不同镉处理对两种生态型水蜈蚣镉富集特性的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,研究了在不同浓度cd处理下,两种生态型水蜈蚣的生长和对cd的吸收和富集特性。结果表明：（1）在2mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,Cd对两种生态型水蜈蚣生物量的影响较小。之后随着cd处理浓度的增加,两种生态型水蜈蚣生物量均呈降低的趋势,且差异显著。在200mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,矿山生态型水蜈蚣死亡,而非矿山生态型仍能维持一定生长,表现出较强的cd耐性。（2）在高浓度cd处理下,非矿山生态型水蜈蚣比矿山生态型具有更强的Cd富集能力。在2、10、50mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,两种生态型水蜈蚣Cd含量和积累量均呈增加的趋势。在200mg·kg^-1Cd处理时,非矿山生态型水蜈蚣地上部和地下部Cd含量分别达到498．66mg·kg^-1和1016．09mg·kg^-1,积累量分别为86．00μg·pot^-1和123．82μg·pot^-1,具有较强的cd富集能力。（3）在不同浓度Cd处理下,两种生态型水蜈蚣地上部富集系数均大于1,表现出较强的cd富集能力;矿山生态型水蜈蚣转移系数最大值为0．55,非矿山生态型为0．53。两种生态型水蜈蚣对cd均有一定的富集特性,而在高浓度Cd处理时非矿山生态型水蜈蚣的cd富集能力更强。     

Pb胁迫对欧美杂交杨（Populus deltoides×Populus nigra）生物量分配格局及其Pb富集特性的影响

采用速生树种修复重金属污染土壤的方法近年来受到越来越多关注,但已有结果存在很大不确定性。为了解杨树在不同Pb胁迫条件下生长响应和Pb富集效果,以长江上游两种典型土壤（酸性紫色土和钙质紫色土）为栽培介质,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同Ph浓度处理下（CK：0mg·kg^-1;T1：200mg·kg^-1;T2：450mg·kg^-1;T3：2000mg·kg^-1）欧美杂交杨（Populusdeltoides×Populusnigra）生物量生产与分配格局以及Pb吸收、富集特性。两种土壤条件下杨树各器官生物量及总生物量均表现出随Pb胁迫程度的增加而降低的趋势,Pb胁迫条件下杨树生物量分配格局在钙质紫色土中表现为茎〉粗根〉叶〉细根。相同浓度Pb处理条件下,单株杨树总生物量均表现为钙质紫色土大于酸性紫色土。随着Pb处理浓度的增大,杨树各器官Ph含量及积累量显著增加。Pb胁迫使杨树对Ph的富集系数逐渐增大而耐性系数逐渐减小。们处理条件下杨树对Pb的富集系数在酸性紫色土中较大,且各处理条件下杨树对Pb的耐性系数均为酸性紫色土中较大。这些结果表明,高浓度Pb胁迫条件下酸性紫色土中的欧美杂交杨表现出较好的吸收和富集Pb的特性,这为Pb污染土壤的生物修复提供了一定的科学依据。     

Cd Zn交互作用对金针菇富集重金属的影响

以金针菇为试验材料,在基质中分别单独添加和同时添加不同浓度的Cd、Zn,采用栽培袋接种培养法研究了食用菌富集Cd、Zn以及Cd、Zn交互作用对食用菌累积重金属的影响。结果表明,低浓度的Cd（〈1mg·kg^-1）、Zn（〈600mg·kg^-1）能够促进金针菇的生长,但是高浓度的Cd、Zn对金针菇生长会产生抑制作用。随着栽培基质中Cd、Zn处理浓度的增高,金针菇子实体中的Cd、Zn浓度也随之增加。Cd—Zn之间表现为互相拈抗作用,金针菇子实体内的Cd含量随着培养基质中Zn浓度的增加而显著降低（P〈0．05）,Cd浓度降低比例与Zn／Cd比值之间呈显著的正相关（P〈0．01）。在Zn处理浓度为600mg·kg^-1,Cd处理浓度分别为1mg·kg^-1和10时,与不加Zn相比,金针菇子实体Cd含量分别降低29％和11％。Cd对Zn也表现出一定的拮抗作用,但是除在Zn为0和Cd为10mg·kg^-1处理时拈抗作用显著（P〈0．05）外,其余处理没有达到显著水平。而在10mg·kg^-1 Cd和600mg·kg^-1 Zn处理条件下,金针菇生物量显著下降,可能是由于Cd—Zn协同作用,造成毒害作用的结果。     

