不同农业用地类型对土壤性质和土壤环境的影响——以北京市延庆县为例

选择北京市延庆县为研究区域,通过对不同农业用地类型的土壤进行采样和分析,研究了延庆县不同农业用地类型对土壤性质和环境的影响,以期为北京市土壤的农业可持续利用提供依据。结果表明,研究区域粮田、菜地、果园的土壤pH值、有机质和碱解氮含量均显著低于林地;4种不同农业用地类型中表层土壤的As,Cd,Cr含量平均值分别超出北京市土壤背景值0.93,0.09和15.3 mg/kg。粮田、菜地耕作层的重金属含量高于林地和果园,内梅罗指数和单项污染指数评价表明这4种土壤利用类型尚属清洁。尽管研究区目前重金属污染程度较低,最高值仅为警戒值的74%,但其单项污染指数显示该地区土壤重金属累积速度较快。粮田土壤中As,Cd元素含量较退耕林地分别增加了20.9%和38.5%。如不加以控制,土壤重金属污染状况会进一步加剧。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物数量与土壤肥力的关系

选取了6种不同土地利用方式，分别对土壤微生物数量变化及其与土壤养分的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明，不同土地试上土壤微叫量各有差异，具体表现为干鱼塘底泥＞菜地＞水稻田＞果园＞粮作旱地＞荒草地；但从土壤微生物多样性指数来看，则表现为粮作旱地＞草地＞果园＞荒地＞水稻田＞鱼塘底泥。土壤中微生物总量与微生物多样性指数二者的变化趋势不一致，因此，评价土壤生物多样指数应将二者结合起来。微生物数量与土壤大多数教养分含量（除有效磷和全钾之外）之间存在着一定的正相关关系，即土壤微生物数量随土壤养分含量的增加而增加。     

不同土地利用方式下渭-库绿洲土壤质量评价

[目的]定量评价渭干河—库车三角州绿洲(简称渭—库绿州)不同土地利用方式下的土壤质量,为该区域土地资源的合理利用与规划以及土壤质量的管理与治理服务。[方法]基于渭—库绿洲实地采样数据,利用土壤质量评价指标,采用土壤质量指数(SQI)综合评价法,在ArcGIS 9.3软件支持下对研究区土壤质量的空间分布状况进行定量评价。[结果]不同土地利用方式下的土壤质量指数的平均水平存在显著差异(p0.05),其土壤质量由高到低的顺序依次为:林地耕地荒漠灌丛盐碱草地,其中林地的平均土壤质量指数为0.48,盐碱草地的平均土壤质量指数为0.24。[结论]从空间分布上,渭—库绿洲的土壤质量总体处于中低水平,只有研究区中部区域具有较高水平的土壤质量。不同土地利用方式下土壤质量差异明显。     

升金湖沿湖不同土地利用方式下土壤有机质和养分变化特征

为探讨升金湖沿湖不同土地利用方式土壤养分含量特征，以林地、农田、菜地和草地为研究对象，测定土壤有机质、pH值、C/N值以及氮磷钾等元素的含量。结果表明：（1）四种土地利用方式下，土壤 pH 值大小顺序为：农田>草地>林地>菜地，菜地和林地pH 值均为弱酸性；（2）土壤有机质含量顺序为：菜地>林地>农田>草地，菜地和林地有机质含量丰富，农田和草地稍欠缺。菜地C/N最高，农田C/N最低。（3）土壤全氮含量顺序为：菜地>林地>农田>草地。全磷、全钾含量没有明显差异，土地利用方式对二者影响不大。菜地中碱解氮和速效钾含量最高，农田中有效磷含量最高。本研究结果可为升金湖湖区土地资源的合理利用、保持和提高土壤肥力以及区域生态协调提供科学参考。     

北京顺义区土壤重金属分布与环境质量评价

在北京顺义区采集了412份土壤表层样品,分析了其中7种重金属元素（Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg）的全量,采用单因子指数和内梅罗指数对土壤环境质量进行评价。结果表明,土样中As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Cu、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别为7.85、0.136、61.47、0.073、22.43、20.38mg.kg-1和69.75mg.kg-1,As、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn含量平均值超过了北京地区环境背景值,但所有元素含量的平均值均未超出土壤环境质量一级标准。土壤中各重金属元素含量Shapiro-Wilk检验和相关性检验结果表明,研究区土壤中重金属Cr呈正态分布,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb元素与As元素相关性显著。土壤各元素单因子污染指数排序为Zn〉Cr〉Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉As〉Hg,内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为0.745,达到了土壤环境质量评价分级标准Ⅱ级,污染等级为＂警戒线＂级;菜地、果园、荒地、林地、苗圃、设施农业用地和水浇地的土壤内梅罗指数分别为0.809、0.765、0.720、0.669、0.781、0.786和0.729,表现为菜地〉设施农业〉苗圃〉果园〉水浇地〉荒地〉林地。土壤环境质量总体安全,部分地区土壤重金属污染处于警戒水平。     

黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量评价

通过建立侵蚀土壤质量单因素评价模型和综合评价模型,选出了黄土丘陵区适宜的侵蚀土壤质量评价方法,定量评价了该区土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,采用加权综合法对土壤质量进行综合评价能够较好地反映土壤质量的实际情况,敏感地反映土地利用方式变化对土壤质量的影响。应用因子分析法所筛选的8项土壤质量简化评价指标能够很好地反映29项综合评价指标的信息,评价结果具有较高的代表性。拟定了黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量分级标准,将研究区土壤质量分为5级。黄土丘陵区10种土地利用类型间土壤质量差异显著,以天然乔木林地土壤质量最佳,属1级;其次是天然灌木林地和大棚菜地,土壤质量属2级;天然草地土壤质量属于3级,人工乔灌林地土壤质量接近3级;人工草地、撂荒地、农地和果园土壤质量属于4级。     

不同土地利用方式下南亚热带赤红壤酸化特征

土地利用方式是影响土壤酸化的重要因素，研究不同土地利用方式下赤红壤酸化特征可为缓解和治理赤红壤区土壤酸化提供依据。本研究采集了4种土地利用方式(菜地、果园、水田、林地)的赤红壤区土壤样品，测定了表层(0～20 cm)和表下层(20～40cm)土壤的理化性状，结合田间调查和统计数据分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤酸化特征及成因。结果表明：果园表层土壤pH显著低于林地，果园表下层土壤p H显著低于水田和林地；菜地、果园土壤交换性Al³⁺含量显著高于水田和林地；果园表层土壤的盐基饱和度与阳离子交换量均显著低于自然林地，菜地表下层土壤盐基饱和度显著低于水田；与水田和林地相比，菜地和果园的酸化更严重，酸缓冲能力更低。不同土地利用下施肥、复种指数以及耕作方式上的差异可能是造成气候与母质相似地区土壤酸化差异的主要原因。     

三峡库区坡改梯地不同土地利用方式的土壤肥力质量评价研究——以重庆市巫山县为例

以重庆巫山县典型坡改梯地为例,选取5种不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力质量进行评价,结果表明:研究区的土壤肥力整体处于中下等水平,5种地类按土壤肥力大小排序为荒地(0.501)>林地(0.431)>菜地(0.427)>园地(0.390)>粮田(0.349),农耕用地的土壤肥力明显低于林地和荒地,可见退耕还林还草具有明显的土壤培肥作用,人类活动和土地利用方式对土壤质量有很大影响,合理规划土地利用方式对土壤质量提高有重要作用。     

基于最小数据集的青藏公路沿线土壤质量评价

为明确青藏公路沿线土地土壤质量的基本特征,通过采集沿线3种不同土地利用类型(农地、草地和沙地)的土壤样品,采用主成分分析法(PCA,Principal Component Analysis)筛选最小数据集(MDS,Minimum Data Set)指标,并构建土壤质量指数(SQI,Soil Quality Index)定量评价其土壤质量。结果表明:(1)相较于农地和草地,沙地的土壤肥力较为贫瘠,其土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷的土壤肥力等级均为6级。9个土壤指标均为中低度敏感指标,沙地土壤黏粒和粉粒含量具有更强的空间分异性。(2)沿线土壤质量评价最小数据集由全钾、全磷、有机质、黏粒和粉粒组成,最小数据集能够较好地替代全数据集进行土壤质量评价(p<0.01)。(3)沿线农地的土壤质量指数SQI(0.535±0.043)高于草地SQI(0.499±0.044)和沙地SQI(0.449±0.066)。该研究发现沿线农地土壤质量为中等水平,沿线草地和沿线沙地土壤质量处于较低水平,土壤有机质是影响青藏公沿线土壤质量的主要因素。     

土默川平原盐渍化土地不同利用方式的土壤质量评价

为评价盐渍化土地经不同利用方式后对土壤质量的影响,以土默川平原盐渍化土壤为研究对象,针对区域内的5种土地利用方式(盐荒地、改良地、牧草地、农田地、林地),采用主成分分析法从32项土壤物理、化学、生物学指标中选取关键指标,计算土壤质量综合指数以评价土壤质量,为该地区建立可持续的土地利用模式和区域生态恢复提供理论依据。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下的土壤物理、化学、生物性状存在一定差异。总体来看,林地、牧草地、农田地和改良地均能有效降低土壤盐渍化程度,改善土壤物理性状,增加土壤养分和微生物数量;表征土默川平原土壤质量的关键指标包括2～5 mm团聚体的有机碳、全盐量、饱和含水量、细菌、铵态氮和氯离子,其权重分别为0.35、0.23、0.17、0.10、0.08和0.06;4个土壤质量指数的结果表明,农田地、林地和牧草地的土壤质量指数均高于盐荒地、改良地。     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.     

长期化肥有机替代对黑土颜色及腐殖物质的影响

基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。