电子束在花卉诱变育种上的应用

用电子束辐射对菊花组培苗、唐菖蒲及百合种球进行诱变育种研究 ,旨在探索新的高效诱变育种途径。     

多花黑麦草杂交种SSR分子标记鉴定及表型比较分析

多花黑麦草为异花受粉植物,杂交过程中易出现杂交种生物性混杂现象,有必要对杂交后代进行真假鉴定分析.本研究旨在筛选出多花黑麦草优势杂交组合和优异杂交后代材料,为多花黑麦草杂交育种工作提供基础资料.实验利用SSR分子标记辅助鉴定5个多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)骨干品种为亲本创制的杂种后代真实性,并对亲本与杂种后代主要表型进行比较.结果表明:(1)用20对引物组合共得到多态性条带426条,多态性位点百分率为82.41％,说明SSR分子标记能够很好的揭示多花黑麦草材料间的差异;(2)经SSR分子鉴定,将后代分为有父本特征谱带的杂种后代、无父本特征带的后代2类,在150个杂交后代单株中有父本特征谱带的杂种后代有108个为真杂种,其中杂交组合GC、CG真杂种最多均为24个,WG组合真杂种最少为19个;(3)杂交组合CG的F1代部分形态特征显著优于亲本,5个杂交组合内(间)在营养器官与生殖器官性状均存在显著差异,其中杂交组合MG的变异系数最高,WG的变异系数最低,杂交组合CG形态特征显著高于其他杂交组合.由研究结果可以初步判断长江2号×赣选一号多花黑麦草为优势杂交组合,其杂交种为优异杂交后代材料,可为后续杂交选育新品系提供后备材料.     

百合种球长期冷藏库的设计及应用效果

百合种球贮藏环境是根据百合种球生理特性所设计的,要达到这一要求,必须进行环境的合理布局,实现环境温度均衡、温差小、并保持较好的环境气体流动。因此,在冷库建设中,库内增设了内外气体交换系统,采用库顶中间均匀安装冷凝风扇设计,达到了双侧排风的效果,解决了通常冷库采用单侧面吹风所带来的库内温差较大,气流不均匀等问题。专用冷库的环境布局试验表明：通过CO2检测,控制库内气体交换,可使库内CO2 浓度维持在0.1%以内,各方位的温度差保持在≤±0.5℃,种球贮藏可达240 d,为百合种球贮藏创造了较为适宜的环境,实现了种球长期贮藏和调节花期的目的。     

甘蓝型油菜硼营养高效的遗传分析

利用土壤有效硼缺乏的田间小区试验 ,研究甘蓝型油菜硼营养高效品种和低效品种间 2个杂交二代群体及其回交一代硼营养性状的分离规律。结果发现 ,硼营养高效受一对主效基因控制。在缺硼胁迫下 ,硼高效性状与抽薹天数和生育天数之间紧密连锁 ,生育期 (抽薹天数和生育天数 )可作为甘蓝型油菜硼高效种质筛选及其杂种后代硼效率鉴定和选育的参考指标。     

通过调节剂和胚珠培养获得杂交不亲和甘薯近缘种的种间杂种

试验通过杂交与植物生长调节剂处理，以及植物生长调节剂处理结合胚珠培养，克服甘薯组Ａ系列与Ｂ系列种间的杂交不亲和性，研究结果表明：前一种做法有克服杂交不亲和性的作用，但获得种子的机率低，而且即使获得种子，也大不发芽，或发芽后生长异常，中途夭亡；后一种做法则效果明显。     

斑茅杂种后代分子检测

利用RAPD随机引物和斑茅5S rRNA间隔序列(ITS)引物对斑茅与甘蔗的杂种F1、F2代进行了分子鉴定，获得了与含有斑茅血缘有关的RAPD分子标记3个及5S rRNA间隔序列标记1个；其中，5SrRNA间隔序列标记可用于斑茅杂种后代碱法DNA模板的快速检测。     

韭菜的雄性不育无性系育种

田间发现的韭菜(Allium tuberosum)无花粉单株经鉴定为雄性不育而雌性可育后，利用组织培养技术将此雄性不育单株迅速扩繁为雄性不育无性系并作为杂交的母本，与其它优良父本杂交，从F1中快速选出了优良品系J-54和新品种海韭一号。雄性不育无性系能长期稳定地试管保存。从3个F1杂种后代和2个品种的后代中选育出无花粉单株,并用组织培养建立了5个相应的雄性不育无性系.     

