一个用于分析土地覆被变化对径流机制影响的分布式月水量平衡模型

The Miyun Reservoir is the most important water source for Beijing Municipality, the capital of China with a population of more than 12 million. In recent decades, the inflow to the reservoir has shown a decreasing trend, which has seriously threatened water use in Beijing. In order to analyze the influents of land use and cover change （LUCC） upon inflow to Miyun Reservoir, terrain and land use information from remote sensing were utilized with a revised evapotranspiration estimation formula; a water loss model under conditions of human impacts was introduced; and a distributed monthly water balance model was established and applied to the Chaobai River Basin controlled by the Miyun Reservoir. The model simulation suggested that not only the impact of land cover change on evapotranspiration, but also the extra water loss caused by human activities, such as the water and soil conservation development projects should be considered. Although these development projects were of great benefit to human and ecological protection, they could reallocate water resources in time and space, and in a sense thereby influence the stream flow.     

基于多时相TM/ETM+数据的浙江省沿海地区土地利用变化研究

Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus （ETM＋） images in 1985, 1986, 1993, 1994 and 2001 were used to quantify the land use and land cover changes （LUCC） in the Zhejiang coastal region with a stratified unsupervised classification technique in conjunction with visual interpretation and to attempt an identification of the socioeconomic driving forces. In level I an overall accurate classification was achieved using a modified Anderson＇s Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ-level classification scheme. The overall accuracy of the land use classification at Anderson level Ⅰ were 89.7% （1985）, 91.6% （1993）, and 90.4% （2001）. The most rapid land use change was a dramatic increase in urban or built-up areas, which quadrupled from 1985 to 2001. Over 90% of this newly expanded built-up area was originally paddy fields or other croplands. In different parts of the Zhejiang coastal region, urban land expansion was spatially uneven. Temporally, land use development did not stabilized, and the two study periods of time （1985-1993 and 1993-2001） had different transition styles. Socioeconomic factors, such as gross domestic product, total population, and financial expenditure, were all highly correlated with the expansion of urban or built-up areas. Based on the degree of urban sprawl and socioeconomic factors, cities and towns were further divided into six subgroups, which may help decision makers improve land use for the region.     

一种新的辨别土地利用/覆被的遥感图像融合方法

In China, accelerating industrialization and urbanization following high-speed economic development and population increases have greatly impacted land use/cover changes, making it imperative to obtain accurate and up to date information on changes so as to evaluate their environmental effects. The major purpose of this study was to develop a new method to fuse lower spatial resolution multispectral satellite images with higher spatial resolution panchromatic ones to assist in land use/cover mapping. An algorithm of a new fusion method known as edge enhancement intensity modulation (EEIM) was proposed to merge two optical image data sets of different spectral ranges. The results showed that the EEIM image was quite similar in color to lower resolution multispectral images, and the fused product was better able to preserve spectral information. Thus, compared to conventional approaches, the spectral distortion of the fused images was markedly reduced. Therefore, the EEIM fusion method could be utilized to fuse remote sensing data from the same or different sensors, including TM images and SPOT5 panchromatic images, providing high quality land use/cover images.     

遥感和GPS支持的高山草甸土草地盖度精确量化研究

The principles of remotely estimating grassland cover density in an alpine meadow soil from space lie in the synchronous collection of in situ samples with the satellite pass and statistically linking these cover densities to their image properties according to their geographic coordinates. The principles and procedures for quantifying grassland cover density from satellite image data were presented with an example from Qinghai Lake, China demonstrating how quantification could be made more accurate through the integrated use of remote sensing and global positioning systems （GPS）. An empirical model was applied to an entire satellite image to convert pixel values into ground cover density. Satellite data based on 68 field samples was used to produce a map of ten cover densities. After calibration a strong linear regression relationship （r^2 = 0.745） between pixel values on the satellite image and in situ measured grassland cover density was established with an 89% accuracy level. However, to minimize positional uncertainty of field samples, integrated use of hyperspatial satellite data and GPS could be utilized. This integration could reduce disparity in ground and space sampling intervals, and improve future quantification accuracy even more.     

