我国南方某些土壤对钾素的固定及其影响因素

本文研究了我国南方一些土类的钾素固定作用。结果表明,以高岭石为主要粘粒矿物的土壤,其钾素固定不明显,随着土壤粘粒中2:1型矿物的增多,固钾作用增强。干湿交替有利于钾素固定,陪补阴离子对钾素固定没有明显影响。土壤固钾量与CEC呈显著正相关,而与粘粒含量的关系则视粘粒矿物组成而定。     

模拟干湿交替对夯实土壤抗剪强度的影响

为了探究农业生产实践中经过人工夯实的田坎在自然营力作用下的垮塌变形机理,通过采集黄土区梯田土壤,对其进行室内击实、模拟干湿交替处理和剪切试验,探究了干湿交替过程对夯实土壤抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:在试验条件下,随着干湿交替次数的增加,土壤的粘聚力呈现逐渐增加的趋势。土壤的内摩擦角逐渐降低,并在第7次干湿交替时达到最小值。在100 kPa垂直压力作用下,土壤的抗剪强度受影响不明显;在200 kPa垂直压力作用下,土壤抗剪强度先增加然后趋于稳定;而在300,400 kPa垂直压力作用下,土壤的抗剪强度先增加然后逐渐降低,并趋于稳定,并在第2次干湿交替时达到最大值。此外,在相同干湿交替次数的情况下,随着垂直压力的增大,土壤的抗剪强度逐渐增大,说明垂直压力与土壤的抗剪强度呈正相关。经过显著性分析,干湿交替过程对土壤内摩擦角的影响大于相同条件下对粘聚力的影响。干湿交替过程对夯实土壤的抗剪强度有显著影响,随着干湿交替次数的增加,土壤的抗剪强度降低,其中土壤粘聚力增加,而内摩擦角下降。     

不同水分管理下施用稻草对土壤有机酸和养分有效性的影响

为探索稻草还田短期内土壤有机酸积累和养分供应特征,在温室培养条件下,采用多孔聚酯管溶液采集器采集土壤溶液和"通用佳"离子交换树脂球法,分别研究了连续淹水和干湿交替下,施用稻草30天内对土壤有机酸产生和养分有效性的影响。结果表明,(1)无论连续淹水还是干湿交替,施用稻草后土壤中有机酸积累明显增加,但在干湿交替下的积累要低于连续淹水下;施用稻草后产生的有机酸以乙酸为主,且5cm处的有机酸积累明显低于15cm处。(2)施用稻草降低了土壤氮的有效性,但提高了土壤磷、铁、钾、钙和镁的有效性;与连续淹水相比,干湿交替下施用稻草降低土壤氮有效性的程度更大,而提高土壤磷、铁、钾、钙、镁的程度则较小。     

不同水分状况对红壤和黄褐土速效钾含量的影响

通过120 d的实验室恒温（25±1℃）培养试验,研究了不同水分条件（含水量0、25%和40%及干湿交替）对红壤和黄褐土速效钾（K）变化的影响。结果表明,无论施钾与否,红壤恒湿处理（25%和40%）的速效K高于干燥土壤,并且随着培养时间的延长有增加的趋势;黄褐土与红壤相反,恒湿处理的速效钾低于干燥土壤。同一土壤25%和40%含水量恒湿处理的速效钾含量差异不显著,表明土粒表面水膜的厚薄不是影响土壤钾有效性的控制因素。干湿交替条件下,红壤速效钾变化不明显,黄褐土速效钾逐渐增加,干燥过程可促进黄褐土层间K+的释放。随着干湿交替次数的增加,红壤固钾能力有增加的趋势,黄褐土的固钾能力逐渐下降。     

