一季化杂交中稻旱育中苗直栽秧高产栽培技术

"五改两抓"夺取一季化杂交中稻旱育中苗秧高产栽培技术是:一改旱育小苗为旱育中苗;二改标准培肥调酸法为多样培肥调酸法;三改粗放播种为精细播种;四改粗放管理为规范管理;五改单株栽插为双株栽插。一抓苗床期育秧管理技术落实;二抓本田移栽质量与管理。     

水稻湿播旱育软盘抛秧栽培技术初探与应用

水稻湿播旱育软盘抛秧栽培技术是在旱育软盘抛秧技术的基础上,结合农民湿润育秧习惯演化而来的一种较成熟的水稻轻简节本栽培技术。从育秧准备、播种和秧田管理、大田抛栽以及大田管理等方面出发,较系统地介绍了水稻湿播旱育抛秧栽培的关键技术,比较分析了水稻常规湿润育秧手插栽培、水稻硬盘育秧机插栽培以及水稻湿播旱育软盘抛栽3种栽培方式的经济社会效益。分析研究表明,水稻湿播旱育软盘抛秧栽培技术是一项较先进的轻简节本栽培技术,具有省工省力省成本、增产增收增效益、操作简便、便于掌握以及适应性广等优点,在隆回丘陵山区具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

水稻旱育浅植与水育常规栽培对比效应试验

为明确水稻旱育浅植技术在重庆的适应性和技术优势,探讨推广潜力,进行了该项试验。结果表明,水稻旱育浅植栽培比水育常规同期栽插增产5%,增产效果达到显著水平;水稻旱育浅植栽培比水育常规适期栽插增产11％,增产效果达到极显著水平。水稻旱育浅植栽培比水育常规栽培具有成秧率高、秧苗素质好,秧栽后成活发苗快、有效穗粒多、成熟期明显提早等优点。     

杂交水稻集约化小苗旱育栽培研究

把杂交水稻种子播在条件较好的苗床上,旱育至2.0～2.5叶即移入大田栽培,这种育秧栽培法有利于早稻早播早插,省种、省秧田、省膜、省水、省工、省成本,早造产量高,又为晚稻抢季节创条件。     

水稻编织布育秧与机插研究

该研究工作于１９８４～１９９７年在福建进行。试验结果显示,在秧田中用塑料编织布代替工厂化塑料盘育秧,秧苗素质两者相近;编织布投资比后者降低９５％;同常规铲秧相比,编织布育秧表现出根系发达,抗寒力强等优点。它可培育手插秧,机插秧与抛栽秧。编织布秧机插,与盘秧机插比较,在机插质量,生育期,农艺性状与产量方面都相近。编织布育秧与机插技术经济简便。     

壮秧剂对连作晚稻秧苗素质及生育特性的影响

通过双季晚稻旱育秧、湿润育秧、塑盘旱育秧、塑盘湿润育秧4 种不同育秧方式施用壮秧剂与不施用壮秧剂 (常规方法育秧) 秧苗生育特性的多点比较研究, 阐明了晚季育秧施壮秧剂生物学效应: (1) 秧苗素质提高, 主要表现为矮壮, 秧龄弹性强, 根系发达, 叶龄进展快, 分蘖率高, 单株带蘖数多, 干物质积累多; (2) 秧苗栽后早生快发, 有效穗多; (3) 对生育进程影响不大, 生育期与对照基本一致; (4) 具有一定的增产效果, 增产幅度为3.79% ～6.87% , 是晚稻培育适龄矮壮秧, 提高产量的有效途径。     

不同育秧基质和水分管理对机插稻秧苗素质与产量的影响

为探明适宜机插秧苗的培育方式,本文以杂交中灿稻‘徽两优6号’为材料,研究了营养土旱育、营养土湿润育秧和淤泥水育秧等3种方式对机插水稻秧苗素质及产量的影响,并分析了不同育秧方式对秧龄弹性、机插活棵及分蘖成穗的效应。结果表明:播后21 d,营养土旱育秧苗综合素质最好,营养土湿润育秧次之,淤泥水育秧的最差;与淤泥水育秧相比,营养土旱育秧及湿润育秧的秧苗发根力强,根冠比高,干物质积累能力强。其中旱育秧适栽秧龄为18~30 d,秧龄弹性最大。营养土旱育方式育秧能在稳定结实率和千粒重的情况下显著提高有效穗数和群体颖花量,增加库容量,从而使产量显著增加。旱育秧栽后缓苗期短、活棵快、发根力强、分蘖起步早,能较好破除本田生育前、中、后期的生长不平衡,有利于优良群体构建和高产形成。     

