1999-2019年西南喀斯特地区NDVI时空变化及其气候驱动

[目的]西南喀斯特地区生态环境脆弱,对其植被覆盖变化及气候驱动机制进行研究具有重要意义。[方法]基于1999—2019年SPOT NDVI数据和同期209个气象站点的气温和降水数据,采用Theil-Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析法、偏相关分析和复相关分析法,探讨西南喀斯特地区NDVI时空变化及其气候驱动。[结果]1999—2019年西南喀斯特地区NDVI呈显著上升趋势,整体植被覆盖较好;NDVI变化主要以极显著上升趋势为主,仅5.73%的地区呈退化趋势。NDVI与气温和降水整体上均呈正偏相关关系,气温对NDVI的影响强于降水,且存在空间差异性。NDVI与气温和降水的复相关显著性通过0.05,0.01水平的面积分别占15.12%,5.68%;NDVI主要受气温驱动,占研究区面积的13.90%,其他气候因子驱动类型占比均未超过3%。[结论]揭示了西南喀斯特地区植被覆盖的时空变化特征,明确了气候因子对植被覆盖变化的驱动机制。     

2001-2017年新疆NDVI变化及其对极端气候的响应

[目的] 研究新疆2001—2017年植被覆盖变化，并分析其与气候指数之间的响应特征，以期为该地区生态环境保护和区域可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法] 基于2001—2017年的MOD₁₃Q₁ NDVI数据，采用最大合成法、Savitzky-Golay（SG）滤波法和相关分析等方法，并结合同期气温和降水数据，分析新疆生长季归一化植被指数（NDVI）和极端气候之间的响应关系。[结果] ①2001—2017年，新疆地区植被覆盖普遍不高，自2009年开始表现出缓慢改善趋势，且未来一段时间内，该趋势具有一定的持续性；②NDVI总体上呈西北向东南降低趋势，天山山脉和伊犁河谷地区是NDVI高值区，北疆各子区域生长季NDVI普遍高于南疆地区；③NDVI在北疆中部和南疆西南部等地区与极端气温指数多呈负相关，日平均温差（DTR）和冷夜日数（TN_10p）是主要的影响指数；NDVI与平均气温指数在沙漠地区多呈负相关，在部分山区呈正相关，这主要与年平均气温（T_y）的变化有关；④NDVI与降水指数之间多呈正相关，且单日最大降水量（RX_{1 d}），连续5日最大降水量（RX_{5 d}）和年降水量（TP_y）对NDVI的影响都很显著。[结论] 新疆植被覆盖总体向良好方向发展。NDVI对降水指数的响应高于气温指数，其中，降水指数以正向影响为主，气温指数则以负向影响为主，降水对新疆植被改善有着明显的促进作用。     

2000—2019年吕梁市植被NDVI时空动态及其影响因素分析

为了详细分析吕梁市植被生长变化与气候变化和人类活动的关系,基于吕梁市的2000—2019年逐年归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据和13个县(市、区)气象观测站年气温和降水观测数据,采用空间插值方法、空间相关性分析法和残差分析法,对吕梁市多年植被NDVI的时空变化特征进行分析,并探讨了气候变化和人类活动对吕梁市植被覆盖变化的影响。结果显示:2000—2019年吕梁市96.32%的区域NDVI呈现增加趋势,但各区域间存在明显空间性差异,中部吕梁山山区NDVI较高,东部平川地带和西部沿黄区域NDVI较小。总体而言,2000—2019年吕梁市的NDVI呈波动增加趋势,2018年达最大值。2000—2019年吕梁市NDVI与降水量和气温在年尺度上均呈正相关关系,且植被生长发育受降水的影响强于气温,全市38%的区域植被NDVI与气温-降水的复相关性通过0.05显著水平检验; 人类活动对吕梁市95%以上地区的植被生长有积极影响,表明退耕还林还草等生态修复工程对吕梁市植被覆盖增加有积极作用,生态提升效应逐渐凸显。     

