太湖流域典型水稻土对镉吸持特征的初步研究

研究了太湖流域两种典型水稻土黄泥土和板浆白土对镉的吸附和解吸及其pH的影响.发现黄泥土吸附百分数较板浆白土大,而解吸百分数较小,镉吸附前后两个土壤的pH值均有明显差异.     

模拟酸雨对荔枝果园土壤磷素等温吸附与解吸特性的影响

采用等温吸附试验方法研究了模拟酸雨对荔枝果园土壤磷的吸附与解吸特性的影响。试验结果表明,不同处理间土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)为pH2.5>pH4.5>CK=pH6.5,其中pH2.5的酸雨淋溶处理对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)与其它处理间差异显著;土壤吸附磷的解吸量(Xd)分别与相应的吸附量(X)和原平衡溶液浓度(C)呈显著的指数相关和线性相关,随着土壤对吸附量的增加,土壤磷的解吸量呈指数增长。     

五氯酚在酸性土壤表面的吸附-解吸特征研究

本实验研究五氯酚在江西红壤和南京黄棕壤表面的吸附-解吸特征,结果表明:Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程均能较好地描述PCP在两种土壤表面的吸附,且黄棕壤表面的最大吸附量大于红壤。用动力学方程对PCP在红壤中的吸附过程进行拟合,Elovich方程、双常数方程和一级动力学方程均得到较好的结果,其相关系数(R2)在0.96 ~ 0.99之间,达到极显著水平。Elovich方程反映出PCP在土壤表面吸附的能量非均质分布;而抛物线扩散方程不能描述PCP的吸附过程,其相关系数0.46 ~ 0.48。PCP在土壤中的解吸率与有机质含量和pH值相关,随有机质含量增加,PCP解吸率降低,即黄棕壤表土<黄棕壤底土,红壤表土<红壤底土;随模拟酸雨的pH值降低,土壤因对PCP的吸附能力增加,其解吸率降低。     

土壤对铜离子的专性吸附及其特征的研究

供试土壤专性吸附铜的等温线均符合Langmuir方程。红壤吸附量最低,砖红腹与黄泥土最大吸附量相近,但在铜浓度低时砖红壤吸铜量远低于黄泥土,而在高浓度则反之。土壤专性吸附铜是在溶液中Na⁺浓度比Cu²⁺高8.3—100倍条件下,Na⁺离子仍不足以与之竞争的那些专性吸附点所吸持的铜。按其解吸条件区分为松结合铜(可为N NH₄Cl解吸)和紧结合铜(仅能为0.1 N HCl解吸)两种。紧结合铜受平衡溶液铜浓度影响很小,所占据的吸附点对Cu²⁺有较强亲和力。松结合铜则随平衡铜溶液浓度增大而增加,符合Langmuir方程。对于砖红壤和黄泥土,在铜浓度低时紧结合铜>松结合铜;浓度高时则反之。红壤专性吸附铜始终以松结合铜为主。三种土壤比较,紧结合铜是砖红壤>黄泥土>红壤;松结合铜则是黄泥土>砖红壤>红壤。造成这些差别的原因可能与土壤性质、氧化物、有机质和粘土矿物组成等不同有关。用平衡法研究三种土壤专性吸附铜在不同浓度NH₄Cl和HCl溶液中的解吸表明,可进一步区分为三或四种不同的结合状况。红壤对铜吸附容量最小,且最易解吸。     

模拟酸雨对荔枝园土壤氮素迁移和土壤酸化的影响

采用短期室内淋溶方法研究了模拟酸雨对供试荔枝果园土壤全N、碱解N、硝态N、铵态N含量变化的影响。结果表明．各处理土壤淋出液的全N、硝态N、铵态N含量随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强而依次增加，其中pH2．5酸雨淋溶处理与其它处理间的淋出液含量差异显著，而pH≥4．5酸雨淋溶处理与对照（pH6．5）间的差异大部分不显著；各处理的土壤较淋溶前其全N、NOjN（pH2．5酸雨处理例外）、NH1＋-N的含量均有增加趋势。引进土壤的实际酸化速率H＋产生值衡量供试土壤的酸化，只有pH2．5的模拟酸雨淋溶促进了土壤的酸化，而pH≥3．5的模拟酸雨处理对土壤的酸化具有一定的缓冲作用，且土壤酸度减弱。     

