滨海沙地不同固氮树种叶片氮、磷重吸收与生物固氮的耦合关系

福建滨海沙地氮磷养分匮乏,季节性干旱严重。养分重吸收可以减弱植物对土壤养分供应的依赖,从而增强植物适应逆境的能力。以福州市滨海后沿沙地人工营造的木麻黄、肯氏相思和纹荚相思人工林为研究对象,进行不同叶龄(成熟叶、衰老叶)叶片N、P浓度及稳定氮同位素丰度值(δ15 N)的测定,通过统计手段研究叶片N、P重吸收效率(NRE、PRE)、重吸收度(NRP、PRP)及其与生物固氮率的关系。结果表明:(1)滨海沙地不同固氮树种叶片NRE表现为纹荚相思(52.80%)>肯氏相思(28.27%)>木麻黄(24.63%),纹荚相思叶片NRE显著高于肯氏相思和木麻黄,但后两者间无显著差异;PRE表现为肯氏相思(74.08%)>纹荚相思(63.99%)>木麻黄(40.47%),且相互之间差异显著。(2)滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮率表现为肯氏相思(69.45%)>纹荚相思(69.15%)>木麻黄(34.59%),2种相思树种生物固氮率无显著差异,但显著高于木麻黄99.88%～100.77%。(3)滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮率与NRE、PRE和NRP呈负相关关系,与叶片PRP呈正相关关系。因而,滨海沙地不同固氮树种生物固氮与叶片的氮、磷重吸收存在耦合关系,并显著影响氮、磷重吸收效率和重吸收度。研究结果为揭示滨海沙地不同固氮树种对贫瘠土壤和季节性干旱的适应机制提供依据,也为滨海沙地营林管理提供参考。     

大兴安岭南段不同生长衰退程度山杨林生态化学计量特征

分析大兴安岭南段（半干旱区）赛罕乌拉地区天然山杨次生林的乔木－凋落物－土壤的C、N、P化学计量特,探讨当地出现山杨林的生长衰退现象与养分限制的相关性,以期为天然森林资源恢复重建提供理论依据。按照不同生长衰退程度山杨将其划分为健康生长和轻度、重度衰退生长的山杨林,测定乔木－凋落物－土壤的C、N、P含量,并分析山杨不同组分化学计量特征差异及生长衰退对化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:（1）研究区内土壤有机C、全N平均值含量均高于我国森林土壤平均水平,土壤全P平均值含量低于我国森林土壤平均水平;山杨重度生长衰退山杨根区土壤全N、全P含量显著低于正常生长山杨根区土壤。（2）山杨根C含量高于山杨其他器官,重度生长衰退山杨叶片C/N、C/P高于正常生长山杨,这可能与山杨生长受到N、P元素限制有关。（3）正常生长山杨的P重吸收率显高于重度生长衰退山杨,说明山杨通过对叶片P重吸收以适应其根区土壤P缺乏胁迫,提高山杨的抗旱能力。（4）山杨凋落叶C、N、P含量处于全球及我国多数陆地植物凋落叶C、N、P含量平均水平;山杨凋落叶的C/N比值明显高于养分N释放临界点,重度生长衰退山杨凋落叶的C/P明显高于P养分释放临界点,说明凋落叶N、P元素不易分解释放;这使得重度生长衰退山杨林地的凋落叶中N、P元素大量滞留而土壤中某些养分元素被消耗但得不到及时补充。研究区重度生长衰退山杨生长受到养分限制,与林中凋落叶分解缓慢、土壤中N、P元素主要以有机物形式存在有关。     

温度和降水对中国草本植物、灌木和乔木养分重吸收特征的影响

为进一步完善我国植物养分循环模型,收集了51篇国内外中英文文献进行meta分析,研究了草本植物、灌木、乔木氮(N)、磷(P)重吸收特征的差异及温度和降水量对其产生的影响。结果表明：(1)我国草本植物、灌木、乔木凋落叶平均N含量分别为9.05,14.91,12.72 mg/g,草本植物、灌木、乔木凋落叶平均P含量分别为0.50,0.79,0.76 mg/g。草本植物、灌木、乔木的平均N重吸收率分别为64.16%,51.97%,35.82%,草本植物、灌木、乔木的平均P重吸收率分别为65.51%,46.74%,41.72%;(2)草本植物调落叶N,P含量显著低于灌木和乔木,但草本植物N,P重吸收率显著高于灌木和乔木,灌木N重吸收率显著高于乔木,灌木的其他养分重吸收特征与乔木没有显著差异;(3) 3种生活型植物凋落叶N和P含量与年均温呈正比,而N重吸收与年均温呈反比,P重吸收率与年均温不相关。3种生活型植物凋落叶N含量和N重吸收率分别与年均降水量呈正比和反比,凋落叶P含量和P重吸收率均与年均降水量不相关。本研究中草本植物较高的养分重吸收率可能说明其相较灌木和乔木更新速率更快,不同生活型植物对...     

