氮、磷、钾肥对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响

运用3414试验设计,在大田试验条件下研究氮、 磷、 钾肥不同配比对卡因菠萝产量和品质的影响,提出适宜的肥料用量。结果表明:施用氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾肥（K2O）卡因菠萝分别增产15.5、 4.8和12.6 t/hm2,增产率为16.8%、 4.5%和13.1%,增加纯收入34800、 11000和27600 Yuan/hm2,农学效率分别为39.3、 42.3和29.6 kg/kg; 施肥增产、 增收效果以及对产量的贡献率均表现为N＞K2O＞P2O5, 肥料农学效率则表现为P2O5＞N＞K2O。在 P2（100 kg/hm2）K2（500 kg/hm2）基础上,施氮降低果实中维生素C和可滴定酸含量,增加了可溶性糖含量,而在N2（400 kg/hm2）P2（100 kg/hm2）基础上,施钾增加果实中维生素C、 可滴定酸和可溶性糖含量,施用磷肥对果实品质影响不大。对卡因菠萝产量效应函数进行频率分析法寻优得出,卡因菠萝目标产量超过105 t/hm2, 95%置信区间的优化施肥量为氮（N）281.27~436.48 kg/hm2、 磷（P2O5）64.03~121.69 kg/hm2、 钾（K2O）428.59~628.55 kg/hm2,N、 P2O5、 K2O的最优施肥量配比为1∶0.15~0.43∶0.982.23。研究结论可为果农从事卡因菠萝栽培提供施肥参考。     

不同施肥处理下菠萝生长及经济效益分析

海南省菠萝种植普遍存在施肥过量的问题,为探索合理的施肥模式,采用田间试验方法,设计空白对照(CK)、农户常规(FP)、化肥减量(OPT1)、化肥减量+有机肥替代(OPT2)4个不同施肥处理,探讨不同施肥处理下菠萝的生物量、产量、品质和经济效益。试验结果表明:施肥能够增加菠萝干物质量,菠萝总干物质积累量排序依次为OPT2OPT1FPCK,与CK相比,OPT2、OPT1、FP增幅分别达到120.05%、113.53%和99.74%。产量OPT2OPT1FPCK,相较于FP处理,OPT2与OPT1分别增产6.66%和6.53%,表明2个优化施肥模式均能保证产量。在品质指标中,施肥处理的单果鲜重、纵径、横径和纵横比都显著高于CK,而FP、OPT1和OPT2之间无显著性差异,表明施肥能够显著改善果实的外观品质;CK处理的可滴定酸和维生素C含量都显著高于FP、OPT1和OPT2,可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量在各处理之间无差异,糖酸比则是CK显著低于其他3个施肥处理,表明施肥能改善果实内在品质。肥料投入FPOPT2OPT1CK,净收益OPT1OPT2FPCK,OPT1的净收益分别比CK、FP、OPT2高111.27%、21.33%、5.21%,OPT1产投比最大,高达4.74∶1。与农户常规施肥相比,两种优化施肥处理减少了养分投入,经济效益增加,并且产量和品质没有下降。综合产量、品质和经济效益三方面考虑可以得出,化肥减量(OPT1)是本试验条件下菠萝种植的一种理想施肥处理。     