教学与科研相结合的体会

在近几年的教学科研工作中,我深深体会到教学与科研必须紧密结合,这两者是相辅相成的。教学与科研结合得好,才能提高教学质量,才能培养出符合“四化”要求的建设人才。我是教遗传学的。遗传学是一门理论性较强的学科,很抽象,学生较难理解。为了使学生易于理解和掌握遗传原理和规律,在教学过程中,我特别注意结合科研实际,使理论知识渗透到科研实践的观察中。如紧密联系水稻育种和水稻“三系”遗传机理研究实际,在讲到遗传的“三大”规律时,联系水稻杂种后代的表现,让学生亲自观察,调查杂种后代的分离     

油菜(B.napus)属种间杂种后代的遗传研究

本研究通过油菜与萝卜属间杂种（ＡＣＲ）为亲本材料,分别与芸苔Ｂｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ和甘蓝Ｂ．ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ杂交,属种间杂种（ＡＡＣＲ,ＡＣＣＲ）再与甘蓝型油菜品种杂交,以获得稳定的转基因属种间杂种材料。结果指出,属间杂种与芸苔Ｂ．ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ杂交比与及甘蓝Ｂ．ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ杂交更易获得后代。这些杂种后代分别与甘蓝型油菜回交也表现了这种趋势。细胞学分析指出,属种间杂交由于异源染体的存在     

植物化感作用表现形式及其开发应用研究

综述了作物自毒现象、作物间他感作用以及作物与杂草间他感互作的研究进展,指出化感作用在克服连作障碍、构建高效间套复合群体、防除病虫草害和生物调控方面的应用潜力。     

几个百合品种花粉电镜及其亲缘关系分析

本文在光镜和扫描电镜下观察了麝香系,亚洲系与东方系百合品种花粉的微观形态。麝香系百合的花粉浅黄色、花粉粒纺锤形、网脊带状,亚洲系百合花粉棕黄色或橙红色、花粉粒纹锤形、网脊瘤状、东方系百合的分黄色、花粉粒椭圆形、网脊盘珠状。利用花粉微观形态资料,采用多元统计分析方法研究了品种间的亲缘关系,将３个杂种系的品种得到了正确的归类,系间撙亚洲系与东方系的较近。     

Evaluation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) single cross hybrids under heat stress condition

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop, which shows susceptibility to heat stress. In this study, 63 single cross hybrids were evaluated under heat stress condition for 2 years and compared with the two commercial hybrids. Genotype and genotype × environment (GGE) was used to differentiate single cross hybrids on the basis of multiple traits. GGE biplot showed that several single cross hybrids had higher seed yield potential than standard check. Moreover, seed yield per plant (SYP) was related to pollen viability percentage, showing that achene yield was the product of high gametophytic fertility under heat stress. Hybrids having high seed yield potential under heat stress had lower cell membrane injury. GGE biplot for SYP and its components showed that single cross hybrids were characterized into two major groups. Group I was further characterized into two sub group. Group Ia included hybrids with high 100-SW, while group Ib had the hybrids with high number of seeds per head and head diameter. Group II had the hybrids with high kernel weight and kernel to seed ratio. The hybrids could be recommended according to their potential utilization in the seed industry.     