模拟酸雨对赤红壤磷素及Ca2+，Al3+，Fe2+淋失特征的影响

本研究通过室内土柱试验,研究了不同强度和持续时间的模拟酸雨淋溶下,赤红壤磷素淋失量及部分阳离子（Ca2+、Al3+、Fe2+）的释放程度和特征。结果表明:经pH 2.0、pH 3.0、pH 4.0、pH 5.0模拟酸雨持续淋溶 34 d后,淋溶液pH值变化并不明显（＞0.05 ）,而对Ca2+、Fe2+的溶出有显著的促进作用,Ca2+、Al3+、Fe2+ 溶出量均随 pH 值的降低而升高,Al3+ 和 Fe2+ 淋失量在pH 2.0时均有骤增现象。随淋溶时间的增加,土壤可溶态磷的淋失量表现为先增加后逐渐降低;随着pH值的降低,土壤磷淋失总量也表现为先增加后降低,pH4.0的酸雨有助于促进土壤磷的释放,pH＜4.0时土壤磷的淋失减少。相关分析发现淋溶液中磷淋失总量与Al3+和Fe2+溶出量均呈显著负相关（r1=0.6531, r2=0.5107）,和Ca2+总溶出量相关关系不显著（r3=0.1287）,表明高强度酸雨降低了土壤磷淋失量可能与酸雨作用导致活性铁、铝的大量释放,增加了磷的活性吸附点位,从而增加了对磷酸根离子配位吸附与固定有关。     

模拟酸雨条件下海泡石对污染红壤镉、铅淋溶的影响

采用填充土柱淋溶试验研究不同pH值模拟酸雨和海泡石添加量对重金属污染红壤Cd、Pb淋溶的影响.结果表明,Cd在酸雨pH值较低时累积淋溶量较大,Pb的累积淋溶量随酸雨pH值的降低逐渐增加,pH值为3.5处理的Pb总累积淋溶量显著高于其他pH值处理(高出54.9％).与对照相比,模拟酸雨pH值为3.5时,添加5 g/kg和10 g/kg海泡石处理Cd的总累积淋溶量明显增加(分别增加24.6％和26.3％),而Pb的总累积淋溶量分别显著降低34.7％和25.7％;酸雨pH值为4.5时,添加5 g/kg和10g/kg海泡石处理降低了Cd的累积淋溶量(分别降低13.0％和1.4％),而Pb的淋溶量随海泡石添加量的增加而降低,10 g/kg海泡石处理的Pb总累积淋溶量显著下降17.6％;pH值为5.5和6.5时,海泡石处理Cd累积淋溶量均有所下降,而对Pb的淋溶无显著降低效果.酸雨酸性强度的增大增加了Cd、Pb的淋溶风险,且Pb比Cd敏感.添加海泡石可有效减少酸雨对土壤中Pb的淋溶,但其对Cd淋溶的影响受酸雨酸性强度的影响.     

菜园土壤锌的吸附——解吸特性研究

本文研究了菜园土壤锌的吸附 -解吸特性。实验结果表明 ,三种菜园土壤吸附Zn2 + 均随平衡液中Zn2 + 浓度的增加而增大 ,且均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述 ,相关系数均大于 0 .9,达极显著水平。由Langmuir方程求得的菜园土壤对Zn2 + 的最大吸附量的大小顺序为 :黄松土 >粉泥土 >江涂砂 ,但对Zn2 + 的吸附作用力强度和最大缓冲容量的顺序则相反 ,以江涂砂 >粉泥土 >黄松土。菜园土壤对Zn2 + 的解吸量随其吸附量的增加而增加 ,两者之间呈显著线性正相关。     

上海市城区土壤磷酸盐吸附解吸动力学特征研究

研究结果表明,在强酸性降雨径流(pH2)冲刷下,城市土壤磷酸盐的解吸量明显增加;当pH2时,降雨径流酸性强度大小对城市土壤磷酸盐的解吸量影响不大。城市土壤对磷酸盐的等温吸附曲线符合修正的Langmuir方程。在自然条件下,即使在酸雨(pH4.5)的条件下,酸碱度效应对城市土壤磷酸盐吸附量的影响较小;随固液比增大,城市土壤磷酸盐以解吸为主的趋势越明显。这说明城市土壤吸持外源磷的能力弱,土壤胶体所吸附的磷容易被解吸进入土壤溶液,从而随着土壤溶液流动进入城市水环境,导致水体中磷浓度增高。     