滴灌水肥管理对温室冬春茬辣椒产量与风味的影响

  【目的】  探究滴灌水肥管理措施对温室辣椒产量与风味品质的影响,明确不同生育阶段适宜土壤含水量控制值,提出高产与增香提味的滴灌水肥管理方案。  【方法】  采用研发的全水溶滴灌专用肥,2019和2020年开展了温室冬春茬羊角型辣椒滴灌水肥协同试验。滴灌水量(W)和专用肥量(F)分别设计3个水平,共9个水肥组合处理。2019年总灌水量分别为1703.3 m3/hm2 (W1)、2423.3 m3/hm2 (W2)、3143.3 m3/hm2 (W3),总专用肥量分别为712.5 kg/hm2 (F1)、1087.5 kg/hm2 (F2)、1462.5 kg/hm2 (F3);2020年总灌水量分别为1913.3 m3/hm2 (W1)、2753.3 m3/hm2 (W2)、3593.3 m3/hm2 (W3),总专用肥量分别为412.5 kg/hm2 (F1)、825.0 kg/hm2 (F2)、1237.5 kg/hm2 (F3)。调查了辣椒阶段商品果产量、总商品果产量及构成、脐腐病果形成量,分析了鲜果辣味和挥发性香气成分,并监测了生育期间根区土壤含水量。  【结果】  灌水量对辣椒商品果总产量、总果实数、第4～10次滴灌施肥阶段采收的商品果产量和脐腐病果量的影响极显著(P<0.01),施肥量及其与灌水量的交互作用影响不显著。两年商品果总产量和2019年总果实数均表现为:W3>W2>W1,处理间差异显著;从第4次滴灌施肥开始,W2和W3处理采收的果实商品产量显著高于W1处理,在第6、7、9次施肥阶段,W3处理果实商品产量显著高于W2处理;W3处理显著降低了非商品果产量和脐腐病果量,氮磷钾总吸收量也显著高于W1处理。灌水量对鲜果中碳氢化合物、醛类、吡嗪类、呋喃类等主要香气组分含量,二氢辣椒素含量以及2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪(主体香气物质)、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛等主要香气物质活度的影响极显著(P<0.01),施肥量对吡嗪类组分含量影响显著(P<0.05),水肥交互作用不明显。W1处理碳氢化合物、吡嗪类、呋喃类香气组分含量显著高于W2和W3处理,二氢辣椒素含量也最高,W1和W2处理醛类组分含量显著高于W3处理,W1处理2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛的活度显著高于W2,W2处理显著高于W3处理。F2和F3处理2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪的活度显著高于F1处理。W1、W2和W3处理全生育期根区土壤相对含水量平均分别为51%、77%和88%;从第2次滴灌施肥开始,W2、W3处理土壤含水量显著高于W1处理。  【结论】  适量降低滴灌水量可浓缩鲜果汁液,增加多种香气成分的积累,但是病果和畸形果较多;适量增加滴灌肥量有利于辣椒主体香气成分累积。增香提味兼顾产量较适宜的水肥组合(W2F2)灌水量为2423 m3/hm2和专用肥量为825 kg/hm2。     

分次施氮对菠萝产量和品质的影响

针对果农对施肥次数比较困惑的现状,开展分次施氮对菠萝产量和品质的影响研究。试验选用巴厘品种,采用农民传统施氮量N 400 kg/hm2作为固定水平,根据菠萝生长阶段,设计缓慢生长期1次性全部施入, 缓慢生长期和加速生长期2次均施, 缓慢生长期、 加速生长期和快速生长期3次分别施N 80、 200和120 kg/hm2, 缓慢生长期、 加速生长期、 快速生长期和催花前4次分别施N 80、 70、 150和100 kg/hm2 4个处理和不施肥（对照）,研究了大田种植条件下分次施氮对果重、 产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明,施肥2次以上可显著提高菠萝叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增加叶片和植株重量,提高菠萝单果重和产量,且随着分施次数的增加,菠萝的单果重和产量均有升高的趋势。施肥2次以上,单果增重达10%以上,分4次施肥比1次性施肥显著提高单果重和菠萝产量。但对果实的品质而言,随施肥次数增加,可滴定酸、 含糖量和Vc含量呈下降趋势,其中Vc含量下降最为明显,降幅可达14%~26%。因此,如果要提高菠萝产量,氮肥最少需要分2次施用,而要保持较好的品质,施肥次数不要超过2次。     