微囊藻毒素（MC-LR）在黑麦草幼苗体内的积累及对其生长的影响

采用室内发芽试验方法,研究了不同浓度微囊藻毒素MC-LR对黑麦草种子发芽率、幼苗生长及幼苗体内抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性的影响,同时用液相色谱/质谱法（L/MS法）检测MC-LR在黑麦草幼苗体内的积累。结果显示,随着MC-LR处理浓度升高,黑麦草种子发芽率逐渐降低;MC-LR对黑麦草幼苗株高和干重无显著影响;但4mg·L-1MC-LR处理对幼苗根长和鲜重具有显著抑制作用。MC-LR处理提高了黑麦草幼苗体内SOD和POD活性,但高浓度MC-LR对两种酶活性又具有一定抑制作用。随着MC-LR处理浓度升高,MC-LR在幼苗体内积累含量和生物富集系数逐渐增大。黑麦草幼苗体内可积累MC-LR,这有可能通过食物链途径对食品安全造成一定潜在风险。     

化学提取法与梯度扩散薄膜技术提取太湖沉积物中有效砷的比较

以底栖生物河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）为实验生物,外源三价砷污染太湖沉积物为研究对象,利用生物富集实验分别比较了DGT（Diffusive gradients in thin films）梯度扩散薄膜技术和化学连续提取法所测浓度与河蚬中砷的生物有效性的相关性,并分析了这两种方法的差异。实验结果显示随着沉积物中染毒的总砷浓度（9.48,14.12,19.88,26.86,35.66,46.42,54.25mg·kg^-1）增加,DGT测得砷浓度和化学提取法所测砷含量也随之增加,Pearson相关系数均在0.98以上（P〈0.01）,表明这两种技术均能很好地预测沉积物中有效砷含量。通过河蚬对三价砷的暴露实验,发现当沉积物总砷含量在35.66mg·kg^-1以下时,暴露14d和28d后河蚬体内富集的总砷含量与暴露浓度增加趋势一致。Pearson分析结果显示DGT法和化学提取法测得结果均与河蚬体内砷的富集量显著相关,因此这两种方法都可用于预测河蚬体内肉质部的总砷富集量。     

伊乐藻对CuCd污染底泥修复的应用研究

在自然条件下,采用人工模拟水缸培养方法,研究了湖泊底泥不同Cu、Cd处理对沉水植物伊乐藻生长、叶绿素含量以及Cu、Cd吸收和积累的影响。结果表明,较低浓度Cu刺激伊乐藻的生长（生物量、叶绿素）,高浓度抑制伊乐藻的生长;随着Cd处理浓度的增加,伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素含量均一直降低,在底泥Cd含量为168．69mg·kg^-1 DW（含背景值）时,植株出现死亡。随着Cu处理浓度的增加,伊乐藻体内的Cu含量一直增加,在底泥cu含量为414mg·kg^-1DW（含背景值）时,根部、叶部的富集系数均达到最大（0．21和0．17）;伊乐藻体内的Cd含量随Cd处理浓度的增加先增后减,底泥Cd含量为88．69mg·kg^-1 DW时,根部、叶部的富集系数均达到最大（0．07和0．09）。以上结果说明,伊乐藻对Cu、Cd具有很强的耐受性,可以作为原位修复Cu和Cd污染底泥的植物种类应用。     

3种植物对红壤中镉的富集特性研究

重金属超富集植物是重金属污染土壤植物修复的基础,研究了3种重金属富集植物羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对重金属Cd的吸收积累规律,为植物修复Cd污染的农田和生态环境建设提供科学依据。采用盆栽方法,在不同浓度（0、20、35、50、65、80mg·kg^-1）Cd处理下,分别测定3种植物地上部与根部Cd的含量,计算了地上部Cd迁移量、根系耐性指数、富集系数,研究了土壤中Cd添加量与植物富集Cd量的相关性。结果表明,随着土壤中Cd离子浓度的升高,3种植物地上部和根系中的Cd含量也在增加,相关系数都大于0．99;综合地上部与根部Cd含量,地上部Cd迁移量,根系耐性指数和富集系数,3种植物对Cd的富集能力的相对顺序为：羽叶鬼针草〉美洲商陆〉紫叶芥菜。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆种植在Cd处理浓度为65mg·kg^-1的土壤中和紫叶芥菜种植在Cd处理浓度为80mg·kg^-1的土壤中栽培时,3种植物地上部与根部的Cd含量均超过了100mg·kg^-1,达到了Cd超富集量的标准。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对Cd有很强的耐受性和富集性,可以作为先锋植物去修复被Cd污染的土壤。     