两种土壤中邻苯二胺对铜离子吸附—解吸平衡影响的研究

采用室内测试方法，研究了低浓度的外源铜离子在两种不同性质土壤中的吸附、解吸过程及其受邻苯二胺的影响。结果发现，外源铜离子在红壤中的吸附随pH的变化明显变化，而在黑土中的吸附则随pH变化改变较小，吸附在红壤中的铜较吸附在黑土中的铜更易于解吸，有机物邻苯二胺对铜在两种土壤中的吸附和解吸过程产生了明显影响。酸性条件下邻苯二胺的存在增加了红壤对铜的吸附量，但同时也增加了铜的解吸百分数。而邻苯二胺基本不改变铜在黑土中的表观吸附量，但显著影响铜的解吸百分数。     

Retention Capacity and Environmental Mobility of Pb in Soils along Highway Corridor

Although lead (Pb) emissions have dropped drastically with the phase-out of tetra-ethyl lead (TEL) as a fuel additive, Pb deposited along highway corridors continues to be of concern because of its toxicity. This paper provides comprehensive data on the extent and distribution of Pb in roadside soils, Pb interaction with soils as a function of soil composition, the retention capacity of soil based on batch adsorption tests, the retention mechanism of Pb using selective sequential extraction, the potential for mobility using batch desorption tests with simulated rain and winter road salt, and column leach tests. Highway soils on high-traffic sections near Burnaby, Canada were found to have Pb accumulations up to 1628mg/kg soil. Contamination was mainly in the top 0.3m, with concentrations rapidly decreasing to the background level at a depth of 0.6m. The top layer contained more organic material and had a high adsorption capacity. Highway soils were found to have 3–10 times higher Pb adsorption capacities than the amount currently deposited. Selective sequential extraction indicated low exchangeable Pb in highway soils. Batch desorption tests with leaching solutions of H₂O (pH 5.5), HNO₃ solution (pH 4.0) and aqueous NaCl solution (0.17M) indicate low likelihood of significant leaching. Selective sequential extraction, leachate extraction and desorption tests show that Pb has limited mobility in highway soil.     

Impacts of Acid Rain on Base Cations,Aluminum, and Acidity Development in Highly Weathered Soils of Thailand

The impacts of simulated acid rain on leachability of major plant nutrients, toxic element [aluminum (Al)], and acidity development in highly weathered tropical soils of Thailand were studied. Leaching experiments were conducted on soil columns with acidic solutions of pH 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, and with water of pH 7.0 as a control treatment. Leaching losses of base cations from all soils increased with the decrease in pH associated with simulated acid rain (SAR) additions, and were found to be quite high under SAR with pH 2.0. The leaching removal of these cations was lesser at pH 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 but greater than that in pH 7.0. The leaching of base cation from the soils depended not only on acid rain pH but also on soil properties, especially cation exchange capacity, soil texture, and initial base content. The significant losses of major plant nutrients [such as potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺)] from the plant root zone over extended periods could cause nutrient imbalance and lower soil productivity.     

Lysimeter Study on the Effects of Different Rain Qualities on Element Fluxes from Shallow Mountain Soils in Southern Norway

This study focuses on fluxes of elements from, and changes in the soil properties of shallow organic material rich soil as a result of changes in precipitation acidity. Intact soil columns including natural vegetation from two areas (one exposed to acidic precipitation and one unpolluted) were used in a lysimeter experiment. The lysimeters were watered with simulated normal rain (pH 5.3) or simulated acidic rain (pH 4.3) for four years. Sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate were used to regulate the quality of the simulated rain. Significantly more SO₄ ^2? was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain. Rain acidity had no significant effect on NO₃ ^? leaching. Significantly more Mg²⁺ was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain, but this only applied for the soils from the unpolluted area. Four years of treatment did not cause any significant effect on the soil acidity and the amounts of base cations in the soil. The more acidic rain did, however, cause a significant lower cation exchange capacity. For the soils from the polluted area the acid precipitation did cause a lowering of the exchangeable K⁺ in the upper 5 cm of the soil. Different quality of the soil organic material indicated by different vegetation types appeared to cause significant differences in the amount of components leached from the soil, but did not cause any difference in response to the different rain qualities.     