滴灌施肥对渭北旱塬红富士苹果产量与品质的影响

通过在陕西渭北旱塬红富士苹果园设置不同水、肥管理措施的对比试验,探讨了滴灌施肥与传统施肥对红富士苹果产量、品质及果实养分吸收的影响。试验结果表明,相同施肥水平下,NPK滴灌施肥较NPK传统施肥苹果产量增加了13.0%,果实商品率从80.5%提高至89.8%,果实硬度增加了10.6%,糖酸比提高了7.3%,单果重、果型指数及叶片叶绿素含量也表现出增加趋势。1/2NPK滴灌施肥与NPK传统施肥相比,氮、磷、钾肥料用量减少了50%,但二者产量和品质均没有显著差异。NP+1/2K较NPK处理产量降低了5.9%,果实硬度下降了7.1%。果实养分吸收结果表明,NPK滴灌施肥显著增加了果实对N、P、K的吸收量,较NPK传统施肥分别提高了36.0%、75.3%和44.8%,但PK+1/2N、NK+1/2P及NP+1/2K处理果实N、P、K吸收量却有不同程度的减少。滴灌施肥在提高产量、改善品质及增加果实养分吸收方面效果显著;对于苹果产量的增产效应,氮肥大于磷肥和钾肥,而钾肥对苹果品质有重要影响。     

滴灌施肥对红地球葡萄产量、品质及土体氮磷钾分布的影响

【目的】研究滴灌施肥对‘红地球’葡萄产量、品质与土体氮磷钾分布的影响,为科学合理制定河北省葡萄水肥管理策略提供理论及技术依据。【方法】以河北省怀来县15年生‘红地球’葡萄为试材,设置5个不同水肥投入水平,分别为传统灌溉施肥 (CK)、传统施肥 + 滴灌 (FCK + D)、滴灌施肥Ⅰ (F1 + D)、滴灌施肥Ⅱ (F2 + D)、滴灌施肥Ⅲ (F3 + D)。滴灌用水量为传统灌溉用水量的55%,CK与FCK + D施肥总量相同 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O总施入量分别为2708.7、2615.45、1315.2 kg/hm2),与CK相比,F1 + D总N、P₂O₅、K₂O施入量分别降低了68.32%、87.61%、40.47%;F2 + D较F1 + D减少17.31%的磷和12.54%钾肥量,F3 + D又降低了18.53%的氮肥量。对葡萄的产量与品质和氮、磷、钾等养分在0—100 cm土体中的分布进行了分析,并计算了养分利用效率及成本收益。【结果】2012年和2013年CK处理葡萄产量分别为24115 kg/hm2和23020 kg/hm2,F1 + D处理显著高于CK,分别为28830、27272 kg/hm2,平均提高了19.0%,而F2 + D、F3 + D和FCK + D与CK处理间差异不显著。品质方面,F3 + D的千粒重显著高于CK,在2012与2013年分别为11.39、11.47 kg,平均提高了7.2%,而F1 + D、F2 + D和FCK + D与CK处理间差异不显著。2012年和2013年CK处理果实Vc含量分别为14.36、14.42 mg/100 g,F1 + D、F2 + D和F3 + D显著高于CK,分别平均提高了16.7%、15.2%和15.6%。在土体养分分布方面,土体中上层 (0—60 cm) 滴灌施肥处理养分含量与传统水肥处理不存在显著差异,但60—100 cm土层中,F1 + D的硝态氮、速效磷含量最低,分别为21.37、28.56 mg/kg,F1 + D、F2 + D和F3 + D的速效钾含量分别为126.11、117.75、139.00 mg/kg,均显著低于CK,但三者间无显著差异。滴灌施肥各处理的灌溉水利用效率和肥料偏生产力最高可比CK高出209.1%和266.3%;F1 + D、F2 + D、F3 + D在水肥投入及用工成本上较传统管理分别平均节省了17857.5、18547.5、17752.5元/hm2,实现了增产增效。【结论】葡萄生产中采用滴灌施肥技术,并根据葡萄生育期养分需求 (前期补充氮磷,膨大期后适当增施钾肥),能够显著提高葡萄产量,改善果实品质,降低养分淋失,增加农民经济收益。综合比较,以不降低氮磷钾施肥量、以滴灌施肥代替土施的F1 + D在产量、品质及节本增效等方面综合表现最优,氮、磷向60 cm以下的土层淋洗量也大大减少,比CK增收47145～51024元/hm2。     