鲫鱼对除草剂阿特拉津的生物富集效应研究

采用半静态水质接触染毒法,研究鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）肝脏、肾脏和肌肉对不同质量浓度（0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0和10.0 mg·L^-1）阿特拉津的富集效应。结果表明,阿特拉津在鱼体中的富集速度较快;在试验所选浓度下,鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉均在染毒后19 d即对阿特拉津达到富集稳态,但各个器官对阿特拉津的富集能力都较低。阿特拉津在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的富集系数均随着染毒浓度的增加而变小,呈现显著的负相关关系;其在肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的最大和最小富集系数分别出现在最低（0.1 mg·L^-1）和最高（10.0 mg·L^-1）浓度组,最大富集系数分别为：13.08、11.00和6.02,最小富集系数分别为：5.22、4.37和2.94。而且,当阿特拉津暴露浓度相同时,鲫鱼不同组织器官对阿特拉津的富集能力存在差异,表现为：肝脏〉肾脏〉肌肉。     

禽类产品中农药残留分析方法研究

家禽体内的农药残留会不断累积,并可能经由食物链富集作用威胁人类健康。本文介绍了禽类产品中农药残留检测样品前处理方法及分析方法。     

镉胁迫对玉米光合特性的影响

在模拟光条件下,通过盆栽试验研究了外源镉胁迫对盆栽玉米光合特性的影响。结果表明,高浓度镉（100 mg·kg^-1）胁迫下玉米叶片叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素c含量明显减少,分别比对照CK下降了65.32%、54.95%、62.57%。镉浓度1、5、15、50 mg·kg^-1处理下叶片的叶绿素含量下降得少,Cha/Chb的比值降低较少。镉浓度15、50、100 mg·kg^-1胁迫下导致玉米叶片光合速率下降,光补偿点提高,光饱和点和表观量子效率降低,暗呼吸速率升高,较低浓度镉胁迫（1、5 mg·kg^-1）则提高光补偿点、光饱和点和表观量子效率,降低暗呼吸速率。     

氯氰菊酯与铜复合污染对土壤微生物群落的影响

采用常规手段研究了土壤在受氯氰菊酯、铜及二者复合污染后土壤呼吸率及微生物量碳的变化,采用了分离效果较好的双变性梯度凝胶电泳（DG—DGGE）技术研究微生物群落的变化。结果表明,低浓度的铜与高浓度的氯氰菊酯复合污染更能促进微生物量碳及土壤呼吸率的增加,微生物的群落结构也会受到明显影响。而两种污染物分别单独作用时,铜对微生物的胁迫更大,有铜组和无铜组在DGGE条带上差异较大,Shannon指数上也有明显不同。当铜的浓度较高时,加入高浓度的氯氰菊酯在较长的时间后（60d）对土壤呼吸作用、微生物量碳有一定影响,可能高浓度氯氰菊酯的加入在一定程度上减弱了高浓度铜对微生物的胁迫,而微生物群落并无显著的变化。     

Comparison of the variability in the levels of pesticide residue observed in Japanese cabbage and grape units

To estimate variations in pesticide residue levels in crops, the variability factors (VFs, the 97.5th percentile of the residue levels in the sample divided by the average residue levels in the lot) in residue levels of acetamiprid and cypermethrin applied to cabbage and grapes were investigated, respectively. The VFs in the residue levels of both pesticides in cabbage (2.00 and 2.39, respectively) were clearly higher than those in grapes (1.82 and 1.63, respectively). Although the residue levels of both pesticides in grapes showed a normal distribution, those values in cabbage were slightly skewed at lower residue levels. Individual residue levels in grapes had a good agreement between acetamiprid and cypermethrin. In contrast, the distribution of cypermethrin residue levels in cabbage was slightly skewed at higher residue levels as compared to that of acetamiprid. These results indicate that the difference in the relative distribution of the two pesticides between cabbage and grapes might be due to the influence of various factors such as differences in crop species, plant cultivation methods, and physicochemical properties of the pesticides.     