氮添加对滇中高原森林凋落物养分残留及其持水性的影响

为揭示森林生态系统养分循环和水分循环对氮沉降的响应机制,以滇中高原华山松(Pinus armandii)和云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)为研究对象,开展野外氮添加下凋落叶、枝原位分解研究试验,设置对照、低氮、中氮和高氮共4个处理,利用尼龙网袋法和室内浸泡法,探究凋落叶、枝养分元素残留率、持水量和持水率及吸水速率对氮添加的响应。结果表明:(1)随着分解时间的持续,2种林分凋落叶、枝碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)分别呈释放、富集—释放、富集过程,凋落叶C、N、P残留率显著小于凋落枝(p＜0.05);(2)凋落叶最大持水量和最大吸水速率显著大于凋落枝(p＜0.05),分解24个月时,与CK相比,LN处理下2种林分凋落叶、枝C,华山松凋落叶N残留率降低1.98%~7.27%,10.79%,HN处理下2种林分凋落叶、枝C,华山松凋落叶、枝和云南松凋落枝N,华山松凋落枝P残留率则增加4.26%~9.08%,11.94%~44.51%,42.42%;(3)分解24个月时,与CK相比,LN、MN和HN处理华山松凋落叶、枝和云南松凋落叶最大持水量和最大吸水速率分别降低11.44%~25.24%,5.81%~32.23%,云南松凋落枝则增加15.48%~24.26%,17.97%~23.74%。 (4)2种林分凋落叶、枝持水量随浸泡时间延长而增加,而吸水速率则为降低,持水量与浸泡时间的关系均呈对数函数关系(m=a+bln t),吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系呈幂函数关系(v=at^-b)。(5)C与云南松凋落枝持水性呈正相关关系(p＜0.05),N与华山松凋落枝、P与华山松和云南松凋落叶持水性呈负相关关系(p＜0.05)。综上,氮添加通过改变凋落物分解过程中C、N、P养分元素残留特征进而影响其持水性。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘混交林叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

以黄土丘陵区沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)+油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、沙棘(H.rhamnoides)+刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)混交林(H_rP_t、H_rR_p)及油松(P_t)和刺槐(R_p)纯林为对象,测定叶片、凋落物和0—100 cm土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比,探究混交造林对不同组分间养分协同变化规律的影响。结果表明:(1)相比P_t,H_rP_t中油松叶片C、N、P含量(p0.05)及N∶P(p0.05)增加,C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t有助于缓解N限制,加快其生长速率;相比R_p,H_rR_p中刺槐叶片C、N含量及C∶P和N∶P降低,P含量及C∶N增加(p0.05),表明H_rR_p增强刺槐对P的吸收,但降低其对C和N的固存;(2)相比P_t,H_rP_t凋落物C、N、P含量及N∶P增加,C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t有助于加快凋落物分解,促进养分归还;相比R_p,H_rR_p凋落物C、N、P含量及其计量比均有所增加(p0.05),表明H_rR_p对凋落物分解无显著作用;(3)相比P_t和R_p,H_rP_t和H_rR_p土壤C、N、P含量增加,但C∶N和C∶P降低(p0.05),表明H_rP_t和H_rR_p均有助于提高N和P利用效率,改善土壤养分状况;(4)叶片、凋落物化学计量指标间具有较强协同效应,且N、P相比C在不同组分间的相关性更明显。综上,相比H_rR_p,H_rP_t更有助于改善养分限制因子供给,加快组分间养分转化。研究结果对于揭示黄土高原地区人工混交林生态系统养分供应潜力及合理制定营林规划具有重要意义。     