水稻机插秧田间育秧秧苗素质影响因素研究

为明确影响机插育秧秧苗素质的因素，该文以镇稻6217为材料，研究了机插稻育秧中的播种量、秧田水分管理及施用旱秧壮秧剂对秧苗素质的影响。结果表明：播种量较低时，秧苗个体性状优势明显，但盘根性差，不利于起秧机插；播量过高时，秧苗素质弱，不利于机插后的返青活棵。水分运筹中，旱育较水育更有利于健壮秧的形成，同时有助于延长秧龄、增加秧龄弹性。施用旱秧壮秧剂在短期内可起到培肥的效果，但用量不宜超过1%。     

水稻叠盘出苗育秧的种子出苗特性及秧苗机插效果

为给机插育秧技术发展提供合理模式,本研究以常规超级早籼稻中早39为材料,设置了叠盘出苗育秧(DP)、大棚摆盘育秧(BP)、传统育秧(CK)3个处理,比较不同育秧模式的出苗温湿度环境差异、种子出苗特性、秧苗素质、机插效果和水稻产量等。结果表明,与传统育秧的温、湿度随外界环境、昼夜交替而大幅波动不同,DP出苗室可控制温度在29~32℃之间,相对湿度在70%~90%之间,有利于种子提前出苗,其种子α-淀粉酶活性强,出苗率较BP和CK分别提高19.45和15.70个百分点;DP的秧苗株高较BP和CK分别高0.32和0.41 cm,且秧苗生长均匀,整齐度高,标准苗比例高;不同育秧模式的秧苗机插质量比较发现,每丛株数表现为DP>BP>CK,漏秧率由高到低依次为CK>BP>DP,表明DP可通过提高出苗率,降低机插漏秧;相同栽插密度下,水稻产量由高至低表现为DP>BP>CK,DP的平均籽粒产量分别较BP和CK增加4.5%和13.1%,其增产主要原因是具有较高的有效穗数。综上所述,叠盘出苗育秧模式能提高种子出苗率,缩短出苗时间,提高秧苗均匀度,并降低机插漏秧率,提高机插质量,通过增加有效穗数从而实现增产效应,有利于促进育秧社会化服务及机插技术发展。     

旱育保姆在水稻育秧上的应用效果

旱育保姆是近两年推广的一种新型壮秧剂,旱育保姆分旱育保姆·旱育抛秧型(用于旱育抛秧,又名无盘抛秧剂)和旱育保姆·旱育手栽型(用于旱育秧,本文简称旱育保姆)。水稻育秧使用无盘旱育抛秧剂和旱育保姆不但可以降低育秧成本,减轻劳动强度,还大大提高     

杂交早稻旱育秧苗床增温效应

对旱育秧和湿润育秧苗床温度变化及秧苗素质的比较表明;旱育秧苗床膜内日平均温度、有效积温高．昼夜温差大;移栽叶龄小、叶片小,根系发达,植株矮壮;干物质积累多,充实度高,比叶重大,比根长小;增产幅度为6．92％～12.22％。     

Influence of Nursery Management and Seedling Age on Growth and Economic Performance of Fine Rice

Seedling vigor is the basic component of the transplanted rice, which depends on its growing environment and proper age. Thus the influence of nursery management and seedling age was evaluated after transplanting 10, 20, 30, and 40-days older seedlings raised by using seed rate (high and low) and nitrogen (N) (with and without) in rice growing season 2008 and 2009. Study revealed that 10-days older nursery seedlings, irrespective to nursery-bed treatments, showed accelerated growth start after transplanting in main field while at later stages significant interaction was observed. Transplanting of 20-days older fertilized seedlings grown at low seeding density at nursery-bed resulted in similar growth performance as in younger. Maximum net-benefit (45111, 44402 Rs. ha^?1) was recorded with transplanting 10-days older nursery seedlings while the fertilized seedlings grown at lower seeding density recorded highest net-benefit (37908, 36780 Rs. ha^?1) in both the years.     