地理信息技术支持下中国三峡典型区植被变化预测的试验研究

A computerized parametric methodology was applied to monitor, map, and estimate vegetation change in combination with ＂3S＂ （RS--remote sensing, GIS--geographic information systems, and GPS---global positioning system） technology and change detection techniques at a 1：50 000 mapping scale in the Letianxi Watershed of western Hubei Province, China. Satellite images （Landsat TM 1997 and Landsat ETM 2002） and thematic maps were used to provide comprehensive views of surface conditions such as vegetation cover and land use change. With ER Mapper and ERDAS software, the normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） was computed and then classified into six vegetation density classes. ARC/INFO and ArcView software were used along with field observation data by GPS for analysis. Results obtained using spatial analysis methods showed that NDVI was a valuable first cut indicator for vegetation and land use systems. A regression analysis revealed that NDVI explained 94.5% of the variations for vegetation cover in the largest vegetation area, indicating that the relationship between vegetation and NDVI was not a simple linear process. Vegetation cover increased in four of areas. This meant 60.9% of land area had very slight to slight vegetation change, while 39.1% had moderate to severe vegetation change. Thus, the study area, in general, was exposed to a high risk of vegetation cover change.     

GIS/RS集成技术在叙利亚滨海土壤侵蚀评价和模拟研究上的应用

An integrated remote sensing(RS) and geographic informtion system(GIS) technique was employed to characterize the spatial distribution of the risk of soil erosion by water on Lakaia district ,Syria,The universal soil loss equation(USLE)was used to calculate the annual soil loss rates for Latakia soils ,Mainly,remote sensing data soil survey,land use inventory,elevation data and climatic atlases are used as resource data sets to generate USLE facto values ,The results revealed that integration of GIS/RS with USLE was a practical and effective approach for monitoring soil erosion over large areas.     

应用危险确认模型评估土地管理的可持续发展

New Zealand is highly dependent on its soil resource for continued agricultural production.To avoid depleting this resource,there is a need to identify soils and associated land management practices where there is a risk of soil degradation.Environmental integraity and ecosystem services also need to be maintoained.Accordingly,to ensure sustainable production,The on -and off-site environmental impacts of aldn management need to be identified and managed.We developed a structural vulnerability index for New Zealand soils.This index ranks solis according to their inherent susceptibility to physical degradation when used for agricultural (pasture,forestry and cropping) Purposes.We also developed a rule-based model to assess soil sompaction vulnerability by characterising the combined effects of resistance and resilience,Other soil attributes have been approatised using seven chemical,physical and biological indicators of soil quality.These indicators have been applied in a nation -wide project involving data collection from over 500 sites for a range of land uses.These soil quality data can be interpreted via the World Wide Web -through the in teractive decisionsupport tool SINDI,The land-use impact model is a framework to assess agricultural land management and environmental sustainability,and may be applied to land units at any scale.Using land resource data and information the model explicitly identifies hazards to land productivity and environmental integrity,It utilises qualitative expert and local knowledge and quantitative model-based evaluations to assess the potential environmental impacts of land-management pratices.The model is linked to a geographic information system(GIS),allowing model outputs.such at the environmental impacts of site-specific best management practices,to be identified in a spatially explicit manner,The model has been tested in New Zealand in an area of pastoral land use.Advantages of this risk identification model include:utilising current knowledege of the causes and effects of land-management practices on soil degradation;linking land management practice to both on-and off-site environmental consequences;identifying important gaps in local knowledge,and providing spatially explicit information on the environmental impact of land-management practices.     

Land Use Changes of Mata Lake Using Multi-temporal Satellite Imageries

Land use and protection has become a global hotspot. How to use land resources is an important topic for the future socio-economic sustainable development. This paper analyzes the land use changes of Mata lake of Shandong province in China, from 19.85＇s to 2000＇s using multi-temporal remotely sensed data including TM in the 1985s, ETM＋ in the 2000s and ancillary data such as soil use map, water map etc. the remote sensing imageries were calibrated, registered and geo--referenced, then classified by multi-source information data and remote sensing image interpretation expert system based on knowledge base. Five land use types were extracted from remote sensing imageries, that is, water body, agriculture land, rural settlement, bare land and none use land. The total precision is 80. 7% and Kappa index is 0. 825. The analysis result of the remote sensing shows that during the past 15 years, water resource dropped off very promptly from 51.77 km^2 to 16.65 km^2 and bare land reduced greatly more than 60% in Mata lake region. With the development of the economy and agriculture areas, more and more water body and bare land converted to agriculture land use and rural settlement areas. Since last years, the Mata lake has been affected by natural factor, human activity and increasing population. So its land use pattern greatly changed from 1985 to 2000. The information of land use changes provided scientific supports for land planning and environmental protection.     