干湿交替下土壤团聚体稳定性研究进展与展望

团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,对土壤系统功能(如结构稳定和肥力保持等))至关重要。而干湿交替是导致土壤团聚体演变的重要环境因子,显著影响团聚体稳定性。本文回顾了70多年来干湿交替对土壤团聚体稳定性影响的研究历程,总结了干湿交替条件下土壤团聚体粒径分布和水稳性的变化特征,着重阐述了干湿交替对团聚体稳定性的影响机制,以及影响干湿交替条件下团聚体稳定性的主要因素,并比较分析了近80年来土壤团聚体稳定性研究的主要方法。通过梳理发现,尽管目前报道了大量有关干湿交替对不同类型土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,但是相关研究多集中在单一的土壤系统中,鲜有从复合生态系统的角度探索干湿交替复合作用过程与多重影响机制。同时,由于不同研究所采用的方法差异较大,导致其结果往往可比性较差。由此,本文提出了该领域今后潜在的研究方向:(1)敏感脆弱区干湿交替下土壤团聚体形成和演变机制;(2)干湿交替对土壤团聚体中化学污染物迁移转化的影响;(3)新技术,如电子计算机断层扫描技术(computed tomography,CT))等在团聚体研究中的应用;(4)植物群落与土壤团聚体周转交互作用过程与机理等。     

干湿交替对黄土崩解速度的影响

耕作土壤在降雨、灌水之后,其由翻耕后的疏松状态逐渐变得较为紧实,土粒之间会重新结合,土壤结构得到重组。土壤抵抗侵蚀能力发生了一定变化。通过土盒模拟土壤干湿交替过程,研究耕作土壤干湿交替过程中土壤容重和静水崩解变化。采用Richards模型对土壤崩解过程进行了模拟,分析干湿交替对土壤崩解速度的影响,结果表明：随土壤干湿交替次数的增加,土壤容重增长缓慢,土壤的固结从快变慢。随干湿交替次数的增加,土壤的崩解速度逐渐降低。其崩解过程可划分为缓慢崩解阶段、指数崩解阶段和崩解完成阶段。随干湿交替次数的增加,缓慢崩解阶段延长,指数崩解阶段推迟出现。经3次干湿交替后,土壤崩解速度显著降低,土壤抗蚀性增强。     

干湿交替对黄土崩解速度的影响

耕作土壤在降雨、灌溉之后,其由翻耕后的疏松状态逐渐变得较为紧实,土粒之间会重新结合,土壤结构得到重组。土壤抗侵蚀能力发生了一定变化。通过土盒模拟土壤干湿交替过程,研究耕作土壤干湿交替过程中土壤容重和静水崩解变化。采用Richards模型对土壤崩解过程进行了模拟,分析干湿交替对土壤崩解速度的影响.结果表明:随土壤干湿交替次数的增加,土壤容重增长缓慢,土壤的固结从快变慢。随干湿交替次数的增加,土壤崩解速度逐渐降低。其崩解过程可划分为缓慢崩解阶段、指数崩解阶段和崩解完成阶段。随干湿交替次数的增加,缓慢崩解阶段延长,指数崩解阶段推迟出现。经3次干湿交替后,土壤崩解速度显著降低,土壤抗蚀性增强。     

干湿交替格局对川西南干热河谷土壤碳氮释放的影响

有机碳和氮素含量低、结构性差等土壤退化特征,是干热河谷土壤退化的普遍现象,漫长旱季与集中雨季使干热河谷干湿交替格局不同于其他区域。通过监测不同干湿交替模式下培养土壤的呼吸、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性氮(DN)动态,评估干湿交替特征对干热河谷土壤有机碳和氮库退化的影响。结果显示,风干土壤再湿润对土壤呼吸具有激发效应,可使呼吸强度增加1.52~7.13倍;随着干湿交替次数的增加,激发效应随之衰减,经过多次干湿交替后(当周期为3d,则干湿交替5次)降至某一稳定水平,干湿交替周期越长(周期长于12d),土壤再湿润后导致的土壤呼吸激发效应的衰减越不明显。土壤DOC和DN含量同样受再湿润激发,但DOC和DN激发效应滞后于土壤呼吸,干湿交替多次后土壤DOC和DN随之降低并稳定低于最初水平,而随着干湿交替周期延长,DOC和DN在每个干湿交替末期含量变化不明显。这暗示干湿交替尽管可激发土壤DOC和DN释放,但是这种激发效应随干湿交替次数和周期延长而降低,因此对土壤碳氮动态的影响有限,干湿交替格局可能不是干旱河谷土壤有机碳和氮素退化的主要原因。     