氮磷提高华北落叶松人工林地土壤养分和酶活性的作用

【目的】采用田间试验,研究外源施用氮、磷肥对处于中龄林的20年华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林地土壤养分和酶活性特征的影响,并对土壤肥力水平进行评价,以筛选出最佳施肥方案。【方法】2012年4月中旬对处于中龄林的20年华北落叶松人工纯林进行外源施用氮、磷肥,在5月到10月中旬采集0—20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤养分和土壤酶含量,分析其在整个生长期内的动态变化,运用主成分分析法筛选出最佳施肥方案。【结果】1)施用氮、磷肥显著增加土壤速效氮和速效磷含量(P0.05),降低土壤速效钾含量和p H值。与对照相比,不同施肥处理速效氮增加幅度为N2PN2N1PN1P,速效磷为N1PPN2PN2N1,而速效钾降低幅度为N2PN1PN2PN1,p H降低幅度为N2PN2PN1PN1。2)施肥后,土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性显著增加(P0.05),过氧化氢酶活性降低。与对照相比,不同施肥处理蔗糖酶增加幅度是N1PN2PN1PN2,磷酸酶是N2PN1N1PN2P,脲酶是N2PN1PN1N2P,而过氧化氢酶降低幅度是N2PN2N1PPN1。3)土壤中养分含量对季节变化的响应非常敏感,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾整体呈先降低后增加的趋势,最小值出现在植物生长旺盛的7、8月份。土壤酶活性变化比较复杂,多数最大值出现在7、8月份。4)施氮肥、磷肥和氮磷配施处理均提高了土壤速效氮和速效磷含量,速效氮由21.56 mg/kg上升到35.77 mg/kg,速效磷由1.86 mg/kg上升到3.73 mg/kg,尤以N1P和N2P配施效果最明显。5)氮肥、磷肥和氮磷配施处理,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均增加,虽然过氧化氢酶活性小幅下降,但总的来说土壤酶活性增强,以N1P和N2P配施效果最为明显。6)主成分分析表明,施肥提高了土壤肥力水平,提高效果表现为N1PN2PPN1N2CK。N1P处理土壤肥力水平增加了1.505,N2P增加了1.405。【结论】施氮、磷肥可显著增加林地土壤养分,增强土壤酶活性,有效改善华北落叶松人工林地土壤肥力状况,缓解氮、磷亏缺导致的林地地力衰退。供试条件下华北落叶松的最佳施肥方案是N 75 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2(N1P),而N 150 kg/hm2和P2O575 kg/hm2(N2P)次之。     

模拟氮沉降对甜槠林分凋落物及主要养分归还量的影响

选取亚热带典型的常绿阔叶甜槠林为研究对象,从2011年4月至2013年6月进行模拟氮(N)沉降试验,以探讨甜槠林凋落物养分归还量对N沉降的响应。氮沉降水平分别为:对照(CK,0 kg N hm-2a-1),低氮(LN,50 kg N hm-2a-1),高氮(HN,100 kg N hm-2a-1),高氮+磷(HN+P,100 kg N hm-2a-1+50 kg P hm-2a-1),每个处理重复3次。在模拟氮沉降2 a后,于2012年7月开始收集各样地的凋落物样品,分析凋落物及其养分归还量。结果表明:不同处理凋落物量没有显著差异,表明氮沉降增加没有显著提高林分凋落物产量;不同处理落叶、落枝中N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均无显著差异,表明氮沉降亦没有显著增加凋落物各养分含量;模拟氮沉降处理均增加了各养分元素年归还量,但不同元素对N沉降的响应不同。N、K和Mg年归还量与CK存在显著差异,而P和Ca年归还量与CK处理无显著差异。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐混交林生态化学计量特征与碳储量

为了探讨混交林与纯林养分状况和固碳能力的差异,以黄土丘陵沟壑区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)纯林、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)纯林以及刺槐+油松(Robinia pseudoacacia+Pinus tabuliformis)混交林、刺槐+山杨(Robinia pseudoacacia+Populus davidiana)混交林为对象,通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方式,研究混交林与纯林生态系统的生态化学计量特征与碳储量。结果表明:(1)刺槐+油松混交林显著增加刺槐枝和根的C含量和叶、干的P含量及枝的C:P与N:P,并显著增加油松叶、枝和根的N含量和枝、干、根的N:P,但显著降低油松各器官的C:N,而刺槐+山杨混交林仅显著增加刺槐枝的P含量。(2)刺槐+油松混交林的土壤C含量显著高于刺槐纯林,土壤P含量显著低于油松纯林;刺槐+山杨混交林与刺槐纯林土壤P含量差异不显著。(3)总体纯林中乔木叶片与凋落物的C含量显著相关,C:N、C:P在乔叶-凋落物-土壤中均显著相关;但在总体混交林中仅有凋落物与土壤中的P含量与C:P显著相关。(4)刺槐+山杨混交林乔木层碳储量显著高于刺槐纯林,刺槐+油松混交林林下植被层与土壤层碳储量显著高于刺槐纯林。研究结果为深入了解黄土高原养分循环机制奠定基础,同时也为黄土高原人工林的经营管理提供理论依据。     