土壤施镁对芒果产量与品质的影响

田间试验研究了常规施肥基础上花前增施镁肥对芒果果实产量、品质及经济效益的影响。试验设3个处理,空白对照、常规施肥和增施Mg肥。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,增施Mg肥处理芒果单株产量可达24.12 kg/株,折合产量12.06 t/hm~2,增产9.7%;果实营养品质得到提升,可溶性固形物含量提高9.6%,可滴定酸降低14.6%,固酸比提高28.1%;净收入较常规施肥处理高5 429元/hm~2,提高21.2%。土壤增施镁肥是提升芒果产量与品质的有效措施。     

制种玉米滴灌肥配料筛选研究

以玉米品种垦玉30为试材,研究了养分含量相同而用不同原料配制的水溶肥对制种玉米生长的影响。结果表明,在等养分量及相同施肥方式下,施用滴灌肥后制种玉米产量及经济性状均优于常规施肥,产量较常施肥提高24.8%～78.2%,纯收益较常规施肥增加6 294～18 614元/hm2,且液体滴灌肥的效果优于固体滴灌肥。     

水肥一体化和覆盖地布等对木薯生长和土壤养分的影响

本文通过大田试验,研究了水肥一体化和覆盖地布等对木薯生长和土壤养分的影响,试验设置地膜/地布,4个施肥量,3种灌溉量等13个处理。结果表明,水肥一体化能显著提高木薯产量(40.18%～51.85%),最高为处理12 (地膜+减量施肥2+滴灌2)和处理13 (地布+减量施肥2+滴灌2)。在无滴灌条件下,覆盖地布或者地膜也能显著提高木薯产量,但水肥一体化各处理间增产不明显;处理3 (减量施肥1)和处理5 (地布+减量施肥1)的氮肥、钾肥利用率比处理2 (常规施肥)提高了4.18%～10.32%和12.65%～22.66%,而处理11 (减量施肥2+滴灌2)和处理13则比处理2提高了23.32%～36.58%和37.48%～45.72%;处理8～13比处理2的速效磷增加了11.67 mg/kg～33.79 mg/kg,速效钾含量增加了24.9 mg/kg～70.2 mg/kg。在覆盖地布/地膜条件下,减量施肥+滴灌能明显提高氮、磷、钾肥料利用率;整体上滴灌处理的土壤速效磷和土壤速效钾含量有明显增加;综合考虑产量、节水、减肥和环保因素,处理13 (地布+N 75 kg/hm2、P2O537.5 kg/hm2、K2O 75 kg/hm2+333.3 m3/hm2)为本研究最佳处理。     

有机肥与土壤调理剂对设施大棚豆角产量和土壤质量的影响

为探索有机肥和土壤调理剂对设施大棚土壤的改良效果以及对设施蔬菜的增产效果，以当地主栽豆角品种赤玉三号为指示品种，在金川区宁远堡镇新华村设施农业园区设置常规施肥(CK)[复合肥(养分含量≥45%，N-P2O5-K2O为15-15-15)750 hm2、磷酸二铵375 kg/hm2]，常规施肥+商品有机肥6 000 kg/hm2(T1)、常规施肥+土壤调理剂22.5 kg/hm2(T2)、常规施肥+腐熟农家肥30 000 kg/hm2(T3)、常规施肥+商品有机肥6 000 kg/hm2+土壤调理剂22.5 kg/hm2(T4)、常规施肥+腐熟农家肥30 000 kg/hm2+土壤调理剂22.5 kg/hm2(T5)6个处理，研究了施用有机肥、土壤调理剂对设施大棚豆角产量和土壤质量的影响。结果表明，设施大棚内施入有机肥、土壤调理剂后，可降低设施大棚土壤pH，提升土壤养分含量及豆角产量，且以常规施肥+腐熟农农肥30 000 kg/hm2+土壤调理剂22.5 kg/hm2施肥模式最佳，豆角产量为34 693.9 kg/hm2，较常规施肥增产2 653.1 kg/hm2，增产率为8.28%。在日光温室豆角生产中，建议以常规施肥+腐熟农家肥30 000 kg/hm2+土壤调理剂22.5 kg/hm2作为最佳施肥方案，有助于改善土壤质量、提高豆角产量。     