高油玉米综合杂交种含油特性的探讨

用6个高油玉米单交种组配5个综合杂交种，对各综合杂交种的含油特性进行了研究，结果表明：玉米的油分主要分布在胚中；含油率高且粒大的籽粒主要分布在果穗中部；不同综合杂交种的含油率与株高、穗位高的相关性不同；含油率与产量的相关关系不显著。     

应用SSR分子标记鉴定甜瓜杂交种纯度的研究

摘要：本文以两个甜瓜杂交一代品种“东方蜜1号”、“东方蜜2号”及其亲本和若干同母异父的杂交组合为实验材料，利用SSR标记对甜瓜杂交种纯度快速鉴定的方法进行了研究。结果表明：SSR标记在甜瓜杂交种及亲本间具有较高的多态性，利用筛选出的SSR引物能够快速准确的区分出杂交种中混杂的母本自交系种子，对3批杂交种纯度的快速鉴定结果与大田鉴定结果一致。但是，利用筛选出的单一SSR引物不能完全区分开杂交种和与其同母异父的供试杂交组合，而用不同的引物组合能够将杂交种与大多数供试杂交组合区分开，但对于个别与杂交种遗传背景十分接近的杂交组合仍不能区分开。     

Protein quality of corn hybrids differing for endosperm characteristics and the effect of nitrogen fertilization 1

Corn (Zea mays L.) is an important source of protein for humans and animals. Because dent corn is highly responsive to nitrogen (N) fertilization, substantial amounts of N are used for corn production. Application of N fertilizer may reduce protein quality of corn kernels through an increase in zein content. The objective of this study was to determine if corn endosperm characteristics influence the effect of N fertilization on protein quality. In 1988, six corn hybrids differing for endosperm characteristics were grown at two locations in Ohio and with two N rates, 34 and 200 kg/ha. The waxy hybrid had a greater concentration of fraction I protein than the non‐wary hybrid. These two hybrids did not differ for other fractions except fraction III at Columbus. The soft endosperm hybrid had a higher concentration of fraction I protein than the hard endosperms hybrids. Soft and hard endosperm hybrids differed for fraction II protein for the 34 kg N/ha fertilizer rate but not the 200 kg N/ha fertilizer rate. These two classes of hybrids did not differ for fraction III protein. Increasing N fertilizer increased fraction II concentration for all hybrids. Concentrations of the other two protein fractions did not respond to fertilizer rate. The increase in fraction II concentration with N fertilization may result in a decrease of protem quality and feed value. Although all hybrids responded to N fertilizer, some hybrids had bigger increases in fraction II proteins than other hybrids.     

花生品种间杂种F1代的SSR标记分析

以花育22号和Sunoleic95R为亲本配置杂交组合,获得杂种F1,利用SSR引物对亲本和杂种F1各单株进行扩增,分析其带型,辨别真伪杂种,并对亲本和杂种F1各单株的农艺性状、品质进行调查测定。结果表明：5对引物PM50 、PM179、 PM15、PM384和PM348对亲本、杂种F1各单株的分析结果是一致的,15个杂种F1单株,8株表现为母本带型,是伪杂种;7株表现为杂合带型或父本带型,即真杂种。但5对引物的带型表现存在明显差异,PM50 、PM179、 PM15、PM384表现为双亲互补带型, PM348表现为偏父本型。农艺性状和品质性状分析表明真杂种与伪杂种的籽仁重、侧枝长、亚油酸含量、油酸含量差异大,主茎高、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量差异较小。证实利用SSR标记辨别栽培种花生真伪杂种是可行的。     

Elemental and/or cation ratio efficiency of corn hybrids grown on an infertile soil inadequate in magnesium