A New Fusion Technique of Remote Sensing Imagesfor Land Use／Cover

In China, accelerating industrialization and urbanization following high-speed economic development and populationincreases have greatly impacted land use/cover changes, making it imperative to obtain accurate and up to date informationon changes so as to evaluate their environmental effects. The major purpose of this study was to develop a new methodto fuse lower spatial resolution multispectral satellite images with higher spatial resolution panchromatic ones to assistin land use/cover mapping. An algorithm of a new fusion method known as edge enhancement intensity modulation(EEIM) was proposed to merge two optical image data sets of different spectral ranges. The results showed that the EEIM image was quite similar in color to lower resolution multispectral images, and the fused product was better able topreserve spectral information. Thus, compared to conventional approaches, the spectral distortion of the fused images wasmarkedly reduced. Therefore, the EEIM fusion method could be utilized to fuse remote sensing data from the same ordifferent sensors, including TM images and SPOT5 panchromatic images, providing high quality land use/cover images.     

应用遥感技术对中国亚热带地区坡地利用及土壤侵蚀的研究

This paper introduces briefly two remote sensing case studies on land use in the subtropic region of China. One is on slope land use in the Yangtze River Three Gorges area. This is a large area of 60497 km². First of all, geometric correction and supervised classification were conducted for ten scenes of Landsat-5 TM or MSS images. The resolution of the processed images is 50 m × 50 m on ground. By the classification the land use/cover categories in this area were discriminated. Then the croplands including rice fields and upland fields were extracted from the land use/cover maps. Simultaneously the slope grade maps were prepared based on the topographic maps. Overlaying the slope grade maps and the cropland maps, the area and percentage of the croplands in different slope grades were determined. This case study indicated that 71.5% of the uplands was situated on the slope above 150 and 25% on the slope above 250 in this area. It is dangerous, and urgent cultivation or engineering measures should be taken. Another case study is on soil erosion in Linshan County of Guangxi Province. Airphoto interpretation and supervised classification of a Landsat TM image were carried out for discriminating land cover/use categories in an area of 3 557.8 km². And the soil erosion intensity grades were determined according to the land cover/use maps and slope maps. It wad discovered that the land suffering soil erosion accounted for 2404.0 km², 67.6% of the total area of the county. Necessary measures to control soil erosion should be taken also.     

基于遥感的蒸散发及地表温度对LUCC响应的研究

探讨土地利用/覆盖类型变化(LUCC)对地表温度(LST)和计算蒸散发(ET)的影响，进而了解LUCC对水资源消耗的影响。利用Landsat TM/ETM+遥感数据，解译获取山东省垦利县1987年和2000年的LUCC信息，并利用单窗算法和SEBAL模型分别反演LST，ET。研究发现：由于经济的快速发展，导致1987到2000年13年间山东省垦利县的土地利用/覆盖变化极为显著，变化面积达到总面积的36.12%；土地利用/覆盖的特点基本控制了研究区域的LST和ET的区域分布特点，滨海滩涂、沼泽地、水体的LST值低，而ET值高；建设用地和盐碱地的LST值高，ET值低。不同土地利用/覆盖类型下的各LST和ET基本都表现为单峰型变化。1987年和2000年LST的频率分布特征大体一致，但2000年的各地类LST的分布范围比1987年的LST分布范围变宽。ET的分布变化没有呈现出这个特征，2000年各类型的日ET量都大于1987年的日ET量，两个时期都表现为水体的ET最大，农田次之，建设用地的ET最小。且不同土地利用/覆盖类型下ET和LST之间都存在明显的反相关关系。     

