缺磷胁迫下草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响1

为探明缺磷胁迫下草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆（RR1）幼苗叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用溶液培养方法,在大豆长出真叶时进行缺磷胁迫,第二复叶完全展开时进行草甘膦处理,5d后测定各生理指标。结果表明, 相对于正常供磷条件的清水处理,缺磷胁迫下4.98 mL/L草甘膦处理的大豆叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、最大荧光（Fm）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ的有效量子产量［Y(Ⅱ)］、PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散的量子产量［Y(NO)］、最大电子传递速率（ETRmax）和半饱和光强（Ik）均呈下降趋势。而气孔限制值（Ls）、叶绿素a（Chl a）、叶绿素b（Chl b）、叶绿素a/b（Chl a/b）、类胡萝卜素（Car）、总叶绿素（Chl）含量和PSⅡ调节性能量耗散的量子产量［Y(NPQ)］均呈升高趋势。说明缺磷胁迫条件下喷施草甘膦显著降低了抗草甘膦大豆的光合速率。缺磷引起的气孔因素可能是导致RR大豆光合速率下降的主要原因,而光合速率的下降导致其PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度降低,活性减弱,参与CO2固定的电子较少,光化学效率较低。     

Cd、Cu、Pb处理下增施氮对巨桉生长和光合特性的影响

为验证氮在植物解除重金属毒害中的积极作用和生理机制,本试验对巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)幼苗在3种重金属(Cd、Cu和Pb)处理下增施氮肥的生长和光合生理效应进行研究。结果表明:Cd2+、Cu2+和Pb2+处理下,巨桉植株的叶绿素含量、光合作用、PSⅡ原初光化学反应量子产率等均显著低于对照植株;而在重金属处理的同时增施氮肥,则能显著促进植株生长,提高叶绿素含量,增强光合作用和PSⅡ原初光化学反应量子产率。由此说明,氮在植物对重金属的解毒中起到重要作用,增施氮肥可缓解重金属对植物的毒害,提高叶绿素含量和光合速率。     

不同肥料对生姜产量及叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨生物有机肥对生姜的增产效果,以‘莱芜大姜’为试材,研究了不同肥料配比对生姜生长及叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,增施生物有机肥可显著提高生姜叶片色素含量及净光合速率,促进生姜生长,且随生长的进行,生物有机肥的作用效果日趋明显。生姜旺盛生长期(9月22日),生物有机肥处理的生姜叶片叶绿素含量分别比普通有机肥及化肥处理高5.5%和13.1%;叶片净光合速率分别高8.2%和17.8%。尽管各处理生姜叶片的光化学效率在午间高温强光下均降低,但生物有机肥处理的生姜叶片原初光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、光合电子传递量子效率（φPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）较高,而非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）较低,表明增施生物有机肥可提高生姜叶片光能利用效率。生物有机肥处理的生姜产量分别比普通有机肥及化肥处理高9%和24%左右。     

遮荫下氮肥用量对雪茄外包皮烟叶光合特性的调控效应

通过遮荫条件下的盆栽试验,测定分析了4个氮肥处理的雪茄外包皮烟叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和叶绿素荧光动力学参数,探讨了不同氮肥用量对雪茄外包皮烟叶光合特性的调控效应。结果表明,随着氮肥用量的增加,烟叶的叶绿素含量增加,叶片的PS.II最大光化学效率和潜在活性,PSⅡ的实际光化学效率以及荧光光化学猝灭系数(qP)都有增加的趋势,最终导致叶片净光合速率的提高。试验还表明,适当的增施氮肥有利于改善叶片的光合功能,提高叶片的净光合速率,但过量氮肥则不利于光合能力的改善,更不利于荧光动力学参数的优化。     