蔬菜机械化育苗的现状与展望

机械化育苗,美因称它为塞子苗生产。近年来这项农业栽培技术在世界上有了迅速发展,当前美国移栽蔬菜中大约70％采用塞子苗。机械化育苗主要设备是精量播种生产线,与传统的土方育苗和裸根育苗相比较,其优点是:省时、省工、成苗率高、作物长势整齐、便于机械化移栽等。北京花乡育苗场是我国第一座专门提供商品塞子苗的场家,其销售量逐年增多,1990年已达500多万株。我国农民习惯栽植大苗,尽管用户认为塞子苗偏小些,但由于这种育苗方式优点很多,农民愿意接受。     

MnSO_4浸种对马铃薯幼苗质量及产量形成的影响

以"克新13"马铃薯为材料,通过盆栽试验,利用不同浓度的硫酸锰浸种处理,通过测定马铃薯幼苗的地上部干重、地下部干重、壮苗指数、叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力及产量等指标的变化,研究硫酸锰对马铃薯幼苗质量及产量的作用效应。结果表明:适宜浓度硫酸锰(0.06%~0.09%)浸种处理能有效地提高叶绿素含量和根系活力,促进幼苗地上部和地下部干物质积累,提高壮苗指数,从而提高幼苗质量和产量;硫酸锰过量,则抑制了马铃薯幼苗的正常生长,从而影响了产量的形成。     

Genotypic Difference of Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Response to Cd Stress and its Relation to Cd Accumulation

A greenhouse experiment was conducted using twelve Japonica rice genotypes differing in grain Cd concentration, to study the genotypic difference in germination and early seedling growth in response to Cd stress and its relation to Cd accumulation. The results showed that under low Cd level (0.5 mM), germination was significantly enhanced for most rice genotypes, but higher Cd levels (2.5 and 10.0 mM) inhibited germination dramatically. When exposed to 10.0 mM Cd, a few genotypes could still germinate, but the seedlings of all genotypes would die in early stage. Shoot height and dry weight, and root length and dry weight of seedling were significantly inhibited at 0.5 and 2.5 mM Cd levels, irrespectively of genotypes, and the inhibition became more severe under higher Cd level. There was a significant genotypic difference in response of germination, early seedling growth and shoot Cd concentration to Cd stress. The difference was the largest for germination, followed by root growth, the least for shoot growth. A cluster analysis of tolerance indices, including germination rate, shoot height and weight, root length and weight of the plants exposed to 2.5 mM Cd level showed that 12 rice genotypes may be grouped into three clusters, i.e. high-, intermediate- and weak Cd-tolerance. No significant correlation was found between grain Cd concentration and Cd-tolerance in terms of germination and seedling growth, and shoot Cd concentrations, suggesting that it is possible to develop rice cultivars with high Cd-tolerance and low grain Cd accumulation.     

Effect of seed phosphorus and soil phosphorus applications on early growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. IR66

Abstract

The vigour and size of rice seedlings in the nursery are generally correlated with final grain yield. The present study examined the possibility that increasing seed phosphorus (P) concentration would stimulate early growth of rice seedlings and therefore would have the potential to increase rice yield. Rice seeds with a uniform size and three levels of P concentration (0.115, 0.173, and 0.240% on a dry weight basis) were sown in pots on a P deficient soil with three levels of P supply (0, 7.75, and 38.8 mg P kg^?1 soil) to investigate their effect on root and shoot dry weight and P accumulation at three harvest times, 10, 20, and 30 d after sowing (DAS). The effect of seed P concentration on plant growth was greatest at a low soil P concentration and it was less pronounced with increasing soil P concentration and with time at all levels of soil P. At 10 DAS, shoot dry weight was 15% higher at a high seed P concentration (0.240%) (p < O.O1) than at a low seed P concentration (0.115%) at each level of soil P supply whereas at subsequent harvests (20 and 30 DAS) the effect of seed P concentration was observed only when the soil P supply was deficient. In contrast with its effects on shoot dry weight, high seed P concentration increased root dry weight only at the latest harvest (30 DAS). The fact that high seed P increased P concentrations in shoot tips, and in roots at 10 DAS suggests that improved P nutrition of seedlings in the first 10 DAS may be the mechanism by which high seed P concentration stimulates early growth, especially in soils with low P concentration. Sowing rice seed with high P concentration may be beneficial for increasing farmer's rice yields, in P deficient soil, and requires further field investigations.     

