电化学免疫传感器快速检测农产品中的毒死蜱

研究了一种无标记的电化学免疫传感器,用于农产品中的毒死蜱农药残留的快速检测。将毒死蜱人工抗原作为生物识别元件固定在金电极的表面,采用间接竞争法原理,样品中的被测组分与电极上的固定化包被抗原竞争性结合溶液中的抗体。抗体抗原结合反应通过电化学阻抗谱和石英晶体微天平进行表征。将该免疫传感器用于检测青菜、苹果等农产品中的毒死蜱农药残留。结果表明,此免疫传感器灵敏度好、准确度高;对毒死蜱农药的检测限为0.01μg/mL,回收率大于85%,检测时间小于1 h,变异系数小于5%,传感器经过再生处理后能重复使用,经济性较好。该研究可为实现快速检测农产品中农药残留传感器的商品化提供参考。     

QuEChERS-悬浮固化分散液液微萃取气相色谱法测定苹果、柑橘中7种有机磷农药

建立了气相色谱结合Qu ECh ERS-悬浮固化分散液液微萃取(DLLME-SFO)测定苹果、柑橘中7种有机磷类农药残留的检测方法。待测样品用Qu ECh ERS方法萃取净化后,再用DLLME-SFO方法进行浓缩,最后用气相色谱(FPD)进行检测。实验考察了萃取剂种类与体积,分散剂种类与体积以及盐浓度对萃取效果的影响。DLLME-SFO前处理过程中,将含待测物的乙腈1 m L提取液作为分散剂,50μL十二醇作为萃取剂,加入到氯化钠盐溶液中进行萃取浓缩。结果表明,在苹果和柑橘两种基质中7种有机磷农药在5、10、25μg/kg 3个添加水平下农药的平均回收率为76.34%~107.41%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.47%~6.70%,方法的定量限(LOQ)为0.13μg/kg~1.67μg/kg。该方法简单、灵敏高、重复性好,可用于苹果、柑橘中有机磷农药的检测。     

上海崇明农田土壤中有机磷农药的残留特征

2008年7月分别选取崇明典型农田土壤,对其中的9种有机磷农药残留进行检测。结果表明:水稻田土壤和蔬菜地土壤有机磷农药均有不同程度检出。水稻田土壤检测出的有机磷农药总量在0.23～0.69μg g-1之间,检出种类主要为甲拌磷、乐果、二嗪农、马拉硫磷、对硫磷;蔬菜地土壤检出的有机磷农药总量为0.10～0.57μg g-1,检出种类主要为氧化乐果、甲拌磷、乐果、马拉硫磷和对硫磷。其中,对硫磷的检出量和检出率均最高。不同土地利用方式对土壤有机磷农药残留有一定影响,水稻田土壤有机磷农药残留高于蔬菜地土壤,这可能与水稻田与蔬菜西瓜田耕种方式和施用农药量有关。     

茶饮料主要组分及pH对HS-SPME萃取有机磷农药效率的影响

分析了茶饮料中2种主要组分蔗糖和茶多酚对顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)法萃取有机磷农药效率的影响,并根据这些结果建立了混合基质校准标准曲线。结果表明,蔗糖浓度在0～90g/L范围内明显降低5种农药(甲基对硫磷,马拉硫磷,毒死蜱,喹硫磷和乙硫磷)的提取回收率,几种农药之间差异不大。茶多酚浓度在200～1200mg/L范围内对5种农药的提取效率有明显的降低效应;在700和900mg/L时,各农药的提取回收率最低,但不同农药其降低幅度不同,马拉硫磷和乙硫磷降幅最大,分别降至60%和40%。在此基础上,配制了浓度为700mg/L茶多酚和90g/L蔗糖,pH=2.7的混合溶液校准标准曲线。农药浓度在0.1～5μg/L范围内校准曲线线性极好(R2>0.99)。茶饮料中农药加标浓度为1μg/L时,其定量测定值在0.63～1.29μg/L之间。混合基质校准曲线能很好解决纯水标准曲线定量茶饮料有机磷农药HS-SPME-GC法检测中回收率偏低的问题,满足其快速检测的要求。     

基于酶抑制法的农药残留快速比色检测

基于有机磷与氨基甲酸酯类农药对乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)的抑制作用,以吲哚酚乙酸酯为酶促水解反应的显色底物,制备了一种抛弃型农药残留快速检测酶片;通过优化试验,用物理吸附法将AChE固定到尼龙膜Hybond N+膜上,经真空冷冻干燥后,酶活回收率可达27.3%;该酶片显色结果为蓝绿色,通过比较显色强度的变化,酶片对农药标样氧乐果、毒死蜱、甲萘威与抗蚜威的检出限分别为1、0.05、1.5与0.8μg/mL,均达到食品中的最大残留限量标准;将研制的酶片用于葡萄汁与小白菜样品的检测结果证实,该酶片具有灵敏度高、准确度高、重现性好等优点,可用于农产品中有机磷与氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的快速定性筛检。     