华北落叶松针叶碳、氮、磷含量及化学计量比的季节变化

【目的】碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)在林木的生长发育中有着重要作用,三者的含量变化和元素比值控制着林木的营养和生长状况。本研究主要分析了秦岭山区同一树种不同林龄叶片的C、N、P含量及化学计量比随季节变化的规律,为林木施肥管理提供依据。【方法】在林木生长季的不同月份(2012年5月到10月每月中旬),对秦岭5年生(5a)、10年生(10 a)、20年生(20 a)3种林龄的华北落叶松针叶进行定期采集,并测定不同月份各林龄针叶的C、N、P含量和化学计量比值,对不同林龄不同生长季华北落叶松针叶的C、N、P及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P的动态变化进行分析,并对其C∶N与氮含量、C∶P与磷含量进行相关性分析。【结果】1)3种林龄针叶的碳含量从生长初期(5 6月)到生长旺盛期(7 8月)逐渐增加,生长末期(8 9月)逐渐降低,但到落叶期(10月)又小幅回升。2)3种林龄华北落叶松针叶的氮含量在整个生长季内(5 10月)均呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,各林龄针叶氮含量升高和降低的时间存在差异,5 a和20 a林龄的针叶N含量从6月到生长旺盛期(7月、8月)基本上保持上升趋势,而10 a林龄针叶的氮含量6 7月份先逐渐降低,7 9月份急剧升高,落叶前期到落叶(9 10月)这段时间3种林龄针叶的N含量均急剧下降为最低值。3)3种林龄针叶磷含量在整个生长季节内的变化趋势基本一致,均先降低后升高再降低最终维持稳定。4)5 a、10 a和20 a林龄的华北落叶松在生长季节内针叶的C∶N变化范围分别为21.83 56.42、18.4358.49和22.54 87.83,变异系数分别达到了37.74%、42.05%和68.42%,随着树龄的增长其变异系数逐渐增大。5)5 a、10 a、20 a林龄的华北落叶松在生长季节内针叶C∶P的变化范围分别为169.17 402.85、180.54 395.01和213.02 398.75,变异系数依次为31.35%、31.43%和22.88%。6)针叶的N∶P,5 a、10 a、20 a在生长季节内的变化范围分别为6.77 15.42、6.38 20.13和4.44 14.45,变异系数分别为39.65%、50.86%和33.03%。7)各林龄针叶的C、N、P平均含量以及各比值之间的差异均不显著(P0.05)。【结论】3种林龄的华北落叶松针叶的C∶N、C∶P均与相应的N、P含量呈显著负相关(P0.05),随着N、P含量的变化以对数方程的形式减小。同时发现,氮是秦岭地区幼、中林龄华北落叶松生长的主要限制性因子,土壤中的氮养分不足会制约林木的生长,因此对本研究区的土壤应及时补充氮肥以满足华北落叶松正常生长的营养需求。     