水分及干燥过程对土壤重金属有效性的影响

土壤水分变化可显著改变土壤性质进而影响土壤重金属有效性。本试验通过测定土壤溶液和采用薄层凝胶梯度法(DGT)表征的Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni浓度,研究土壤含水量变化对重金属有效性的影响。结果表明,不同水分处理显著影响土壤溶液中可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量和土壤中重金属的有效性;随土壤水分降低DGT表征的Zn、Cd、Cu和Ni浓度和土壤溶液中Cu和Ni浓度呈下降趋势,且随干湿交替次数增加而降低;与长期风干土壤相比,经干湿交替后风干土壤重金属有效性降低或显著降低;与土壤溶液法相比,DGT法能反映水分变化对土壤固相金属缓冲补给能力的影响,能更好地表征土壤金属有效性的变化。在农业生产中可通过适当水分管理措施降低重金属的有效性,从而缓解重金属的毒害作用。     

干湿交替下基于超声波速度的土壤含水率估算模型

为探究不同墒情需求的农田耕作层土壤含水率与超声波速度的变化关系,采用室外模拟降雨的方式,使土壤样本初始含水率分别为15%、20%、25%和30%,之后置于自然环境下干燥直到土壤含水率达到5%结束干燥,每种处理进行共4次干湿交替,利用超声波土壤含水率原位检测装置对土壤样本进行超声波速度测定。结果表明:土壤样本在各次干湿交替过程中随着土壤含水率的不断下降,土壤容重及超声波速度均呈非线性的增加。随着干湿交替次数的增加,土壤含水率变化对超声波速度的影响减弱,土壤样本初始含水率越高,干湿交替次数对超声波速度的影响越小。采用自适应加权数据融合算法将多次干湿交替过程中的土壤样本超声波速度加权融合,并利用非线性回归分析构建适用于经历多次干湿交替作用下的超声波速度-土壤含水率关系模型,预测误差在6%左右,表明该模型可用于描述不同墒情需求的农田耕作层土壤含水率与超声波速度的关系。研究结果可为利用超声波速度特性实现不同灌溉性质农田土壤含水率的持续监测及预测提供参考。     

湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响

为揭示地表结皮形成的物理机制和防止结皮形成的措施提供理论支持,该文以中国3种典型的土壤(黄土、红壤和黑土)为研究对象,采用2mmI/h(慢速),10mm/h(中速),50mm/h(快速)3种湿润速度,研究无降雨条件下不同湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响.结果表明:不同湿润速度对3种土壤的表面强度的影响程度由大到小为黄土,黑土,红壤;3种土壤中,红壤的团聚体稳定性最好,其次是黑土,黄土最差;除黄土和红壤各自慢速湿润与中速湿润对平均质量直径(MWD)的影响差异不显著,其余各种土壤不同湿润速度对MWD的影响差异均显著.     

Factors affecting potassium fixation in calcareous soils of southern Iran

Potassium fixation capacity and mineralogical analysis of 24 representative soils, collected from southern Iran, were studied. Potassium fixation analysis was performed by adding six rates of K from 0 to 1000 mg kg^?1 soil in a plastic beaker and shaking for 24 h. Mineralogical analysis showed that the clay fractions were dominated by smectite, chlorite, mica, palygorskite, vermiculite and quartz. In general, the studied soils fixed 8.5–55% of the added K. The potassium fixation capacity of the studied soils was significantly correlated with smectite content (r ² = 0.87), clay content (r ² = 0.60), cation-exchange capacity (r ² = 0.79) and NH₄OAc-K. Wetting and drying treatment and incubation time had significant effects on K fixation. The average percentage increase in K fixation following the wetting and drying treatment was 24 and 30% for surface and subsurface soils, respectively. The average percentage increase in K fixation with increasing residence time was 79 and 56% for surface and subsurface soils, respectively. Because K fixation is a diffusion process, time and increased concentration of soluble K (because of soil drying) are factors affecting the rate of K diffusion from a soil solution to the interlayer positions of the expansible 2:1 clay minerals.     