有机肥施用及合理密植提高黄淮海地区夏大豆光系统性能与籽粒产量

  【目的】  氮素合理投入与作物合理增密种植之间的协调关系被普遍认为是挖掘作物增产潜力的重要措施之一。研究无机有机氮肥配合施用和不同种植密度条件下夏大豆光系统性能及产量差异,进而提出最佳施氮形式和密度组合模式,为黄淮海地区夏大豆的高产高效优质生产提供理论基础及科学依据。  【方法】  田间试验于2018—2020年在山东农业大学农学实验站进行,供试夏大豆品种为‘齐黄34’ (QH34)。采用完全随机区组设计,试验设置4个密度水平,分别为90000株/hm2 (D1)、120000株/hm2 (D2)、150000株/hm2 (D3)、180000株/hm2 (D4),D1仅于2018年种植,D4仅于2019和2020年种植。设置不施氮肥对照 (N0) 和3个等氮量氮肥处理:单施尿素 (U)、单施腐熟鸡粪 (M)、尿素与鸡粪氮各占50% (UM)。测定各处理夏大豆产量及产量构成因素,花后叶片含氮量,净光合速率 (P_n) 及叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线 (OJIP曲线),分析大豆功能叶片 (主茎倒四叶) 光系统Ⅱ (PSⅡ) 性能,PSⅡ对单位氮素的利用差异,以及P_n和PSⅡ,P_n/SLN和单位氮素对PSⅡ的贡献能力之间的相关性。  【结果】  施氮肥显著提高了大豆产量,且4个密度水平下,M和UM处理的大豆产量均显著高于U处理,UM处理在2018年D1、D2、D3密度的大豆产量均显著高于M处理,UM和M处理在2019年高密度处理 (D4) 差异不显著,在2020年D2、D3、D4密度下均无显著差异。从产量分析,密度为D2或D3更有利于黄淮海地区大豆的生产。在相同密度条件下,施氮肥可以显著提高叶片P_n、PSⅡ的供体侧 (W_k)、受体侧 (V_j) 和PSⅡ对光能的吸收 (PI_ABS)、捕获 (φ_Po)、能量转化 (φ_Eo) 及电子传递活性 (Ψ_o);有效提高单位氮素对PSⅡ的贡献能力 (φ_Po/SLN、W_k/SLN、V_j/SLN、φ_Eo/SLN、Ψ_o/SLN)。2018年各处理大豆的光合效能表现为UM > M > U,随着种植年份的增加,UM和M处理之间差异逐渐缩小,到2020年时二者之间差异不显著。在同一肥料条件下,密度处理之间光合效能指标无显著差异。P_n和PSⅡ,P_n/SLN和单位氮素对PSⅡ的贡献能力均呈显著正相关,且施氮肥显著提高了P_n和PSⅡ的相关性,以UM处理效果最好。而在相同肥料处理条件下,随着密度的增加,P_n和PSⅡ的相关性降低但无显著差异。施氮肥后PSⅡ性能的改善是P_n和大豆产量提高的主要原因。  【结论】  在黄淮海地区,稳定的有机肥投入与中高种植密度的结合更有利于大豆的高产高效优质。夏大豆多年连续种植模式下,可将夏大豆密度提高到150000株/hm2 (D3),重视有机肥氮的投入,在开始施肥的第1～2年,以一半尿素一半鸡粪为佳,之后改为单施腐熟鸡粪即可满足大豆的高产需求。     

钾营养对棉花苗期生长和叶片生理特性的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了施钾对棉花苗期生长和功能叶片生理特性的影响。试验设2个品种,4个施钾量。结果表明,施钾增加了棉花株高和单株叶片数,而对单株叶面积的影响不同,当施钾(K2O)量为180.kg/hm2时,叶面积达最大值,继续增施钾肥叶面积减小;施钾促进了叶绿素的合成,同时增加了叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和qP值,降低了qN值,增加了PSⅡ的实际量子效率(ФPSⅡ)和光合电子传递速率(ETR),从而提高了棉花功能叶的光合功能;施钾还增加了叶片中生长素(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、赤霉素(GA3)的含量,降低了脱落酸(ABA)的含量,提高了IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、GA3     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

紧实是温室土壤的疲劳症状之一,它对作物的生长、产量及养分吸收均有影响。本试验以容重为指标,用盆栽试验模拟温室土壤的物理疲劳症,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,探讨温室土壤物理疲劳对黄瓜叶片光合作用产生影响的机理。结果表明,土壤紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）却增大,最终导致叶片干物质的累积量减少,第一雌花节位降低,果实发育提早。叶片的叶绿素含量减少,光合活性（Fv）、光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）反应中心的电子传递活性（Fm/Fo）、光能的最大转化效率（Fv/Fm）及PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）降低以及PSⅡ的光能利用率下降是紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片光合作用减弱的原因。     