白鲢质量与截面积沿体长方向分布模型

该研究的目的是研究白鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)沿体长方向的质量与截面积分布规律,为白鲢在前处理加工中的运动与受力分析、加工设备结构参数与工艺参数选择提供依据。采集100条质量在800～1050g之间的白鲢,80条作为建模样本,20条作为验证样本。采用切片称质量技术得到白鲢体长方向质量分布模型,利用机器视觉和数字图像处理技术建立白鲢体长方向截面积分布模型,并对预测模型进行验证。结果表明:白鲢沿体长方向,其质量和截面积均表现出极显著的三次多项式分布特征(P<0.01),所建立的质量百分比和截面积沿体长方向的分布模型用于预测的平均相对误差值分别为6.04%和2.81%。这表明该文所建立的模型能较好地表征白鲢的质量和截面积分布特征。     

Effect of sampling size on the determination of accurate pesticide residue levels in Japanese agricultural commodities

The uncertainty in pesticide residue levels (UPRL) associated with sampling size was estimated using individual acetamiprid and cypermethrin residue data from preharvested apple, broccoli, cabbage, grape, and sweet pepper samples. The relative standard deviation from the mean of each sampling size (n = 2(x), where x = 1-6) of randomly selected samples was defined as the UPRL for each sampling size. The estimated UPRLs, which were calculated on the basis of the regulatory sampling size recommended by the OECD Guidelines on Crop Field Trials (weights from 1 to 5 kg, and commodity unit numbers from 12 to 24), ranged from 2.1% for cypermethrin in sweet peppers to 14.6% for cypermethrin in cabbage samples. The percentages of commodity exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) specified by the Japanese Food Sanitation Law may be predicted from the equation derived from this study, which was based on samples of various size ranges with mean residue levels below the MRL. The estimated UPRLs have confirmed that sufficient sampling weight and numbers are required for analysis and/or re-examination of subsamples to provide accurate values of pesticide residue levels for the enforcement of MRLs. The equation derived from the present study would aid the estimation of more accurate residue levels even from small sampling sizes.     

Characteristics of maize flour tortilla supplemented with ground Tenebrio molitor larvae.

The larva of the Tenebrio molitor, known as the yellow meal worm, is a plague of wheat and flours. Consumption of the raw insects is not well accepted because of their appearance. The objective of the present work was to grow T. molitor larvae under standard conditions, to analyze the chemical composition of the larvae powder, and to prepare supplemented maize tortillas. Protein and fat contents were performed with standard methods. Tenebrio larvae powder had a 58.4% protein content; this protein was rich in essential amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; the found values satisfied those recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Fatty acid composition was determined by GC-MS showing high contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid (19.8 and 8.51%, respectively). A large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of longer chains was detected. Long-chain fatty acids having two or three double bonds have been claimed as highly beneficial to health. Tortillas supplemented with larvae powder had excellent consumer acceptance, and tortilla protein content increased by 2% as well as the amount of essential amino acids. These results show new ways to consume insects and at the same time increase the nutritional value of the original food products.     

Development of pyrethroid substrates for esterases associated with pyrethroid resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.)

Assays to detect esterases associated with resistance to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in larvae of H. virescens were developed and evaluated. Cross-resistance to a variety of insecticides was measured in strains resulting from selection with either profenofos (OP-R) or cypermethrin (PYR-R), and resistance in both strains appeared to have a metabolic component. Esters were synthesized that coupled 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, the acid moiety of some pyrethroid insecticides, with groups (e.g., p-nitrophenyl-) that could be detected spectrophotometrically following hydrolysis of the resulting esters. Activities toward these pyrethroid esters were significantly higher in both resistant strains than those in a susceptible reference strain. In addition, all pyrethroid esters significantly increased the toxicity of cypermethrin in bioassays with larvae from both PYR-R and OP-R strains. The biological and biochemical activities of these compounds are compared with those with more conventional esterase substrates and insecticide synergists, and the utility of pyrethroid esters as components of rapid assays for detecting esterases associated with insecticide resistance is discussed.     

鲮鱼对食物和水中~(110m)Ag的吸收和排泄

鲮鱼鱼苗摄食110mAg标记的人工饵料后排出十分快速 ,摄食 2 4h至第 7d后 ,鱼整体的放射性迅速降低约为 0h的 2 .62 % ,110mAg在鱼体内的分布很不均匀 ,其分布的比活度次序为肝>肠 >胆 >眼 >鳃 >剩余 >肌肉 ,肝脏、肠和胆最高 ,各占总体的 48.1 4% ,1 8.43.%和 1 5 .4%。110mAg从水中进入鱼体内的浓集系数 (CF)随积累时间的延长而上升 ,至第 1 3d上升为 2 0 8.6。排出速率相对于从食物途径的较为缓慢 ,第 1 5～ 2 8d后体内的放射性活度为 0h的 2 0 .1 %和1 6.7%。排出过程分为快相和慢相 ,0～ 2d内为快相 ,2d后为慢相 ,慢相的生物半排出期为2 2d。在积累和排泄期间110mAg在鱼体内的分布也主要积累在内脏 ,均约占总活度的 80 %。     

