改革开放以来吉林省水土保持生态文明建设纪实

改革开放以来,水土保持工作备受国家和领导重视,吉林省水土保持工作全面开展,水土保持组织机构不断加强,水土流失综合治理快速推进,水土保持监督管理不断强化,水土保持监测与信息化建设逐步完善。新时代赋予水土保持工作新的使命,面临新形势,吉林省水土保持工作依然任重而道远。     

乘势而上 担当作为 奋力推动新阶段水土保持高质量发展

2021年以来，各级水利水保部门深入贯彻习近平生态文明思想和习近平总书记关于治水重要讲话指示批示精神，全面贯彻新发展理念，认真落实党中央、国务院决策部署，狠抓工作落实，推动新阶段水土保持高质量发展迈出了坚实步伐，“十四五”取得良好开局：一是“十四五”水土保持规划体系基本形成；二是人为水土流失监管效能进一步提升；三是重点区域水土流失治理加快推进；四是水土保持监测评价不断深化；五是水土保持工作地位和科技支撑能力不断提升。2022年下半年，在高效统筹疫情防控和经济发展的同时，扎实做好深化水土保持“放管服”改革、深入推进体制机制法治创新、抓好水土流失综合治理工程组织实施、着力推进智慧水土保持建设、全面落实从严治党有关要求等工作。近期需要抓紧布置落实好淤地坝安全度汛工作和全国水土保持先进集体和先进个人评选表彰活动。各级水利水保部门要提高政治站位、深化改革创新、强化履职担当、提升能力水平，确保如期实现各项年度目标。     

坚持走水土保持的成功之路

５０年来，我国的水土保持事业在实践—探索—再实践—再探索的过程中不断发展，特别是改革开放２０年来，由于观念更新、认识飞跃和工作创新，促使水土保持发展更快，已经走出了一条成功之路。水土保持不仅是复杂的社会系统工程，而且已成为独立的学科和一个具有潜力的行...     

新形势下基层水土保持工作发展对策探讨

随着我国经济体制改革的不断深化 ,水土保持工作面临新的形势。提出了基层水土保持工作的发展对策 :制定当地水土保持生态环境建设发展战略 ;强化技术研究推广 ,培养高素质基层水土保持科技队伍 ;完善水土保持预防监督体系和水土流失监测网络 ;建立水土保持多元化投入及管理体制 ;严格实行基本建设管理制度     

在小规模农场开展水土保持的探讨

近二三十年来,在全球范围内,人类为实施水土保持计划投入大量资金并付出巨大的代价,相反,其投入的效益却日趋下降,受侵蚀的地区和其它形式的土地退化面积不断增加.因此,水土保持专家和援助机构开始探讨水土保持项目的效益.在近十年来,国际水土保持团体,通过对过去水土保持失败教训的反思与分析,开始以新的思维方式探讨水土保持的发展战略.     

参与式小流域综合管理方法初探

黄土高原水土保持工作经历了几十年不断发展、总结、提高的过程,总结出了大量行之有效的管理模式和经验。随着水土保持工作在国民经济中战略地位的不断提高,水土保持投资不断增加,但在我国社会经济体制不断改革以及国家对农业、农村、农民问题的高度关注下,如何更好地总结、创新水土保持工作管理模式,是广大水土保持工作者和业务部门面临的一个重要任务和挑战。英国赠款小流域治理管理项目通过在示范小流域中引进参与式方法和推行社区主导式的项目实施管理,开展了"参与式小流域综合管理"的探索实践,取得了一些初步的成果和经验。     

我国人为水土流失防治进程加快推进

《中华人民共和国水土保持法》修订实施10年来,我国水土保持进入快速发展时期,依托制度建设、技术手段创新、能力建设,人为水土流失得到有效管控、相关主体水土保持责任意识不断增强、全周期常态化监管初步实现、制度化规范化程序化水平大幅提升,人为水土流失防治实现了跨越发展。今后一段时期,人为水土流失防治将在监管、基础工作、宣传教育方面进一步加大力度,为建设水土保持生态文明、维护区域生态系统质量和稳定性做出新的重要贡献。     