滇池流域磷矿山区优势植物叶片与土壤养分生态化学计量特征

为了研究滇池流域磷矿山区不同生活型优势植物叶片和土壤的养分含量及其计量比特征,选取流域内磷矿退化山区内4种常见优势植物(马桑、云南松、蔗茅和紫茎泽兰)作为研究对象,分析植物叶片及土壤的C、N、P含量。结果表明:云南松影响下的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,分别为22.42 g/kg、1.85 g/kg、140.78 mg/kg、1 048.89 mg/kg,全磷含量最低,为2.51 g/kg;云南松叶片C含量为492.86 g/kg,显著高于其他植物,而N、P含量分别为11.22和2.78 g/kg,显著低于其他植物;土壤N含量与叶片C含量显著正相关,而与叶片N︰P比显著负相关。研究结果表明:磷矿山地土壤C、N养分是限制植物生长的主要限制因子;在土壤C、N养分相对匮乏的立地条件下,云南松和蔗茅叶片能够固定更多的C,而马桑叶片能够固定较多的N。因此,结合不同生活型植物的属性特征及该区域内群落的演替特征,建议磷矿山区废弃地的生态恢复可以构建蔗茅和马桑为主的植物群落,随后种植云南松形成针叶林以增加土壤C含量,并在恢复后期种植固N阔叶树种形成针阔混交林,以达到全面改善土壤养分、保持水土并控制土壤P素流失的目的。     

Effects of warming and nitrogen addition on nutrient resorption efficiency in an alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau

The increase in two controversial global environmental issues, climate warming and nitrogen (N) deposition, may have distinct effects on the processes and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Nutrient resorption is an important determinant of plant community nutrient dynamics, especially in nutrient-limited ecosystems, but information about N and phosphorus (P) resorption in alpine ecosystems is still lacking. A long-term simulated warming and exogenous N addition experiment initiated in July 2010 was conducted in an alpine meadow in Damxung County in northern Tibet. The experiment consisted of conditions of warming and no warming crossed with three N addition levels: 0 (CK), 20 (N20), and 40 (N40) kg N · ha^?1 · year^?1. With increasing N addition levels, the N content and the N/P ratio in plant leaves gradually increased, while the P limitation of plant growth was aggravated by N addition. The moderate N addition level (N20) increased plant N resorption efficiency (NRE), while the high N addition level (N40) had no effect on the NRE of Kobresia pygmaea or Anaphalis xylorhiza. N addition significantly increased the P resorption efficiency (PRE) in Stipa capillacea leaves. However, N addition did not change the community NRE or the community PRE. The soil N content decreased under the warming treatment. At the community level, warming significantly increased the NRE by 12% and 16%, and the PRE by 26% and 24% under the CK and N40 treatments, respectively. The NRE and PRE were higher in S. capillacea than in K. pygmaea and A. xylorhiza, especially at the high N addition level (38% and 45% higher NRE and 36% and 15% higher PRE compared to K. pygmaea and A. xylorhiza, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that the NRE and PRE in plant leaves were mainly mediated by soil inorganic N availability, and tended to decrease with increase of soil N availability, suggesting that N loss due to warming could induce changes in nutrient resorption in alpine ecosystems. The species-specific responses to N addition and the stronger competitive advantage of S. capillacea may change the community structure and subsequently affect the decomposition process in this alpine meadow under future global climate change scenarios.     

模拟氮沉降对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳和微生物氮的动态影响

为揭示过量的大气氮沉降对华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸的影响,通过对照(N0:0 g/(m^2·a))、轻度施氮(N1:8 g/(m^2·a))、重度施氮(N2:15 g/(m^2·a))3个外源施氮水平下5年的野外定点试验和观测,模拟过量氮沉降条件下华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物碳、氮和土壤呼吸的变化,旨在阐明林下土壤微生物和呼吸对过量氮沉降的响应及其对土壤碳氮循环的影响。结果表明:在5-10月生长季中,土壤微生物碳和氮的平均含量分别为1 098.93,97.31 mg/kg,二者都随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势;轻度施氮促进土壤微生物碳和氮的增加,重度施氮抑制土壤微生物碳和氮的增加;土壤微生物碳和微生物氮从生长初期5月起,5-7月呈增加趋势,7月出现峰值,8月降低,9-10月小幅增加,呈现"N"形曲线。土壤微生物碳氮比为4.94~18.54,且随施氮量增加而减小。各氮处理下,华北落叶松人工林土壤呼吸速率5,6月较低,7-8月持续增加,并在8月达到最高,9-10月逐渐降低。相关分析表明,土壤呼吸与土壤全氮、含水量、微生物碳和微生物氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤有机质呈显著正相关关系。在全球变化背景下,研究结果可为进一步明确过量大气氮沉降对森林生态系统碳氮循环的影响途径和机制研究提供重要参考。     