基于叶绿素荧光参数的栓皮栎叶片PSⅡ失活高温指标

利用Mini-PAM叶绿素荧光仪测定离体栓皮栎叶片高温胁迫下光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大量子产量Fv/Fm和实际量子产量△F/Fm＇,以研究栓皮栎叶片高温胁迫下PSⅡ失活的温度指标.试验设35～55℃共10个高温处理,处理时间5～85min.结果表明,（1）PSⅡ最大量子产量Fv/Fm和实际量子产量△F/Fm＇均随胁迫温度升高和处理时间延长而呈下降趋势,△F/Fm＇的下降过程呈Logistic曲线形式;（2）高温胁迫显著影响栓皮栎叶片的光合作用,△F/Fm＇降低50％的温度T50是PSⅡ失活的临界温度指标,可作为确定高温胁迫温度指标的特征点,栓皮栎的高温胁迫叶温指标为42℃.研究结果可用于栓皮栎高温胁迫强度和持续时间的定量分析,并为确定其它作物农业气象指标提供方法.     

低钾对水稻不同叶位叶片光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响

研究了低钾条件下钾敏感型水稻品种"二九丰"不同叶位叶片的气体交换、荧光参数、色素和活性氧及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,随着叶位降低,对照和低钾处理的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、表观电子传递速率(ETR)、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著下降,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、激发压(1-qP)、非光化学猝灭(qN)、超氧化物自由基(O2.-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量却急剧升高。与对照相比,低钾胁迫加速了各叶位Pn的下降和Ci的上升,而Gs并无降低,说明Pn的降低主要是由非气孔引起的。低钾胁迫还明显降低Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR、Chl和SP含量、Chl/Car比率、及SOD和POD活性,促进了(1-qP)、O2.-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量的升高。这些结果均说明低钾胁迫引起了PSⅡ光化学效率降低和能量耗散的不平衡,从而导致了叶片的早衰。相关性分析表明,PSⅡ的激发压的升高与Pn、Chl和SP的含量及SOD和POD活性呈极显著负相关,与O2.-产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量呈极显著的正相关。据此推测,激发压的升高可能介导了水稻在低钾条件下叶片早衰的起始过程。     

钙过量对茶树光合特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响

茶树是一种嫌钙植物,本文通过砂培试验,研究了不同钙过量水平对茶树光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数、叶片色素含量、叶绿体超微结构及茶树新梢生长的影响,旨在探明钙过量对茶树光合生理的影响,同时为解释高钙茶园中茶树生长不良提供一定的理论依据。结果表明: 不同钙过量处理,随着钙浓度的升高,茶树净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs） 逐渐降低; 茶树叶片Chl a/Chl b升高,总Chl含量逐渐降低; 茶树叶片原初光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）、光合电子传递量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）逐渐降低,初始荧光（Fo）则升高; 叶绿体片层结构遭到破坏; 同时钙过量处理的茶树新梢生长受到抑制,其节间距、新梢长度、展叶数、叶面积均明显低于对照。上述结果说明: 钙过量处理在一定程度上可引起光合系统膜结构的破坏,导致电子传递链受阻,茶树叶片光能利用效率降低,从而影响茶树新梢的生长。     

钛对小麦幼苗光合特性的影响

本文研究不钛对小麦幼苗光合特性的影响。经不同浓度的钛溶液浸种12小时的小麦幼苗,其叶片单位鲜重所含叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的量均比对照高。不同浓度的钛均能提高含等量叶绿素的叶绿体光能吸收能力、PSⅡ活性、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和叶片潜在光合作用量子转化效率。此外,钛还能提高Mg2+对两个光系统(PSⅡ和PSⅠ)之间激发能分配的调节能力。5mg/L的钛在改善小麦光合功能方面,其效果最佳。由于钛能改善植物的光合功能。它在农业生产中将有良好应用前景。     