不同耕作措施下秸秆还田土壤C02排放与溶解性有机碳的动态变化及其关系

田间定位试验开始于2008年,共设置秸秆还田翻耕（cT＋）、无秸秆翻耕（CT-）、秸秆还田免耕（NT＋）和无秸秆免耕（NT-）四个处理。利用静态箱——气相色谱法,测定分析了2010-2011年度和2012-2013年度两个小麦生长季内土壤coz排放、土壤DOC含量及土壤有机质含量的动态变化。结果表明：两个小麦生长季内土壤coz排放规律基本一致,从当年小麦出苗到越冬土壤C02排放量下降,第二年小麦返青后,士壤CO：排放量开始上升,到开花期达到排放高峰,其后开始下降直至小麦成熟。各处理2010-2011年、2012-2013年度土壤C02平均排放通量分别为：CT＋246．44、273．94mg·m^-2．h～,CT-183．54、212．57mg·m^-2．h^-1,NT＋188．41、200．06mg·m^-2·h^-1,NT-179．66、179．10mg·m^-2·h^-1。土壤DOC含量的动态变化表现为在一定范围内上下波动,各处理2010-2011年、2012-2013度年土壤DOC平均含量分别为：CT＋0．601、0．467g·kg^-1;CT-0．530、0．377g·kg^-1;NT＋0．621、0．544g·kg^-1;NT-0．528、0．402g·kg^-1。方差分析表明．秸秆还田能增加土壤CO2排放、DOC含量和有机质含量;翻耕能增加土壤CO2排放,对DOC含量和有机质含量无显著影响;免耕减少土壤C02排放,对DOC含量无显著影响,能增加土壤有机质含量。相关分析表明,土壤CO2排放与DOC含量动态变化没有显著相关关系,土壤CO2排放总量与土壤有机质含量正相关,DOC含量和土壤有机质含量无明显相关关系。     

苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的检测方法及其残留动态研究

为了解苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的残留状况及消解动态,建立了苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的气相色谱分析方法,并在天津和安徽两地开展了为期两年的苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中残留状况和消解动态规律田间试验研究。结果表明,采用无水乙醇超声提取黄瓜和土壤中的苦参碱,使用大孔吸附树脂净化,甲醇定容,气相色谱带氮磷检测器（NPD）进行测定,外标法定量,在0.25-1.0 mg·kg-1添加水平范围内,苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的平均回收率为78.32％-98.06％,变异系数为3.72%-7.44％;黄瓜和土壤中苦参碱的最小检出量均为1.36×10-12 g,最低检出浓度为0.004 mg·kg-1（黄瓜）、0.008 mg·kg-1（土壤）。田间试验结果表明,苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解动态符合方程Ct=C0e-kt;苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的降解半衰期分别为5.19-7.24 d和6.70-9.18 d。在黄瓜中施用0.3%苦参碱乳油,其制剂施药量为0.18-0.27 g·m-2,施药3-4次,两次施药间隔期为7 d,距收获期为1 d时,苦参碱在黄瓜中的残留量为0.125 6-1.207 1 mg·kg-1,土壤中的残留量为0.045 0-0.183 7 mg·kg-1。目前,国内外尚无苦参碱在黄瓜中最大残留限量标准,该试验研究成果为0.3%苦参碱乳油在黄瓜上的登记、安全使用规则     

黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错带沟岸对柠条林地土壤水分的影响

The most serious erosion on the Loess Plateau of China exists in the wind-water erosion crisscross region where the annual precipitation is about 400 mm, the ecological environment is very fragile, and water is the key limiting factor for improving the environment. In this study, changes of soil moisture content for Caragana korshinskii Kom. shrubland in the gully bank of the Loess Plateau were studied using the methods of soil sampling and neutron probe. A typical gully （75 m long, 28 m wide, and 10 m deep） was selected, and six neutron probe access tubes （6 m long） were installed at points 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 cm from the gully border for obtaining soil moisture data from July to October 2004 at approximately 10 d intervals. Soil samplings were simultaneously carried out for moisture determination at the six points. Results showed that the soil moisture of the shrubland in the gully bank significantly varied between 300 and 400 cm in the horizontal direction and up to 600 cm in vertical direction of the gully. Seasonal changes in soil moisture revealed a curve with a single peak that occurred at the end of August or early September. A linear regression equation was fit for soil water storage and the distance from the gully border, with coefficients depending on rainfall characteristics, sampling point, and time of measurement.