Litter-fall and litter decomposition in a low Mediterranean shrubland

Annual production of litter by Cistus incanus (L.) and Myrtus communis (L.) and decomposition dynamics of leaf litter of these species was studied in a Mediterranean shrubland. Myrtus and Cistus produced 472 and 429 g dry weight litter m^-2 year^-1, respectively. Leaves were the predominant litter component for both species. The average decay constant of Myrtus and Cistus litters enclosed in litter bags, calculated over the whole study period (38 months), was 0.71 year^-1 and 0.31 year^-1 respectively. In green leaves the N content differed during growth seasons for both species, whereas the content of Ca, Mg, P, K, and Na did not show significant changes. Abscised leaves had lower N, P and K contents than green leaves, evidencing that a nutrient translocation before abscission occurred from senescent leaves. The nutrient contents of the leaves at abscission time, generally higher in Cistus than in Myrtus, allowed us to estimate the annual nutrient input to the soil. Phosphorus and K more than N were rapidly released by the decomposing litters after exposure. Nutrient limitation, in particular P, might be considered the main growth limiting factor for Myrtus and Cistus. Both species were adapted to recovery and rapidly recycle P more than N and K in the living biomass through retranslocation from green leaves before abscission and/or a high release rate from the decomposing litter. The former strategy was better used by Cistus, the latter by Myrtus.     

闽西南崩岗侵蚀区芒萁叶片生态化学计量特征

为了阐明极度退化的崩岗生态系统内芒萁的生长状态和养分储存特征,对闽西南3处不同侵蚀强度的典型崩岗内芒萁叶片C、N、P含量及C/N、C/P、N/P特征进行研究,对比分析不同侵蚀强度下崩壁部位和崩岗不同侵蚀部位中芒萁叶片的生态化学计量特征。结果表明:崩岗内芒萁叶片的C、N、P平均含量分别为477.10 g·kg~(-1)、6.45 g·kg~(-1)、0.25 g·kg~(-1),芒萁叶片的N、P养分含量极低;而C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别为96.82、2 097.20、27.67,芒萁生长受P限制。不同侵蚀强度下的崩壁内芒萁叶片的C、N、P含量及C/P、N/P均存在显著差异(P0.05),C含量、C/P和N/P均随着侵蚀强度的增强而减小,N含量在中度侵蚀的崩壁内较高,而P含量则随着侵蚀强度的增强而增加,表明芒萁对土壤侵蚀严重的崩岗生态系统具有很强的适应能力。在崩岗的不同侵蚀部位中芒萁叶片的P含量、C/P和N/P均存在显著差异(P0.05),P含量在集水坡面最高,在崩壁最低;而C/P、N/P均表现为崩壁显著大于其他各侵蚀部位。可见,在崩岗的不同侵蚀部位,崩壁中芒萁对C的同化能力强于其他侵蚀部位,且对P利用效率也显著高于其他侵蚀部位。综上,在侵蚀严重的崩岗生态系统中,芒萁有较强的同化C能力和较高的对P利用效率,能通过调节自身C、N、P元素含量很好地适应土壤侵蚀严重、养分极度贫瘠的生境。     

Trees on farms and their contribution to soil fertility parameters in Badessa, eastern Ethiopia

Surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (30–45 cm) soil samples from under canopy, edge of canopy and away from canopy of isolated Cordia africana Lam. and Croton macrostachyus Del. trees and their leaves were examined to investigate leaf nutrient content, root biomass and the contribution of trees on farms to soil fertility parameters in Badessa area, eastern Ethiopia. Leaves of C. macrostachyus had 20% higher P and 25% lower K contents than those of C. africana. The studied species had comparable leaf N content. Both species produced shallow lateral roots that extended beyond the canopy zone. Typically, higher fine root biomass was observed in the surface soils than the subsurface soils. Both species did not affect soil organic C, pH and cation exchange capacity. Surface and subsurface soils under tree canopies had 22–26 and 12–17% higher N, respectively, than the corresponding soils away from tree canopies. Surface soil available P under tree canopies was 34–50% higher than the corresponding soil away from canopies. Available P content of subsurface soil was improved only under C. africana canopy. The available P of surface soil under C. macrostachyus canopy was more than double that for C. africana. Trees of both species increased underneath surface and subsurface exchangeable K by 18–46% compared with the corresponding controls. In conclusion, C. macrostachyus and C. africana trees on farms keep soil nutrient high via protection against leaching, translocation of nutrients from deeper to the surface layer and accumulation of litter, which create a temporary nutrient pool in the surface soils under their canopies.     