缺氮培养大豆Bragg结瘤突变系对CO2倍增的反应

研究了在缺氮条件下，CO₂倍增对大豆（GtycinemaxL.）Bragg及其等基因突变体超结瘤大豆nts382和不结瘤大豆Nod49生长和固氮的影响。结果表明在缺氮条件下CO₂倍增明显提高大生物量和根系结涵量，但对固氮酶活性的影响则随幼苗的生长而异。播种后25天取样结果显示CO₂倍增条件下，Bragg和nts382的固氮比活性和单株固氮活性都显著提高，而其后3天取样的结果没有表现出增加趋势，固氮比活性在nts382反而明显降低。两种CO₂浓度条件下，nts382单株固氮活性高于Bragg，但固氮比活性低于后者。两次测定结果的差异说明植物对CO₂倍增的反应具有很强的时效性;同时表明，CO₂倍增对植物生长和固氮的促进作用不能长期维持。这可能与生物固氮过程本身的复杂性有关。根据本研究结果推测，在未来全球环境变化、CO₂倍增条件下，共生固氮植物可能在生态系统氮素平衡中起到更为重要的作用;并有可能通过育种技术改良固氮农作物，提高农作物产量。     

Effects of Nitrogen Deficiency on Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Two Olive Tree Cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Koroneiki’

Effects of nitrogen (N) deficiency on photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation, photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and photoinhibition were investigated in young trees of two olive cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Koroneiki’ grown in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. The trees were subjected to four different levels of N supply. N deficient trees had a significantly smaller CO₂ assimilatory capacity, but showed little changes in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry. However, modifications in PSII photochemistry induced by N deficiency were observed. This was reflected in decreases in quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Φ_PSII) and efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centres (F_v’/F_m’) and in an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). These results suggest that modifications in PSII photochemistry might be a mechanism to down-regulate photosynthetic electron transport so that production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). would be in equilibrium with the decreased demand in the Calvin cycle in the N deficient trees. Therefore, both CO₂ assimilation rate and total electron flow (J_t) with its compound electron flows devoted to either carboxylation (J_c) or oxygenation (J_o) can be considered as useful tools to assess the N nutrition status of the trees. Clear relationships were found between A_max and the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) on the one hand, and between J_t and NNI on the other hand. The results demonstrate that ‘Meski’ is more efficient than ‘Koroneiki’ when subjected to N deficiency.     

Photosynthetic capacity in potassium stressed soybean: Comparison of CO2 fixation and O2 evolution assays

Potassium deficiency in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) may cause decreased photosynthetic capacity. Potassium‐stressed soybeans were compared by CO₂ fixation and O₂ evolution assays. Trifoliate leaves of potassium‐stressed soybean seedlings which did not show reduced chlorophyll content per unit fresh weight nor altered rates of light‐induced O₂ evolution, fixed 38% less CO₂ than did control leaves.     

Distribution of magnesium between chlorophyll and other photosynthetic functions in magnesium deficient “sun”; and “shade”; leaves of poplar

Photosynthesis of attached sun and shade grown leaves of poplar (Populus euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. ‘Robusta') has been measured at 0.03 and 0.5% CO₂ at light limitation and light saturation. Photosynthetic rates were compared for plants grown at normal and low Mg‐supply and related to leaf Mg content.

Photosynthetic rates at high CO₂ level were affected at Mg concentration lower than about 50 μmoles/g dry leaf tissue at both photosynthetic irradiations. This was paralleled by a decrease in chlorophyll concentration. At a low CO₂ level photosynthesis was affected at the same Mg concentration but the degree of the inhibition was higher. This indicates that synthesis of chlorophyll as well as CO₂ fixation are affected at the same “critical”; Mg concentration.

Shade leaves contain more chlorophyll per unit leaf weight than sun leaves but the percentual‐ decrease of chlorophyll in Mg deficient leaves Is similar for sun and shade leaves at the same Mg leaf concentration. As a consequence, in Mg deficient shade leaves extraordinary high portions of leaf Mg are bound to chlorophyll (up to 57%; in contrast: up to 37% in sun leaves).     