上海土壤磷的吸附特性及缓冲性能的研究

本文以上海土壤为对象,研究选定了土壤磷等温吸附试验条件为:水土比10,平衡时间6天,控温25℃,磷加入量为100,200,400,600μgP/g土,溶液基质为0.01M CaCl₂。磷缓冲能力试验条件为:平衡时间2天,磷加入量为20,40,100,200μgP/g土。根据Freundlich, Tempkin和Langmuir方程计算的土壤吸附指标与土壤类型及土壤性质有密切关系,是土壤磷素肥力的重要指标。反映土壤缓冲能力的“磷肥指标”与土壤有机质、粘粒、活性铝及pH值相关较好。上海几种主要土壤中以青紫泥的最大吸附量(X_m),0.2ppm P吸附量和“磷肥指标”为最高,其次为青黄土,沟干泥和黄泥头,最小为夹沙泥。应用磷吸附指标与“磷肥指标”来预测土壤需磷量,初步试验是可行的,但实际应用还需进一步试验研究。     

模拟酸雨对施肥条件下赤红壤氮磷淋失特征的影响

通过土柱模拟淋洗试验,研究了施用等量有机复合肥条件下,不同酸度模拟酸雨对赤红壤氮磷淋失特征的影响。结果表明,铵态氮、硝态氮、无机氮和总氮淋失量均随酸雨pH值增大而下降;pH 2.0模拟酸雨和对照(pH 6.5)的无机氮和总氮淋失量差异不显著,但均显著高于pH 3.0、pH 4.0和pH 5.0酸雨;pH 5.0模拟酸雨无机氮和总氮淋失量均最低,表明强酸性酸雨和中性淋洗液均促进氮淋失,而酸度与土壤接近的酸雨减少氮淋失。与对照相比,模拟酸雨对DP淋失无显著影响,但显著降低PP和TP淋失;不同模拟酸雨各形态磷淋失量均无显著差异,表明酸雨对赤红壤磷淋失影响有限。酸雨对淋滤液氮磷浓度动态变化和氮磷累计淋失量动态变化等均无显著影响。     

用土柱淋溶实验研究水杨酸对酸性土壤铝迁移的影响

选择2种可变电荷土壤和1种酸性恒电荷土壤用土柱淋溶实验研究了水杨酸对土壤铝迁移的影响。结果表明，不同土壤由于矿物组成的差异，它们对有机酸的吸附容量有很大的不同，因此有机酸对不同土壤中铝的迁移有不同的影响。富铁土游离氧化铁的含量低于铁铝土，它对有机酸的吸附量也低于铁铝土的，因此在淋溶实验初期，有机酸对铝迁移的影响较小，在淋溶实验后期，由于土壤对有机酸的吸附达饱和状态，有机酸对铝的迁移表现出很强的促进作用，特别在有机酸初始浓度较高的情况下。铁铝土含有大量铁、铝氧化物，对有机酸有很高的吸附容量，有机酸对这类土壤铝迁移的影响很小。淋溶土对有机酸的吸附量很小，当有机酸的初始浓度较高时，淋溶实验开始后不久，有机酸就对铝的迁移表现出明显的促进作用。实验结果还表明，铝的迁移还与体系pH有关，低pH条件有利于土壤铝的溶解和迁移。     

Role of Different Soil Fractions in Copper Sorption by Soils

Abstract

To evaluate contributions of organic matter, oxides, and clay fraction to copper (Cu) adsorption in six characterized soils, adsorption isotherms and distribution coefficients were obtained by a batch experimental method. Copper adsorption isotherms from untreated soil, organic matter removed from samples, and organic‐matter‐ and oxide‐removed samples were compared with curve patterns and correlated to Langmuir and Freundlich models. Copper sorption data on untreated soils described L or H‐curves, whereas in soils deprived of any component, their curves were S‐type. Distribution coefficients allowed knowing Cu adsorption capacity of untreated soil and of organic matter, oxides, and clay fraction. Soil organic matter is the main component that affects Cu adsorption as long as soil pH is near neutrality. At acid pH, oxides are the main component that affects Cu adsorption, although to a much smaller extent than organic matter near neutral conditions. Soil pH is the main soil factor that determines Cu adsorption.