加快水土保持生态文明建设步伐 促进长江上游全面建成小康社会

自长江上游水土保持委员会第十五次会议以来,上游7省(市)深化水土保持改革,推进水土保持发展,取得了新的进展和成效:一是加强配套法规建设,不断完善水土保持法制体系;二是强化预防监督,有效控制了人为水土流失;三是坚持综合治理,持续发挥水土保持综合效益;四是加强部门协作,发挥了资源整合的聚合效应;五是不断深化改革,激发了水土保持发展活力。做好水土保持工作对长江上游生态整体改善和夯实经济社会发展基础意义重大,结合当前水土保持面临的新形势、新任务和新要求,建议继续做好以下重点工作:创新体制机制,以改革推进水保工作;依法行政,强化监督管理;因地制宜、分区防治,实现水土保持效益最大化;注重自然恢复,加强封育保护,促进生态改善;搞好顶层设计,以规划引领水保发展;加强部门协作,合力共建生态文明。     

充分利用新媒体做好水土保持宣传工作的实践与思考——以《绿水青山看河北·水保印象》为例

随着水土保持生态建设重要性的不断提高和新媒体的发展,水土保持宣传工作面临新的机遇和挑战。以《绿水青山看河北·水保印象》为例,就如何运用新媒体做好新时期水土保持宣传工作进行了思考和探索。要想利用新媒体做好水土保持宣传工作,在策划与选题阶段应做到"六个明确",即明确宣传目标、明确责任分工、明确系列主题、明确主体结构、明确特色定位、明确资金预算;在具体工作中应把握好三个关系,一是把握好传统媒体与新兴媒体的关系,二是把握好自身努力和借助外力的关系,三是把握好大胆创新与小心操作的关系。     

重庆市水土保持成效和新时代发展战略思考

重庆市地处长江上游三峡库区腹地,是长江上游水土流失最为严重的省市之一。直辖以来,全市水土流失防治取得了显著成效,区域水土保持生态功能不断增强,但水土流失防治任务依然艰巨,水土流失仍是制约全市经济社会高质量发展和三峡工程长治久安的主要生态环境问题。进入新时代,重庆市水土保持工作面临新的形势和要求,肩负着新的发展使命和重要任务。为此,要注重预防保护,实施最严格的水土保持监管,坚决遏制水土流失增量;突出综合治理,提升水土保持综合功能,加快减少水土流失存量;完善监测体系,提升水土保持信息化水平,精准把握水土流失动态变量;创新体制机制,加强行业能力建设,推动水土保持事业快速发展。     

首都圈典型区土地退化的原因分析

 根据野外工作,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,探讨以防止风蚀为目的的首都圈的范围及主要特征,着重分析首都圈典型地区土地退化的机制、分布状况和防治的季节。结果表明,土地退化的主要原因是近年持续干旱少雨,土地利用的强度过大,以及在干旱季节里没有适当的防护措施等。建议采用适宜于首都圈的封育和垄耕等防治措施。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Coregionalization of trace metals in the soil in the Swiss Jura

The provenance of trace metals in soil, whether from the parent material or from pollution, is rarely known with certainty, and the metals' history must usually be pieced together from fragmentary statistical information. This is particularly true in the Swiss Jura where the concentrations of several heavy metals around La Chaux de Fonds exceed the statutory recommended thresholds for safety. The topsoil of the 14.5-km² region was sampled on a square grid at 250-m intervals with additional nesting with distances of 100 m, 40 m, 16 m and 6 m. The concentrations of seven potentially toxic metals, namely Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, were measured. Their coregionalization could be represented by a linear model consisting of a nugget component plus two spherical structures with ranges of 0.2 km and 1.3 km. The short-range component dominated the variograms of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb; the long-range component dominated those of Co and Ni; the variogram of Zn combined the two in approximately equal proportions. The coregionalization matrices contain moderate correlation among the nugget and the short-range components, notably between Cu and Pb, between Cd and Zn, and between Cr, Ni and Zn. The strongest correlations are at the long range between Co, Cr and Ni, and to a somewhat smaller degree between Zn and Co. Analysis of variance showed Co and Ni to be related to geology, and to the Argovian formation in particular. The indicator variogram of this formation has also a short-range component. The analysis also showed Cr and Cu to be related to land use (in different ways). Copper and Pb are strongly correlated to one another and distinct from the five other metals. The long-range structure is almost certainly a geological effect, whereas the one of short range probably results from both the geology and human activities.     