等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对番茄光合作用的影响

研究了番茄的光合作用对等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl处理的响应。在等渗条件下120mmol.LNaCl和80mmol.LCa(NO3)2胁迫后,番茄叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量、Chl.a/Chl.b比值、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、原初光能转换效率(Fv.Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSII)、Fv.Fo、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均呈下降趋势,以NaCl处理的下降幅度大于Ca(NO3)2处理;而Ca(NO3)2处理的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈下降趋势,NaCl处理的Ci呈升高趋势。因此,两种盐处理均对番茄植株光合作用造成了伤害,NaCl造成的伤害较Ca(NO3)2较为严重,Ca(NO3)2胁迫净光合速率下降可能是气孔限制所引起的,而NaCl胁迫净光合速率下降可能是由非气孔因子限制引起的。     

Magnesium deficiency–induced impairment of photosynthesis in leaves of fruiting Citrus reticulata trees accompanied by up‐regulation of antioxidant metabolism to avoid photo‐oxidative damage

Limited data are available on the physiological responses of leaves from fruiting trees to magnesium (Mg) deficiency. Magnesium deficiency–induced effects on photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in leaves of fruiting (Citrus reticulate cv. Ponkan) trees were assessed by the chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transient. Magnesium deficiency decreased leaf CO₂ assimilation and carbohydrates, but had no effect on intercellular CO₂ concentration. Activity of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and concentrations of Chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) decreased to a lesser extent than CO₂ assimilation. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient from Mg‐deficient leaves had increased O step and decreased P step, accompanied by positive ΔL, ΔK, ΔJ, and ΔI bands. Magnesium deficiency decreased maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (F_v/F_m), quantum yield of electron transport from Q<$>_A^‐<$> to the photosystem I (PSI) end electron acceptors (φ_R0), maximum amplitude of IP phase and total performance index (PI_{tot, abs}), but increased deactiviation of oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC) and energy dissipation. Magnesium‐deficient leaves had higher or similar activities of antioxidant enzymes except for lower catalase (CAT) activity, higher or similar concentrations of antioxidant metabolites, and a higher ratio of Car : Chl. Magnesium‐deficiency did not affect concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ratios of ascorbate (ASC) to ASC + dehydroascorbate (DHA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) to GSH + oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In conclusion, Mg deficiency–induced impairment of the whole photosynthetic electron transport chain may be the main factor contributing to decreased CO₂ assimilation. Enhanced energy dissipation and antioxidant metabolism provide sufficient protection to Mg‐deficient leaves against photo‐oxidative damage.     

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide effects on sorghum and soybean nutrient status 1

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration could have significant implications on technologies for managing plant nutrition to sustain crop productivity in the future. Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) (C3 species) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) (C4 species) were grown in a replicated split‐plot design using open‐top field chambers under ambient (357 μmol/mol) and elevated (705 μmol/mol) atmospheric CO₂. At anthesis, leaf disks were taken from upper mature leaves of soybean and from the third leaf below the head of sorghum for analysis of plant nutrients. Leaf greenness was measured with a Minolta SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter. Concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and specific leaf weight were also measured. Above‐ground dry matter and seed yield were determined at maturiry. Seed yield of sorghum increased 17.5% and soybean seed yield increased 34.7% with elevated CO₂. There were no differences in extractable chlorophyll concentration or chlorophyll meter readings due to CO₂ treatment, but meter readings were reduced 6% when sorghum was grown in chambers as compared in the open. Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration of soybean decreased from 54.5 to 39.1 g/kg at the higher CO₂ concentration. Neither the chambers nor CO₂ had an effect on concentrations of other plant nutrients in either species. Further work under field conditions is needed to determine if current critical values for tissue N in crops, especially C3 crops, should be adjusted for future increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentration.     

高温胁迫下外源褪黑素对黄瓜幼苗光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响

以"津春4号"黄瓜品种为试验材料,采用喷施外源褪黑素(melatonin,MT)的方法,研究了MT对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:高温处理后黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)降低,气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)却增大,但随外源MT处理浓度的增加,黄瓜幼苗叶片内P...