered on the bamboo tissues) in older bamboo, while ¹³³Cs was translocated from the soil through the roots of the new bamboo sprouts and was present in the roots and stems.     

The Leaching Behaviour and Balances of Nitrogen and Other Elements under Spring Wheat in Lysimeter Experiment 1985–92

Abstract

In a lysimeter study it was found that moderate rates of ammonium nitrate increased utilization percentages in spring wheat, and the leaching was 10% or less of added N. Over-optimal rates reduced utilization percentages and increased leaching to almost 50% of the highest doses. Late split application of calcium nitrate increased the percentage of N in grain. Furthermore, leaching of N was not reduced, but occurred somewhat later in the fall and winter seasons. Leaching of Cl^? was more rapid and that of SO₄ ^2- was delayed relative to the leaching of NO₃ ^?. Rather large negative N balances were obtained, also after over-optimal application rates, and total N content of the soil was reduced. Compared with the N₀ treatment, differences in soil N residues amounted to 15–25% of added N in seven years. Gaseous losses had apparently taken place both from the added N and from soil N according to the total-N analysis.     

Die Aufnahme von137Cs und 90Sr durch verschiedene sommerrapsgenotypen aus dem Boden*

Die Aufnahme von ¹³⁷Cs und ⁹⁰Sr durch verschiedene Sommerrapsgenotypen aus kontaminiertem Boden wurde geprüft. Statistisch gesicherte Unterschiede bei der Aufnahme von Radionukliden zwischen den Genotypen konnten festgestellt werden. Die Aufnahme von ¹³⁷Cs und ⁹⁰Sr ist bei den einzelnen Sorten nicht gleichsinnig. Nur ein geprüfter Genotyp nahm sowohl geringe Mengen von ¹³⁷Cs, als auch von ⁹⁰Sr auf. Die mittleren jährlichen Schwankungen in der Radionuklidaufnahme waren größer, als die Unterschiede zwischen den Genotypen.     

Atmospheric nitrate deposition and the microbial degradation of cellobiose and vanillin in a northern hardwood forest

Human activity has increased the amount of N entering terrestrial ecosystems from atmospheric NO₃⁻ deposition. High levels of inorganic N are known to suppress the expression of phenol oxidase, an important lignin-degrading enzyme produced by white-rot fungi. We hypothesized that chronic NO₃⁻ additions would decrease the flow of C through the heterotrophic soil food web by inhibiting phenol oxidase and the depolymerization of lignocellulose. This would likely reduce the availability of C from lignocellulose for metabolism by the microbial community. We tested this hypothesis in a mature northern hardwood forest in northern Michigan, which has received experimental atmospheric N deposition (30 kg NO₃⁻-N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) for nine years. In a laboratory study, we amended soils with ¹³C-labeled vanillin, a monophenolic product of lignin depolymerization, and ¹³C-labeled cellobiose, a disaccharide product of cellulose degradation. We then traced the flow of ¹³C through the microbial community and into soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial respiration. We simultaneously measured the activity of enzymes responsible for lignin (phenol oxidase and peroxidase) and cellobiose (β-glucosidase) degradation. Nitrogen deposition reduced phenol oxidase activity by 83% and peroxidase activity by 74% when compared to control soils. In addition, soil C increased by 76%, whereas microbial biomass decreased by 68% in NO₃⁻ amended soils. ¹³C cellobiose in bacterial or fungal PLFAs was unaffected by NO₃⁻ deposition; however, the incorporation of ¹³C vanillin in fungal PLFAs extracted from NO₃⁻ amended soil was 82% higher than in the control treatment. The recovery of ¹³C vanillin and ¹³C cellobiose in SOC, DOC, microbial biomass, and respiration was not different between control and NO₃⁻ amended treatments. Chronic NO₃⁻ deposition has stemmed the flow of C through the heterotrophic soil food web by inhibiting the activity of ligninolytic enzymes, but it increased the assimilation of vanillin into fungal PLFAs.