Minerals in the three-component combination of agrochernozems in the Kamennaya Steppe

Properties and mineralogy of fine fractions separated from agrochernozems forming a three-component noncontrasting soil combination in the Kamennaya Steppe have been characterized. The soil cover consists of zooturbated (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic, Calcaric)), migrational-mycelial (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)), and clay-illuvial (Luvic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)) agrochernozems. All the soils are deeply quasi-gleyed because of periodical groundwater rise. The mineralogy of the fraction <1μm includes irregular mica–smectite interstratifications, di- and trioctahedral hydromicas, imperfect kaolinite, and magnesium–iron chlorite. The profile distribution of these minerals slightly varies depending on the subtype of spot-forming soils. A uniform distribution of clay minerals is observed in zooturbated agrochernozem; a poorly manifested eluvial–illuvial distribution of the smectite phase is observed in the clay-illuvial agrochernozem. The fractions of fine (1–5 μm) and medium (5–10 μm) silt consist of quartz, micas, potassium feldspars, plagioclases, kaolinite, and chlorite. There is no dominant mineral, because the share of each mineral is lower than 35–45%. The silt fractions differ in the quartz-to-mica ratio. The medium silt fraction contains more quartz, and the fine silt fraction contains more micas.     

库区周边湿地开发利用途径探讨

对三峡库区的湿地生增进行了分析研究,由水库的调度方式形成的库区周边湿地,可分为四个区域段,不同的区域段可采用相适宜的开发利用方式,这种因地制宜的湿地生境开发利用途径对缓解库区人地矛盾,改善库区生态环境和景观将发挥积极作用 。     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.     

20世纪陇南洪涝灾害特征分析

历史上发生的自然灾害可以作为今后防灾减灾的重要参考资料。通过整理统计历史文献资料,对陇南20世纪洪涝灾害的时空分布特征、区域差异性进行分析、灾害序列趋势持续性计算。结果表明:20世纪陇南共发生洪涝灾害33次,平均3.3年1次;中度灾害最多,为11次,特大灾害共发生3次;灾害多发生在1949年到1990年,月份主要集中在6、7月,连年洪涝灾害也有发生;本区内的西和为高发区,礼县、两当、武都次之;徽县、成县最少。R/S分析法计算结果表明陇南市洪涝灾害时间序列具有长期相关的特征,未来有增加的趋势。     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

下层土壤反硝化作用的研究

在夏玉米生长期间 ,采用乙炔抑制 -原状土柱培养方法研究了北京褐土下层 (15～ 6 0cm)土壤的反硝化作用 ,并探讨影响该层土壤反硝化作用的主要因素。试验结果表明 ,施氮量越高 ,反硝化量越大。随着土壤层次的加深 ,反硝化量呈直线下降 ,但在亚表层土壤 (15～ 30cm)反硝化值仍保持了较高的量 ,约相当于表层的 10 .7%～ 33.5 % ;下层土壤 (15～ 6 0cm)的总反硝化量约相当于表层土壤的 14%～ 51%。加入碳源无论对表层土壤还是下层土壤 ,其反硝化损失氮量大大增加 ,尤其是对下层土壤增加的趋势更为明显。在计算夏玉米季土壤反硝化损失氮量时 ,如果忽略下层土壤的反硝化作用 ,肯定会低估其数值