我国主产烟区烟田土壤有机农药残留状况研究

为摸清我国主产烟区烟田土壤农药残留状况,从全国13个主要植烟省的代表性植烟县市采集了431个土壤样品,采用气相色谱法测定分析了土壤中有机氯和有机磷农药残留。结果表明:六六六及滴滴涕含量均未超标,有机磷类农药含量均较低。六六六检出率为100%,含量范围为1.01~10.74μg/kg,平均为2.80μg/kg;滴滴涕检出率为100%,含量范围为0.18~410.88μ.g/kg,平均为15.44μg/kg;敌敌畏检出率为97.1%,含量范围为ND~2.01μg/kg,平均为0.27μg/kg;乐果检出率为63.6%,含量范围为ND~1.77μg/kg,平均为0.18μg/kg;甲基对硫磷检出率为88.8%,含量范围为ND~1.20μg/kg,平均为0.14μg/kg;马拉硫磷检出率为100%,含量范围为0.09~7.95μg/kg,平均为1.29μg/kg;对硫磷检出率为99.5%,含量范围为ND~3.46μg/kg,平均为0.5μg/kg。     

分散液相微萃取测定苹果中灭线磷马拉硫磷和毒死蜱残留

采用液液分散微萃取与气相色谱-火焰光度检测器联用技术,提出了可用于苹果中有机磷农药残留检测的一种快速、灵敏的新方法,并通过试验对提取条件进行了优化。结果表明,该方法成功地应用到苹果样本的检测。在优化的条件下最低检出限从1.32-3.58μg.mL^-1,相对标准偏差为11.06%-15.39%,分析标准曲线采用五点法（浓度从0.5-20μg.mL^-1）来绘制,线性的变化从0.977 3-0.997 6。为了评价样本的基质效应,用有机磷农药从3个不同浓度水平对样本进行添加,回收率从64.0%-89.0%,并且没有发现基质效应。液液分散微萃取不仅操作简便而且有机溶剂使用量极少,是一种顺应时代要求的环境友好型萃取方法。     

用于农药残留快速检测的生物传感器灵敏度筛选试验(简报)

为了提高乙酰胆碱酯酶生物传感器的灵敏度,使其更有效地应用于有机磷农药的快速检测。以商品乙酰胆碱酯酶（家蝇）和自制的鸡肝酶、鸡脑酶、鲤鱼脑酶为研究对象,比较了这4种乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性;检测了不同浓度的氧乐果、敌百虫和敌敌畏对4种酶的酶活抑制率。结果表明,鸡脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制率最高,3种农药对其的抑制率分别为：敌敌畏100 μg/L的抑制率为54.1%,敌百虫100 μg/L的抑制率为50.56%,氧化乐果100 μg/L的抑制率为24.16%。鸡脑酶廉价易得,且易于纯化,与自制的鸡肝酶和鲤鱼脑酶相比,乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性抑制率显著较高。因此鸡脑酶可以作为农产品农药残留快速检测用酶。     

生鲜乳中动物水解蛋白L-羟脯氨酸氨基酸分析仪检测法与紫外分光光度法检测法的对比分析

本文应用氨基酸自动分析仪和紫外分光光度计检测生鲜乳中L-羟脯氨酸含量,分析了两种方法的适用性.结果显示,用氨基酸分析仪检测生鲜乳中的羟脯氨酸浓度在0.5～2μg/mL范围内,线性相关系数为0.999 9；用紫外分光光度计检测生鲜乳中的羟脯氨酸浓度在0.5～2μg/mL范围内,线性相关系数为0.999 2.考虑到分析检测过程中试剂要求和仪器设备需要,分光光度计更适合基层大量检测和实验室仪器配置不高的情况下使用,氨基酸分析仪适合精密和研究检测使用.     

茶及其浸出液中有机磷农药的残留

<正> 为了查明茶叶中农药的残留状况对煎茶、玉露、焙茶等茶叶中的有机磷农药进行了检测,并探讨了不同茶叶种类、产区间的差异。实验方法 1.材料:商品煎茶28份,粗绿茶3份,焙茶9份,玉露4份,芽茶、茎茶和粉茶共4份,末茶2份,计8种茶叶50份样品。 2.有机磷农药:共33种。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.