新疆焉耆盆地地表温度时空分布对LUCC的响应

为了辨析地表温度时空分布及其变化对土地利用/土地覆盖变化(land use/cover change,LUCC)的响应,以新疆焉耆盆地为研究区,将Landsat遥感影像数据、气象要素的观测数据和野外采样数据相结合,利用单窗算法和单通道算法反演研究区2000、2009、2011和2015年的地表温度,分析焉耆盆地地表温度时空分布特征,研究LUCC对地表温度的影响。结果表明:1)研究区温度时空分布图主要划分为低温区、中温区和高温区。从时空分布变化上来看,2000年高温区范围减少幅度最大、2009年次之、2015年最小;2009年低温区范围减少幅度最大、2000年次之、2015年最小;2)研究区地表温度的分布具有明显的空间差异性,高温区主要分布在沙漠区和山区与盆地之间的戈壁滩,具有明显的以博斯腾湖为中心的环状分布特点。低温区主要分布在水域、湿地和绿洲等区域;3)在2011年内不同时期不同LUCC的温度变化幅度不一,地表温度在不同下垫面上平均值大小不同,地表温度高低主要表现为沙漠盐碱地裸地小麦-玉米其他作物森林棉花芦苇湿地水域。由结果可知,焉耆盆地近十几年地表温度的时空变化与LUCC有着密切关系,农作物的结构、土地利用类型及其面积变化都会影响地表温度的时空分布。     

Continuing land degradation: Cause–effect in Ethiopia's Central Rift Valley

The Central Rift Valley (CRV) is one of the most environmentally vulnerable areas of Ethiopia. Most of the lowland in the CRV is arid or semiarid, and droughts occur frequently. We studied the dynamics of land use and cover and land degradation by analyzing Landsat data from 1973, 1985, and 2006 using Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing techniques. The analysis revealed that in the last 30 years, water bodies, forest, and woodland decreased by 15·3, 66·3, and 69·2 per cent, respectively; intensive cultivation, mixed cultivation/woodland, and degraded land increased by 34·5, 79·7, and 200·7 per cent. The major causes of land use and cover change (LUCC) and land degradation in the area were population and livestock growth in regions of limited resources, unsustainable farming techniques, the Ethiopian land tenure system and poverty. Lake level and area decline, and accelerated land degradation are the major environmental impacts of LUCC observed in the CRV. The environmental and socio‐economic consequences of LUCC and land degradation are far‐reaching. As a result of the expansion of land degradation over time, agricultural productivity has decreased and worsened food insecurity (shortages) and poverty in the Ethiopian CRV. In addition, if current trends in LUCC continue, Lake Abiyata will dry up by 2021. A detailed study of the degradation amount in relation to soil erosion, sediment yield to the lakes and catchment characteristics should be made using adaptable models; so as to guide the implementation of comprehensive and sustainable land use management by giving more attention to erosion prone areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近10 a黄河三角洲LUCC及其驱动因素分析

研究滨海脆弱生态区的土地利用/土地覆被时空变化过程,可以为区域土地资源的规划、开发和管理提供科学依据。该文应用遥感和GIS技术,分析黄河三角洲区域1995－2004年间土地利用/土地覆被的时空变化特征,并对区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的驱动因子进行了探讨。结果表明,近10 a来黄河三角洲的土地利用/土地覆被类型发生了复杂变化;黄河三角洲土地利用/土地覆被动态受到自然因素和人类活动的共同作用,而人类活动是近10 a区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要驱动因子。尽管近年来黄河三角洲的开发取得了快速发展,但部分人类经济活动给区域土地资源及其生态环境的可持续发展带来巨大压力,甚至导致区域土地质量的进一步退化。     

呼和浩特市不同植被指数与地表温度的定量遥感关系

利用Landsat 8影像数据,提取呼和浩特市地表温度（LST）、4种典型植被参数:归一化植被指数（NDVI）、修正土壤植被指数（MSAVI）、比值植被指数（RVI）及植被覆盖度（FV）,并结合研究区土地覆被信息,探讨了LST与4种典型植被参数的定量遥感关系,不同下垫面类型对地表温度—植被参数的影响及其二者之间的空间尺度效应。结果表明:地表温度—植被参数呈现出显著负相关关系,NDVI,RVI,MSAVI,FV每增加0.1,对应的LST分别下降:0.99℃,0.83℃,1.02℃,0.64℃;不同土地覆被类型中二者相关性差异显著,其中林地LST与4种植被参数相关性最强,RVI与LST相关性最稳定;在不同的空间尺度下（30～1 920 m）,地表温度—植被参数空间相关性呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,NDVI,FV,MSAVI,RVI与LST的空间相关性分别在120 m,240 m,60 m,120 m达到最高。     