Productivity and Economics of Drip-Irrigated Banana (Musa Spp.) under Different Planting and Fertigation Techniques in Subtropical India

Banana is well known to be extremely demanding for water and nutrients, and supplemental application of these resources are prerequisites for higher yield. The study was undertaken to assess the effects of fertigation through drip on the growth, yield, quality, and economics of banana during 2007–2009. The experiment also aimed to find out a suitable method of planting for banana under drip irrigation system. Twelve treatments comprising two fertilizer sources, three fertilizer levels, and two planting systems were attempted. These treatments were compared with surface method of irrigation using conventional fertilizers applied as farmers practice. The results revealed that among the various treatments, 100% dose of water-soluble RDNPK and planting spacing of 1.5 × 1.5 m with drip fertigation recorded better values for growth characteristics. Banana fruit yield was significantly higher in normal planting (82.86 t/ha) than paired row planting (75.75 t/ha). The fruit yield increased significantly in water-soluble fertilizers (81.01 t/ha) as compared with “nitrogen (N)” fertigation (77.59 t/ha) and it also increased significantly with an increase in fertilizer levels (100% fertigation), but high costs of these fertilizers lowered the B:C ratio and net returns as compared with fertigation using conventional fertilizers. The drip irrigation gave 3–14.5% increase in banana fruit yield and 52% water saving over surface irrigation. The quality of banana fruits was not affected significantly due to any of the treatments.     

磷钾配施对旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及养分利用率的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜产量、 品质及养分利用率同步提高的最佳氮磷钾施用量和配比,制定合理的栽培措施,本试验以中晚熟西瓜品种陇抗九号为试材,在砂田西瓜氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2的基础上,设置了3个施钾水平（0、 130、 260 kg/hm2）和4个施磷水平（0、 90、 130、 170 kg/hm2）,研究了磷、 钾肥配施对西瓜产量、 品质和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,西瓜产量和品质均随施磷量和施钾量的增加而提高,其中P170处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%和43.79%; 西瓜平均含糖量、 Vc和蛋白质含量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%、 9.48%和11.90%; K260处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较K0分别显著提高了9.22%和7.54%; 西瓜平均含糖量和硝酸盐含量较K0分别显著提高了5.86%和11.24%。磷钾肥配施对西瓜光合、 产量及养分吸收利用的互作效应显著,且均表现出在低钾条件下,各指标随施磷量的增加先增加后趋于稳定或降低; 高钾条件下,则随施磷量的增加而增加,并以磷肥效应较大,钾肥次之,在磷、 钾配施的所有处理中,K260P170处理的西瓜光合速率、 产量和养分利用率均最高。本试验在施用氮肥200 kg/hm2条件下,砂田西瓜的磷、 钾最优施肥量分别为170 kg/hm2和260 kg/hm2,相应的N、 P2O5、 K2O比例为1∶0.85∶1.3。     

Response of Cotton to Irrigation Methods and Nitrogen Fertilization: Yield Components,Water‐Use Efficiency,Nitrogen Uptake,and Recovery

Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, water‐ and N‐use efficiency responses to N, and irrigation methods in northern Syria were evaluated. Field trials were conducted for two growing seasons on a Chromoxerertic Rhodoxeralf. Treatments consisted of drip fertigation, furrow irrigation, and five different rates of N fertilizer (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N /ha). Cotton was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth was 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe.