Differential responses of litter decomposition to nutrient addition and soil water availability with long-term vegetation recovery

The litter decomposition, nutrient patterns, as well as nutrient release and soil nutrient contents were determined in response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition and drought treatments following long-term vegetation recovery. The litter decomposition rate decreased with vegetation recovery, due to changes in litter quality, soil nutrient availability, and soil enzyme activity. Nitrogen addition promoted litter decomposition in the early recovery stages but inhibited decomposition in the later stages, indicating a shift in the nutrient limitations to litter decomposition with succession. Neither N nor P addition had any effect on the release of litter carbon (C), whereas N addition inhibited litter N release. In addition, drought decreased litter decomposition and nutrient release during the vegetation recovery process. Our findings suggest that litter quality, soil nutrient availability, and moisture at different vegetation recovery stages should be considered when modeling the C cycle and nutrient dynamics in these ecosystems.     

Litter, warming and plants affect respiration and allocation of soil microbial and plant C, N and P in arctic mesocosms

In a mesocosm experiment, we studied decomposition rates as CO₂ efflux and changes in plant mass, nutrient accumulation and soil pools of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), in soils from a sub-arctic heath. The soil was incubated at 10 °C and 12 °C, with or without leaf litter and with or without plants present. The purpose of the experiment was to analyse decomposition and nutrient transformations under simulated, realistic conditions in a future warmer Arctic.Both temperature enhancement and litter addition increased respiration rates. Temperature enhancement and surprisingly also litter addition decreased microbial biomass carbon (C) content, resulting in a pronounced increase of specific respiration. Microbial P content increased progressively with temperature enhancement and litter addition, concomitant with increasing P mineralisation, whereas microbial N increased only in the litter treatment, at the same time as net N mineralisation decreased. In contrast, microbial biomass N decreased as temperature increased, resulting in a high mobilisation of inorganic N.Plant responses were closely coupled to the balance of microbial mineralisation and immobilisation. Plant growth and N accumulation was low after litter addition because of high N immobilisation in microbes and low net mineralisation, resulting in plant N limitation. Growth increased in the temperature-enhanced treatments, but was eventually limited by low supply of P, reflected in a low plant P concentration and high N-to-P ratio. Hence, the different microbial responses caused plant N limitation after litter addition and P limitation after temperature enhancement. Although microbial processes determined the main responses in plants, the plants themselves influenced nutrient turnover. With plants present, P mobilisation to the plant plus soil inorganic pools increased significantly, and N mobilisation non-significantly, when litter was added. This was presumably due to increased mineralisation in the rhizosphere, or because the nutrients in addition to being immobilised by microbes also could be absorbed by plants. This suggests that the common method of measuring nutrient mineralisation in soils incubated without plants may underestimate the rates of nutrient mobilisation, which probably contributes to a commonly observed discrepancy of measured lower rates of net nutrient mineralisation than uptake rates in arctic soils.     

黄土丘陵区油松人工林植物器官—凋落物—土壤化学计量特征的季节变化

为了解黄土丘陵区油松人工林植物器官—凋落物—土壤的化学计量特征随季节的变化规律，通过时空替代法、野外调查取样与室内试验的手段，以陕西省延安市安塞区纸坊沟流域中林龄油松（Pinus tabuliformis）人工林为对象，分析了4—10月油松不同器官—凋落物—土壤的碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）生态化学计量学特征。结果表明：（1）从4—10月，叶片C、P含量逐渐上升，在10月最高，叶片的N含量和N：P及枝的N、P含量均先减小后增大，且均在8月最低，而枝的C：N及C：P和细根的C：P、N：P均先增大后减小，且均在8月最高。土壤C、N含量、C：P、N：P先增大后减小，在8月最高。凋落物N含量、C：P和N：P均呈先降后升的趋势，在6月最低，P含量变化不显著；（2）除叶片4—6月、细根4—8月N：P>14外，其他各器官4—10月均N：P<14，该区域油松生长主要受N限制；（3）叶片与凋落物的C、N含量及C：N之间均呈显著正相关，C：N、C：P与N：P之间均呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。叶片N：P与土壤C：N呈极显著负相关（p<0.01），其他化学计量特征之间均无显著相关性。凋落物C含量与土壤P含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。研究结果使人工林生态化学计量学的研究更加系统性，为黄土丘陵区植被良好生长提供参考依据。