基于RS和GIS的西宁市LUCC分析及模拟预测

通过研究位于青藏高原东部边缘西宁市土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）空间转化规律,以期揭示在人类活动加剧的大背景下,实施生态建设对城市与农村及其农牧业土地利用格局、生态环境效应、社会经济状况等产生的驱动机制。运用RS与GIS综合技术,通过精确解译西宁市1999年与2005年两期Landsat TM遥感影像,获取了较高精度的土地利用/覆被的定量统计及矢量图,结合动态指标分析了LUCC特征;并采用地图代数运算法求得各土地利用类型的Markov转移矩阵。结果表明：1999－2005年西宁市的耕地、草地和未利用土地是LUCC的核心类型,共有占研究区域总面积73.58%的土地利用方式发生了变化,表现为一种突变性质;6 a间,西宁市的河流、湖泊、湿地、草地和林地等面积显著增加,充分表明自2000年以来实施的生态建设极大地改善了西宁市的生态环境。在目前外界驱动力不变的条件下,通过Markov过程模拟与预测,未来10 a以及至终级稳定状态下,西宁市的耕地面积将继续减少,建筑和交通等建设用地持续增加;林地和草地,以及河流和湖泊等湿地所占面积比例的增加,将产生良好的生态环境效应。     

基于多时相遥感影像分析的城市土地利用/覆盖变化与热环境演变--以徐州市为例

以1987,1994,2000和2005年共4期的Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用先进的决策树分类法获取徐州市土地利用/覆盖信息,通过单通道算法反演地表亮温获取城市热场分布与热环境变化信息,采用土壤调节植被指数SAVI定量描述研究区植被覆盖变化,并综合采用这些信息对城市热环境演变与城市扩展、植被覆盖变化的关系进行了综合分析.结果表明,利用Landsat TM数据结合决策树分类方法,是获取土地覆盖/利用的有效方法.通过计算地表辐射亮温来研究城市热环境变化是合适的,SAVI等因子与城市热环境显著相关,能够有效地定量描述城市扩展及其生态环境响应.研究结果可服务于城市环境保护与人居环境改善.     

国外城市土地整理及对中国合理用地的启示

城市土地整理是提高城市用地效率和优化城市土地利用的重要技术手段,把它介绍给许多亚洲发展中国家是20世纪城市规划中最重要的国际合作之一.中国经济持续发展,城市用地扩展迅速,现今形成的城市土地利用格局不易逆转,对未来城市发展影响很大.但中国城市土地整理还处于起步阶段,有必要借鉴国外较为成熟的城市土地整理技术,合理规范未来城市用地发展和保护有限的耕地资源.该文首先分析讨论了国外城市土地整理的对象、目标、地位和主要功能,然后从5个方面探讨了土地整理在中国城市用地发展和城市用地管理中的作用.     

国外城市土地整理及对中国合理用地的启示

城市土地整理是提高城市用地效率和优化城市土地利用的重要技术手段，把它介绍给许多亚洲发展中国家是20世纪城市规划中最重要的国际合作之一。中国经济持续发展，城市用地扩展迅速，现今形成的城市土地利用格局不易逆转，对未来城市发展影响很大。但中国城市土地整理还处于起步阶段，有必要借鉴国外较为成熟的城市土地整理技术，合理规范未来城市用地发展和保护有限的耕地资源。该文首先分析讨论了国外城市土地整理的对象、目标、地位和主要功能，然后从5个方面探讨了土地整理在中国城市用地发展和城市用地管理中的作用。     

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的环境效应研究进展

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）是全球环境变化的重要因素之一,LUCC 的环境效应也是当前的研究热点。本文总结了近 20 年 LUCC 环境效应研究的主要成果和方法,并针对当前研究中的不足之处,对未来的研究趋势进行了讨论。该文首先分别从大气、土壤、水、生物和人类等环境因子方面讨论总结了 LUCC 环境效应的主要研究成果,继而从大气效应、水环境效应、土壤环境效应和综合环境效应等方面对常用的定量研究方法作了概括。作者认为今后应加强 LUCC 的综合环境效应、城市土地利用和城市扩张的环境效应等方面的研究,同时应重视服务于决策和管理的应用研究,提高环境监测和实验分析的技术水平,开发和完善基于 RS 和 GIS 空间分析功能的 LUCC 及其效应模型,以更有效和精确地评估土地利用变化所导致的环境影响。