土壤磷扩散规律及其能量特征的研究Ⅱ.施磷量及水肥温相互作用对磷扩散的影响

非饱和土壤在施磷量０－４００ｍｇ／ｋｇ下的磷自扩散系数随施磷量近线性增加,但增加的幅度以缓冲性能小的轻质土壤最高。不同土壤磷扩散受土壤水分,施磷量和温度等因素相互作用的影响程度不同,为表征这种差异利用其多元非线性拟合方程的偏微分,本文提出了磷扩散率的水分系数,肥料系数和温度系数等概念。     

山西省几种典型土壤供钾能力评价

从山西省主要农田土壤中选取有代表性的耕层土壤样品 19个 ,应用生物耗竭法并结合化学方法对该省主要土壤的供钾能力进行综合评价。研究表明 ,供试的 19个土壤中无论不同形态钾含量还是耗竭后土壤钾素 (速效钾、缓效钾 )最低水平值的大小和出现前耗竭的茬数、作物吸钾量均存在较大差异 ,并因土壤类型、取土地区不同而异。最低水平值和作物吸钾量是土壤供钾的重要特征参数。供试山西土壤的长期供钾能力按取土地区有从南至北逐渐下降的趋势 ,在不同土壤类型上有红粘土、潮土 黄绵土、褐土 栗褐土、栗钙土的趋势。     

The effects of wetting and drying cycles,temperature and extracting solutions on measured potassium fixation in soils of two regions of morocco

Abstract

Five representative soils with contrasting physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics from the Chaouia and Gharb regions of northwestern Morocco were selected for a study of the effects of wetting and drying cycles (W‐D), temperature, amount of K⁺ added, and extracting solution on the determination of K‐fixation. With drying at 40°C and the use of of 0.2 M CaCl₂ for K⁺ extractions, the measured amount of K⁺ fixed increased with increased number of W‐D cycles when high quantities of K were added. The drying, however, caused release of K⁺ when no or small amounts of K⁺ were added even for soils not containing mica (illite). With 2 W‐D cycles, measured K⁺ fixation decreased with increasing drying temperature from 40^oC to 100^oC regardless of the extracting solution when the calculated fixation was based on the initial extractable K⁺ rather than the quantity extracted from the zero treatment after wetting and drying. Also, significant differences in K⁺ fixation existed between extracting solutions at any given temperature. Because of the different drying temperatures and extracting salts used it is difficult to compare results of K⁺ fixation reported in different studies. Frequent changes in temperature and soil water content during the growing season in Mediterranean climates may have an important influence on K⁺ availability.     

Enhanced sorption and fixation of radiocaesium in soils amended with K-bentonites, submitted to wetting–drying cycles