温度和CO2浓度升高对水稻幼苗的综合影响

通过人工气候箱模拟中国南方稻区湖北荆州地区大气CO2浓度和温度同时升高的3种气候情景,即在背景温度为24～29℃的人工气候箱中设置以CO2浓度为400molmol?1、升温0℃为对照（CK）,以550molmol?1、升温2℃为中强度处理（M）,以700molmol?1、升温4℃为高强度处理（H）,将催芽后的稻种于各气候箱中处理10d,观测水稻种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的变化。结果表明,（1）水稻幼苗苗高、根长、根数（根长大于1cm）、根苗干重及活力指数均随着CO2浓度和温度的同时升高而上升,其中H处理下幼苗苗高比CK长5.78cm,根长比CK高12.91%,根苗干重为CK的2.6倍,活力指数为CK的3.1倍,种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数表现为M处理最高;（2）随着CO2浓度和温度同时升高,稻苗丙二醛（MDA）含量和可溶性糖（SS）逐渐降低,脯氨酸（Pro）含量先增加后减小,可溶性蛋白（SP）含量和过氧化氢酶（CAT）逐渐升高。说明在目前温度和CO2浓度条件下未来升温2～4℃同时CO2浓度增至550molmol?1和700molmol?1对湖北荆州稻区水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长不会产生明显不利影响,但此生长期稻苗营养元素累积受到制约。     

水稻钵苗机插秧苗素质的调控

为探讨适宜水稻钵苗机插培育壮秧新技术,促进技术大面积推广应用。该文以武运粳24号为材料,研究了钵苗机插稻育秧中的播种量、秧田水分管理及二次化控组合施用对秧苗素质的影响。结果表明：1）播种量试验中,钵苗的秧苗素质随播量的增加而趋劣。高播量处理秧苗群体通风透光受限,穴钵内个体竞争激烈,秧苗素质较差;低播量处理苗质各性状得到优化,但钵体成球度差,难以配套插秧机田间正常栽插作业,且基本苗偏少、漏插率高。偏大穗型常规粳稻品种武运粳24号适宜的播量为45～60 g/盘,平均每孔成苗3～4株。2）秧田水分管理下,旱育钵苗群体带蘖率和叶片叶绿素含量较湿润秧有一定优势。旱育方式推迟水稻群体茎蘖滞增期,叶片叶绿素降解率低、持绿能力较强,该试验条件下适栽秧龄可延长至35 d。3）二次化学调控中,通过多因子正交试验对秧苗充实度进行分析,确定了二次化控最优组合。表明适量、适时二次化控可显著提高秧苗素质,有效控制苗高,增加秧苗整齐度。在具体调控措施上,认为播量45 g/盘、旱育方式下,每100 kg底土拌入0.5 kg壮秧剂,2叶期每盘施多效唑0.06 g,钵苗秧苗素质表现最佳。该研究可为水稻钵苗机插培育壮秧提供技术参考。     

氮钾肥配施对番茄幼苗生长及前期产量构成的影响

以尿素和硫酸钾为主要氮、钾肥料,以草炭和蛭石为育苗基质进行番茄育苗试验,研究分析了育苗基质中不同氮、钾肥料配施方案对番茄幼苗生长及其前期产量构成的影响,结果表明:番茄育苗过程中氮、钾肥料不同配比对番茄幼苗生长及前期产量存在显著影响,偏施氮肥或钾肥均可降低番茄出苗率、抑制番茄幼苗生长与干物质积累,氮、钾肥料合理配施可明显提高番茄幼苗素质,增加番茄前期开花数与座果数从而增加番茄前期产量,番茄基质育苗过程中氮、钾(N∶K2O)肥料最佳配比为1∶1.2。