Seed cotton yield was higher than the national average (3,928 kg/ha) by at least 12% as compared to all treatments. Lint properties were not negatively affected by the irrigation method or N rates. Water savings under drip fertigation ranged between 25 and 50% of irrigation water relative to furrow irrigation. Crop water‐use efficiencies of the drip‐fertigated treatments were in most cases 100% higher than those of the corresponding furrow‐irrigated treatments. The highest water demand was during the fruit‐setting growth stage. It was also concluded that under drip fertigation, 100–150 N kg/ha was adequate and comparable with the highest N rates tested under furrow irrigation regarding lint yield, N uptake, and recovery. Based on cotton seed yield and weight of stems, the overall amount of N removed from the field for the drip‐fertigated treatments ranged between 101 and 118kg and 116 and 188 N/ha for 2001 and 2002, respectively. The N removal ranged between 94 and 113 and 111 and 144 kg N/ha for the furrow‐irrigated treatments for 2001 and 2002, respectively.     

Optimum plant stand and nutrient doses for summer groundnut under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation in light black soils of peninsular Western India

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh for consecutive three summer seasons of 2013, 2014, and 2015 with the objectives of identifying optimum plant density and nutrient doses under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation for higher productivity and net returns. The treatments were; three plant densities viz., 3,33,333 plants/ha (100% of recommended plant density; P1); 4,16,666 plants/ha (125% of recommended plant density; P2), and 4,99,999 plants/ha (150% of recommended plant density;P3) in main plots, and three nutrient doses viz., 18.75–37.5–22.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (75% of recommended nutrient dose; F1), 25-50-30 NPK kg ha^?1 (100% of recommended nutrient dose; F2), and 31.25–62.5–37.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (125% of recommended nutrient dose; F3) in sub-plots, and replicated thrice. The same sets of treatments were tested under both check basin irrigation and drip fertigation. The data were analyzed using split plot design. Pod yield, haulm yield, and net returns were significantly higher with P3 as compared to P1 under check basin irrigation but only haulm yield was found significantly higher with P3 under drip fertigation. Under check basin irrigation, NH₄–N, NO₃–N, and available P and K in soil were found in the order P1?>?P2?>?P3 (p?<?0.05) while in case of drip fertigation, differences were significant only for available K which was significantly higher in P1 over both P2 and P3. Under check basin irrigation, F2 i.e., application of 100 percent of recommended nutrient doses, being at par with F3, significantly improved pod yield, haulm yield and net returns over that with F1 however, differences were not significant under drip fertigation. NH₄–N, NO₃–N and available P and K in soil under both the irrigation systems were in the order F3?>?F2?>?F1 (p?<?0.05).     

Onion seed productivity,nutrient use,and quality response to drip fertigation in semi-arid India

Crop productivity and nutrient use are mainly water restricted in semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to find out whether the onion seed crop productivity could be elevated through drip fertigation. The effects of irrigation and fertigation levels on yield, yield components, quality, and nutrient use of onion seed crop (Allium cepa L.) were investigated at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra, western India on a sandy clay loam soil. Irrigation water applied at evapotranspiration (ETc) levels at 80% (I₁), 90% (I₂), and 100% (I₃), whereas drip fertigation levels at 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of recommended dose [120:60:60 nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) kg/ha] were investigated. Three-year experiment results showed no significant differences in number of seed per umbel, seed yield per umbel per plant, seed and straw yield per hectare from the comparison between 100% ETc and 90% ETc. In fertigation, 120% and 100% levels gave significantly higher values of yield components and seed yield than the 80% and 60% levels. The quality parameters decreased with decrease in ETc, but increased with increase in fertigation levels. Fertilizer-use efficiency (FUE) was highest in 60% fertigation and then declined with the increase in fertigation levels. Irrigation at 100% ETc and fertigation at 120% resulted in higher nutrient use, but the difference with 90% ETc and 100% fertigation was non-significant. The 90% ETc and 100% fertigation dose (120:60:60 NPK kg/ha) appears a useful practice to increase onion seed productivity under the semi-arid climate of western India.     