Abstract

Magnesium deficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) is often attributed to the low levels of Mg in soils. This study was conducted to determine elemental and/or cation balance efficiency of corn hybrids grown on a soil low in available Mg, Among the 15 hybrids tested, no differential efficiency in ear leaf concentration of P was found at two planting dates. Leaf concentrations of Zn and Fe were influenced by planting date for all hybrids but interactions between hybrids and planting date were found only for K, Ca, Mg concentrations and the sum of the Meq Ca + Mg/100 g, the Meq K + Ca + Mg/100 g, and the K/Ca and K/Ca + Mg ratios. Planting dates did not Influence the K/Mg ratio among hybrids. Large differences in efficiency of K, Ca, and Mg were found but these cations were found to have large Interactions. Data show that Ca and Mg efficient hybrids are less efficient in K than Ca and Mg inefficient hybrids. It should be possible to breed corn hybrids for better cation balance efficiency for use on infertile soils low in avallable Mg.     

Leaf volatile compounds of six citrus somatic allotetraploid hybrids originating from various combinations of lime, lemon, citron, sweet orange, and grapefruit

Volatile compounds were extracted by a pentane/ether (1:1) mixture from the leaves of six citrus somatic allotetraploid hybrids resulting from various combinations of lime, lemon, citron, sweet orange, and grapefruit. Extracts were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and compared with those of their respective parents. All hybrids having an acid citrus parent exhibit the same relative contents in hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds as the acid citrus, while the (grapefruit + orange) hybrid behaves similarly to its two parents. When volatile compound contents (microg g(-1)) are examined in detail, several behaviors are encountered in hybrids and seem to depend on the presence/absence of the considered parental compound and on the corresponding hybrid combination. Meanwhile, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are present in all hybrids at concentrations systematically lower than those of the highest parental producers. Statistical analyses show that hybrids exhibit hardly discriminable aromatic profiles, meaning that no strong dominance of one or the other parent was observed in hybrids with regards to the leaf volatile compound production.     

Growth traits and mineral concentrations of maize hybrids grown on unlimed and limed acid soil

Growing crop plants tolerant to acid soils is an alternative for successful production on acid soils with limited inputs, especially lime. Acid soil‐ or aluminum (Al)‐tolerant plants offer considerable protection against soil acidity problems. Thirteen maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids developed for production under various environmental conditions were grown (greenhouse) on two acid soils (unlimed and limed) to determine differences among hybrids for growth traits, mineral acquisition, and relative tolerance to acid soil. Porters soil induced greater acid soil stress on maize than did Lily soil, although shoot/root dry matter (DM) ratios were affected more in plants grown on Lily than on Porters soil. Shoot and root DM and total root length (RL) over all hybrids followed sequences of Limed Lily ≥ Limed Porters > Unlimed Lily > Unlimed Porters, and the trait with the greatest variation among hybrids was total RL. Specific RL (total RL/root DM) over all hybrids followed a sequence of Limed Lily=Limed Porters=Unlimed Lily>Unlimed Porters, with relatively small variations among hybrids. Shoot DM/RL among hybrids followed a sequence of Unlimed Porters ≥ Unlimed Lily > Limed Lily = Limed Porters, and had the least variation among hybrids. Two Brazilian hybrids (HD 91102 and HD 9176) had highest DM and total RL to indicate relatively high tolerance to acid soil stresses, while other hybrids (ten from the United States and one from Brazil) had relatively small differences for growth traits to indicate moderate to low tolerance to acid soils. Although genotypes differed widely for mineral element concentrations, no significant differences in mineral elements between more and less tolerant genotypes were noted.     

Quantitative study of fruit flavonoids in citrus hybrids of King (C. nobilis) and Mukaku Kishu (C. kinokuni)

Twenty-four Citrus hybrids of King (C. nobilis) and Mukaku Kishu (C. kinokuni) were examined for their flavonoid profiles of the edible part by reversed-phase HPLC analysis. Two hybrids (G-155 and G-156) contained higher amounts of natsudaidain than their parents, whereas the remainder of the hybrids had a character intermediate between those of King and Mukaku Kishu on the basis of polymethoxylated flavone composition. Principal component analysis revealed the distribution of the hybrids by quantifying 23 flavonoid contents.