2000-2015年阜康林区植被覆盖变化及其对气候因子的响应

[目的]分析阜康林区天保工程实施以来的植被覆盖变化、气温和降水变化及植被覆盖与气温和降水间的响应关系,为天保工程实施生态效益评价提供数据支持。[方法]基于2000-2015年MODIS/NDVI数据及阜康林区气温和降水数据,结合均值法、回归分析法、距平波动法和相关分析法等方法,探讨阜康林区天保工程实施以来林区内植被覆盖特征、气候变化状况及二者间的响应关系。[结果]①2000-2015年,阜康林区植被覆盖整体处于较低水平且呈不明显的波动下降趋势。阜康林区植被覆盖在近16 a变化最为明显的为NDVI>0.65部分,是阜康林区NDVI下降的主要部分;"低"和"较高"水平NDVI虽有上升但不明显,而"中等"水平NDVI上升明显且占比较大。②天保工程实施以来,阜康林区年平均气温总体呈波动下降趋势,整体下降幅度不明显。年降水量总体呈显著的波动上升趋势,降水量表现为显著的上升趋势。③天保工程实施以来,植被覆盖变化与气温变化的相关系数仅为0.0539,而与降水变化显著相关。植被覆盖变化受气温变化影响强度小于受降水的影响。[结论]天保工程实施以来,阜康林区植被覆盖总体呈波动下降趋势,但下降幅度并不显著;林区内气候总体由暖干向冷湿趋势发展,但变化趋势不明显;植被覆盖的波动与降水波动的关系要强于气温。阜康林区天保工程实施对周边气候改善具有一定作用,但仍需加强林区内植被保护与恢复工作。     

2001-2018年贵州省NDVI时空演变及其对气候变化和人类活动的响应

[目的]研究贵州省植被覆盖对气候变化和人类活动的响应程度,为区域生态环境建设提供理论依据。[方法]选取2001-2018年MODIS13 A1影像,结合气象数据,利用线性趋势分析、偏相关分析和残差分析等方法,分析了贵州省18年间NDVI的时空变化特征,探究了NDVI对气候变化的响应规律以及人类活动对NDVI的影响。[结果]①2001-2018年贵州省NDVI呈现显著上升趋势,增长速率为0.0053/a,空间上极显著增加和显著增加区域面积分别占研究区域的52.80%和16.80%。②2001-2018年贵州省气候向暖湿方向发展,NDVI与气温和降水呈正相关关系,且NDVI对气温的敏感性高于降水。③月尺度上NDVI对气温的响应不存在滞后性,对降水响应存在一个月滞后性;NDVI与气候月尺度相关性高于年尺度。④人类活动对贵州省植被覆盖作用日益增强,对NDVI贡献度为72.30%。[结论]人类活动对NDVI的影响大于气候变化,贵州省植被变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果。     

江苏省植被覆盖动态变化及其与气候因子的关系

[目的]研究2000—2013年江苏省植被覆盖状况的时空分布特征,并从年际和季节尺度上分析植被覆盖的空间变化特征以及NDVI与气温、降水量的相关关系和滞后性,以期为区域生态环境监测、生态环境保护和植被可持续发展提供参考。[方法]运用美国国家航空航天局(NASA)发布的2000—2013年MODIS 13Q1级产品(归一化植被指数)和江苏省1999—2013年各气象站点气象资料,采用最大值合成法、趋势线分析法、Person相关分析法和偏相关分析法。[结果](1)14a来,江苏省植被NDVI整体上呈下降趋势,且在时间和空间尺度上有所差异;(2)由于气温、降水量、厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜等事件的影响,NDVI在年际和季节间呈波动性变化;(3)NDVI对降水变化响应的滞后期为1个月,NDVI基本同步于相应气温的变化,仅夏季滞后期为1月。[结论]从时间尺度上看,年际、秋季,NDVI呈下降趋势,而春夏季,NDVI呈上升趋势;从空间尺度上看,江苏省西部的植被覆盖程度明显优于东部沿海和长江中下游平原。NDVI在年际和季节尺度上与气候因子的相关性显著,且与气温的相关性最好。     