Evaluation of methods of nutrient and water management on tea performance and nutrient loss in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area,China

The long-term control of fertilizer pollution in the Danjiangkou Reservoir is an important task, and promoting good fertilizer pollution control methods is necessary to conserve water quality. A 3-year experiment was conducted to evaluate the fertilizer losses, economic benefits, and feasibility of different nutrient and water management methods in the area. The experiment included the following treatments: (1) local recommended fertilizer dose (450, 144, and 189 kg ha^?1 y^?1 of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O) under rain-fed conditions (CK); (2) chicken manure at 7500 kg ha^–1 without drip irrigation (OF); (3) same dosage of treatment OF but with drip irrigation (OFD); and (4) drip fertigation with 30% of the fertilization dose of CK (DF). The results showed that organic fertilizer and drip fertigation treatments reduced total N (TN) and total P (TP) losses compared to CK due to considerably less amounts of N and P nutrient inputs. Total N runoff losses, and TN and TP concentrations in leaching water did not differ significantly among treatments OF, OFD, and DF. Net income among the CK, OF, and OFD treatments did not differ significantly. Treatment DF resulted in 19.5% and 13.8% more net income than CK and OFD, respectively. Such results provided guidance for promotion to maximize benefits and minimize environmental impacts.     

Effect of Drip Fertigation on Yield,Water Use Efficiency,and Nutrients Availability in Banana in West Bengal,India

Field studies were conducted during 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 at the Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal, India, to assess the different levels of drip fertigation at variable evaporation replenishment compared to surface irrigation and conventional soil fertilization on yield, water use efficiency, and nutrients availability in plant and ratoon crop of banana. The experiment was laid in an Augmented Factorial Complete Block Design with three replications having three drip irrigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 70% of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) and three drip fertigation schedules at 50%, 60%, and 80% of recommended nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers with inclusion of conventional surface irrigation at 100% of IW/CPE. The results showed that fruit yield of plant and ratoon crop increased progressively with increasing levels of irrigation water (up to 60% CPE) and NPK fertigation through the drip system. However, maximum fruit yield and water use efficiency of crops was obtained with drip irrigation at 60% CPE with NPK fertigation at 80% of recommended dose. Drip irrigation, as a whole, registered higher fruit yields and water use efficiency with savings of 38.3–41.5% of water compared to surface irrigation. Availability of N, P, and K in soil at vegetative, shooting, and harvesting stages for plant and ratoon crop consistently increased with increasing rate of irrigation water and NPK fertigation through the drip system. Higher availability of macronutrients in soil was recorded with drip irrigation at 70% CPE with 80% of recommended drip NPK fertigation. Overall drip fertigation system improved the available plant nutrients in the soil as compared with traditional surface irrigation.     

控释尿素与普通尿素配施在冬小麦上的最佳应用比例研究

为明确控释尿素与普通尿素配合施用在作物上的应用效果,以冬小麦为研究材料,在田间试验条件下研究了不同比例（0、 10%、 30%、 50%、 100%）的控释尿素（CRU,释放期60 d）与普通尿素配合追施（基追比为3∶7）对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素a含量和净光合速率、 产量、 氮肥利用率、 分蘖情况以及经济效益的影响。结果表明, 控释尿素比例为50% 和100% 处理的冬小麦叶绿素a 和净光合速率在各生育期都保持了较高水平; 与仅施用普通尿素相比,控释尿素为50%的处理的各项指标都明显提高,分蘖数自返青期起保持了较高水平,小麦产量增加了17.0%,氮肥利用率提高了16.73%,增收2587.23 yuan/hm2。综合分析,50%控释尿素的施肥处理在小麦上应用效果最好。     