The use of bentonites as soil amendment has met with little success in reducing plant uptake of radiocaesium. However, bentonites exchanged with K⁺ have pronounced Cs⁺ binding capacity when subjected to wetting–drying cycles. Fifty‐four different bentonites were collected and characterized for cation exchange capacity and chemical composition. The radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) increased up to 160‐fold (mean 25) when the bentonites were converted to the K‐form and subjected to wetting–drying cycles. This increase in radiocaesium sorption was ascribed to a collapse of the clay sheets into an illite‐like structure, and was most pronounced in bentonites with a high layer charge. The RIP values of K‐bentonites subjected to 25 wetting–drying cycles ranged from 0.22 to 44.3 mol kg^?1. The RIP yields, i.e. the RIP in soil–bentonite mixtures expressed per unit bentonite added, were even higher and ranged up to 99 mol kg^?1. This upper limit is about 10‐fold higher than the RIP value of illite (～ 10 mol kg^?1), the principal ¹³⁷Cs sorbent in soils of temperate climates. Wetting–drying also promoted fixation of radiocaesium in soils amended with K‐bentonites. About 30% of added ¹³⁷Cs could be desorbed with 1 m ammonium acetate (NH₄Ac) from an unamended soil after 25 wetting–drying cycles, while only between 8 and 21% of ¹³⁷Cs could be desorbed from a soil amended with bentonite and a K‐salt. These findings support the proposition that addition of K‐bentonite may be effective in reducing availability of ¹³⁷Cs in soils.     

山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物组成及其吸附特性

研究了山东主要果园土壤中粘土矿物的组成、类型及其对P、K和Cu、Zn、Pb金属元素的吸附特性。结果表明：山东主要果园土壤的粘土矿物类型存在着明显的差异,淋溶较强,酸度较大的棕壤（简育湿润淋溶土）中粘土矿物以高岭石占优势,对P的吸附较强,但对K＋吸附固定较弱。含游离C aCO3较高的潮土（淡色潮湿雏形土）和褐土（简育干润淋溶土）,对P有较强的吸附和沉淀作用,使土壤磷的有效性降低。而砂姜黑土（钙积潮湿变性土）由于含有较高的蒙脱石和1.4 nm过渡矿物,对K＋具有很强的吸附和晶穴固定作用,因此砂姜黑土中磷肥和钾肥的有效性均较低,在施肥上应采取集中施肥和保持较湿润土壤环境等措施,以提高养分有效性。砂姜黑土和潮土对Cu、Zn、Pb金属元素的吸附显著地大于棕壤和褐土,主要的影响因素是不同土壤的粘粒含量和粘土矿物的类型的差异。同一土壤对Pb的吸附量远远大于对Zn和Cu的吸附量,主要取决于金属元素本身的化学性质和胶体的吸附特性。     

不同母质类型水稻土酶活性及其与理化性质的关系

将选自湖南双季稻区6种典型成土母质发育的水稻土置于长沙市郊同一生态条件下,通过7年定位池栽试验,研究了不同母质类型对土壤酶活性的影响以及酶活性与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明：不同母质类型对土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05),对酸性磷酸酶、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。主成分分析表明不同母质发育的水稻土酸性磷酸酶及脲酶作为综合评价土壤酶活性的指标要优于蔗糖酶及过氧化氢酶。6种不同母质水稻土土壤酶综合得分排序为：板页岩>河流沉积物>花岗岩>第四纪红土>紫色页岩>石灰岩。相关性分析表明,土壤蔗糖酶活性与有机质、全氮含量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05)。脲酶活性与硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),与pH值呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.05)。酸性磷酸酶活性与速效磷含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与pH值呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。     

Soil Water Retention at Varying Matric Potentials following Repeated Wetting with Modestly Saline‐Sodic Water and Subsequent Air Drying

Abstract

Coal bed natural gas (CBNG) development in the Powder River (PR) Basin produces modestly saline, highly sodic wastewater. This study assessed impacts of wetting four textural groups [0–11%, 12–22%, 23–33%, and >33% clay [(g clay/100 g soil)×100%)] with simulated PR or CBNG water on water retention. Soils received the following treatments with each water quality: a single wetting event, five wetting and drying events, or five wetting and drying events followed by leaching with salt‐free water. Treated samples were then resaturated with the final treatment water and equilibrated to ?10, ?33, ?100, ?500, or ?1,500 kPa. At all potentials, soil water retention increased significantly with increasing clay content. Drought‐prone soils lost water‐holding capacity between saturation and field capacity with repeated wetting and drying, whereas finer textured soils withstood this treatment better and had increased water‐retention capacity at lower matric potentials.