2001-2013年宝鸡地区植被NDVI对气温和降水量的季节响应特征

[目的]研究2001-2013年陕西省宝鸡地区植被变化与气温和降水量的时空变化特征及其相关性,为区域农业发展和区域生态文明建设提供有力支撑.[方法]基于2001-2013年宝鸡地区气温和降水量数据,利用MODIS NDVI数据和11个气象站点实测数据,结合实际调查,采用一元线性回归、标准化处理、相关分析等方法,基于季尺度、参照年尺度分析宝鸡地区植被覆盖季节时空变化及其与气温和降水量的相关性.[结果]夏季植被NDVI增加趋势最为明显,其次为秋季,冬季植被覆盖最差;宝鸡地区四季标准化值NDVI与气温、降水量的变化趋势相接近,其最大值点的出现时间与气温和降水量基本对应.同一季节NDVI与气温的相关系数均高于NDVI与相应季节降水量的相关系数(除夏季);春季NDVI与冬季气温(-0.592)、夏季NDVI与春季降水量(0.640)之间显著相关,表明近13 a来春季植被覆盖变化与冬季气温、夏季植被覆盖与春季降水量的变化较为一致,NDVI与降水之间的滞后关系为0～3个月.[结论]2001-2013年宝鸡地区年均、季NDVI整体均呈增加趋势,8月植被覆盖变化与降水量的变化较为一致,降水量较气温对8月植被生长影响强烈.     

秦岭牛背梁植被覆盖变化及其对气温的时空响应

[目的]揭示牛背梁保护区植被覆盖变化特征及其对区域气温的响应机理,为牛背梁地区的生态建设和管理提供依据。[方法]基于秦岭1975—2013年气温数据和2000—2013年NDVI数据,运用GIS空间分析技术以及相关检验和回归分析方法。[结果](1)近40a来牛背梁地区年均温增加速率为0.30℃/10a,1999年增温趋势达到显著水平。(2)2000—2013年研究区植被变化呈不显著的减少趋势,且季节和区域差异较大。(3)年尺度上,植被NDVI与气温整体呈正相关关系。季尺度上,春季植被NDVI与气温均呈显著正相关;夏季NDVI与气温呈不显著正相关;而秋季主要呈负相关。月尺度上,随植被生长阶段的变化,不同月份植被NDVI对气温的响应程度也有差异。[结论]牛背梁地区NDVI与气温关系密切,一年之中,5月植被对气温反应最敏感,且中高海拔地区的植被对气温的响应比低海拔植被更加敏感。     

2000-2018年赣江上游植被覆盖度时空演化及其对气候变化的响应

[目的] 对赣江上游植被覆盖度时空演化及其对气候变化响应的研究，为区域的生态环境保护提供科学依据和数据支撑。[方法] 基于MODIS NDVI数据，结合年平均气温和年降水量数据，运用趋势分析、变异系数、Hurst指数与相关分析等方法对赣江上游2000—2018年的植被覆盖度时空演化及其对气候变化的响应进行了分析。[结果] ①赣江上游植被覆盖度呈显著增加趋势，增速为5.21%/10 a，空间上呈现四周高中间低的特征，且以高植被覆盖为主；研究区植被覆盖度呈极显著和显著增加的分别占25.59%和39.7%，极显著和显著减少的分别占1.32%和2.46%，而变化不显著的占57.84%；②研究区植被覆盖总体上比较稳定，平均变异系数为14.73%；Hurst分析显示赣江上游植被变化反持续性要强于持续性，总体上以弱反持续性为主；③研究区植被生长总体上受气温影响强于降水量，但存在空间差异。[结论] 赣江上游植被覆盖度变化较小，未来将呈微弱下降趋势，气温是影响植被生长的主要气候因子。     

1982-2014年祁连山植被生长季NDVI变化及其对气候的响应

祁连山是西北地区重要的生态功能区和河西绿洲的水源涵养地,全面了解植被的生长变化有助于制定合理的气候变化对策。利用1982-1999年的GIMMS NDVI数据和2000-2014年的MODIS NDVI数据,采用最大值合成法、均值法、斜率法、相关分析法等,对祁连山近35年生长季植被变化及其对气候变化的响应进行了深入研究。结果表明:1982-2014年,祁连山植被NDVI整体呈增加趋势,但变化趋势并不明显;近35年,祁连山植被NDVI呈增加趋势的面积比呈降低趋势的面积大,表明植被覆盖状况有所改善,植被NDVI增加的区域集中于中西部,而植被NDVI降低的区域集中于东部;气候的年际变化对祁连山植被NDVI有一定的影响,植被NDVI对气温和降水存在一定的滞后性响应。气温升高和降水增加有助于祁连山植被覆盖增加,生态环境得到改善。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.