基于DNDC模型的冬小麦?夏玉米农田滴灌施肥优化措施研究

【目的】滴灌施肥是一种具有节水、节肥等优点的水肥一体化田间管理措施,然而其对N₂O排放和经济效益的影响仍存在不确定性。针对我国重要的粮食生产方式—冬小麦?夏玉米轮作,优化设计适宜的滴灌施肥管理制度,对于提高水肥资源利用效率,减少环境污染,提高经济效益具有重大的实际意义。 【方法】在山东桓台冬小麦?夏玉米典型农田上设置试验,进行不同灌溉系数和不同施氮量处理对农田土壤N₂O排放和作物产量影响的研究。根据田间实测数据对DNDC模型进行校正和验证,利用验证后的模型定量评估滴灌施肥对N₂O排放的影响,综合考虑作物产量和N₂O减排效果和经济效益,最终提出华北平原冬小麦?夏玉米体系的优化滴灌施肥措施。 【结果】DNDC模型具备模拟滴灌施肥一体化管理措施下冬小麦、夏玉米生长情况和产量的能力,模型校正后能较好地模拟滴灌施肥条件下冬小麦/夏玉米农田土壤N₂O排放特征。在田间试验筛选出的最佳滴灌量和施氮量的基础上设置不同的滴灌量、施氮量以及玉米季施氮次数、施氮时间模拟情景,经过模型情景模拟最终筛选出的最优滴灌施肥措施是冬小麦季分4次滴灌施肥,滴灌量130 mm,随水施N 189 kg/hm2,夏玉米避开雨季分4次滴灌施肥,滴灌量19 mm,随水施N 231 kg/hm2。该模型模拟出的最优措施能够在不影响作物产量的基础上比田间试验筛选出的最佳滴灌和施氮量处理减少16%的N₂O排放。 【结论】与当地习惯漫灌撒肥措施相比,优化后的滴灌施肥管理全年共节水58.6%、减氮30.0%、减少50% N₂O排放,同时净收益增加了1336.41元/hm2,增加投资部分的收益率为230.34%,远大于部分预算法中100%的新技术采用标准。研究结果可为滴灌施肥技术在华北农田推广应用提供实际参考。     

Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Potato under Fertigation Utilizing a Nitrogen Tracer Technique

Abstract

Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Nitrogen fertilizer (¹⁵N‐labeled urea) and irrigation methods (drip and furrow) were evaluated on spring and fall potato cultivars under Syrian Mediterranean climatic conditions. Field experiments were conducted in the El‐Ghab Valley near Hama in fall 2000 and spring 2001 on a heavy clay soil. Four N‐fertilizer applications (70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha) were applied in five equally split treatments for both irrigation methods. Potato was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth reached 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe.

Higher marketable tuber yield of spring potato was obtained by fertigation compared to furrow irrigation; the magnitude of tuber yield increases was 4, 2, 31, and 13%, whereas for fall potato the tuber yield increases were 13, 27, 20, and 35% for N fertilizer rates of 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha, respectively. Shoot dry matter and tuber yields at the bulking stage were not good parameters to estimate marketable tuber yield. The effect of N treatments on potato yield with furrow irrigation and fertigation was limited and not significant. Drip fertigation improved tuber yield of fall potato relative to national average yield. Nitrogen uptake increased with increasing N input under both irrigation methods. Reducing N input under both irrigation methods improved N recoveries. Increasing N input significantly increased total N content in plant tissues at the bulking stage. Spring potato yields were almost double those of fall potato under both irrigation methods and all N treatments.

Nitrate (NO₃) movement in the soil solution for fall potato was monitored using soil solution extractors. Furrow irrigation resulted in greater movements of NO₃‐N below the rooting zone than drip fertigation.

Harvest index did not follow a clear trend but tended to decrease upon increasing N fertilization rates beyond 140 kg N/ha under both irrigation methods. Drip fertigation improved field water‐use efficiencies at the bulking and harvest stages. Fertigation increased specific gravity of potato tubers relative to furrow irrigation. Higher N input decreased specific gravity of potato tubers under both irrigation methods.