土壤对病毒的吸附行为及其在环境净化中的作用

病毒在土壤上的吸附行为在很大程度上决定着其对饮用水的污染威胁。通过一次平衡法实验,比较研究噬菌体MS2和X174在6种不同性质土壤上的吸附行为的差别,同时阐述土壤中本身存在的微生物对土壤吸附行为的影响。总体趋势为土壤对X174的吸附能力高于对MS2的吸附能力;红黏土对病毒的吸附能力最强,而沙质潮土最弱;土壤中本身存在的微生物对土壤吸附病毒的影响依不同类型的土壤和病毒而异,除了红黏土外,灭菌土壤显著增加其对MS2的吸附;但对X174来说,灭菌后显著降低其在红黏土上的吸附,其他5种土壤的灭菌处理对X174的吸附行为没有显著影响。说明红黏土或与红黏土类似性质的材料在净化被病毒污染的水域时可能是一比较理想的病毒吸附剂;而在沙质潮土地区,病毒通过被土壤吸附而达到过滤净化的可能性则比较小。土壤中可能存在某一种或一类特殊微生物,它们可能可以控制病毒在土壤中的吸附行为,因而进一步研究其机理十分必要。     

噻虫嗪在农田土壤中环境行为的研究进展

噻虫嗪是当前全球销售量最大的新烟碱类农药之一，随着噻虫嗪的广泛使用，噻虫嗪在土壤环境中的迁移转化和归宿问题成为研究热点。本文总结了噻虫嗪对陆生生物（蜜蜂、蚕、蚯蚓、鹌鹑）、水生生物（藻类、大型溞、斑马鱼等）以及土壤微生物的影响，系统综述了噻虫嗪在农田土壤中的残留、降解、吸附解析以及迁移与淋溶等环境行为及主要影响因素，并指出了噻虫嗪在农田土壤中环境行为相关研究存在的不足以及未来研究应该关注的重点和方向，以期为噻虫嗪的科学安全使用以及保障农田土壤生态环境健康提供科学依据。     

二氯苯在土壤中的迁移行为和生物降解

主要从挥发、吸附与解吸、渗滤三个方面介绍了二氯苯在土壤中的迁移行为以及生物降解过程。探讨了二氯苯的物化性质，三种同分异构体的构型、土壤特性、外界环境条件等因素对二氯苯迁移行为的影响。以及迁移行为与生物降解的相互关系；同时介绍了可降解二氯苯的微生物种类、二氯苯好氧和物降解机理、共代谢现象，以及实验室研究方法。这些研究对于受二氯苯污染的土壤的修复具有理论指导意义。     

Cd(II)与As(V)在一株土壤细菌Delftia sp.上的共吸附研究

在土壤中，重金属（如Cd、Pb）和类金属（As、Sb）的复合污染非常复杂，而目前，还未有研究关注Cd、As在土壤微生物界面的共吸附行为。本研究利用宏观批吸附实验、电位滴定及光谱学手段探讨Cd(II)-As(V)在一株土壤细菌（Delftia sp.）表面的共吸附特点和机制。结果表明：Delftia sp.细菌表面富含羧基、磷酰基、氨基和羟基等官能团，解离常数（pKa）分别为4.57、7.04、8.22和10.45；当pH<5时，Cd(II)在复合体系的吸附量大于单一体系，pH>5时，Cd(II)在复合和单一体系吸附量差异不大；在pH 2–9范围内，As(V)在复合体系的吸附量都小于单一体系；细菌表面的羧基和少量氨基参与了Cd、As在细菌表面的络合反应，且Cd、As会在这些位点发生竞争作用。本研究证实，土壤pH是影响Cd、As在微生物表面共吸附的重要因素.     

土壤含水量和胡敏酸对有机氯农药降解的影响

尽管我国从1983年就开始禁用有机氯农药，但环境中仍有大量残留存在。土壤中污染物的残留是吸附、降解和迁移等各种理化作用和生物作用的综合结果，其中降解是制约其残留量的关键过程。大量研究表明，影响土壤中农药降解的主要环境因素包括土壤有机质、土壤温度、土壤pH和土壤含水量等，因为这些因素显著影响着土壤微生物的数量和活性。微生物代谢所需的营养物质有一部分来自农药和土壤有机质，土壤中微生物对其降解起着重要作用。胡敏酸（HA）是土壤有机质的主要组分，因此以HA代表土壤有机质对农药降解的影响是合理的，也有很多关于HA对农药在土壤中吸附等环境行为影响的研究报道。     

磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的物理化学行为

本文就磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的行为与土壤有关因素间的关系进行了阐述。该类除草剂进入土壤过后，主要经受迁移、转化、吸附、降解等过程，而这些过程又受土壤ｐＨ、温度、湿度、微生物和有机质含量的影响。     

稀土元素在土壤中的环境化学行为及其生物效应

综述了目前关于土壤中稀土元素的形态分布、环境化学行为和植物富集等方面的研究，重点讨论了各种因素（pH、Eh、HU、FA、EDTA）对土壤中稀土的吸附解吸和迁移转化的影响。     

病毒在土壤和地下水中迁移研究综述

病毒能够通过多种途径进入土壤和地下水,并在其中迁移。经病毒污染的地下水被人畜直接饮用后可以造成感染,进而引发多种疾病。为了有效的预防和控制病毒污染,必须对病毒迁移机理进行深入的研究。本文在总结已有研究结果的基础上,综述了土壤和地下水中病毒迁移的过程和机理,以及影响病毒迁移的主要因素,并指出还有待深入的问题和今后的研究方向。     

铅胁迫对黄褐土微生物区系和功能多样性的影响

为了筛选出黄褐土中对铅污染敏感的指示微生物,本研究采用室内培养试验研究不同铅浓度对土壤微生物区系和功能多样性的影响。结果表明,向土壤中添加硝酸铅显著降低了可培养细菌、放线菌和真菌微生物的种群数量,这种抑制作用随着铅浓度的升高而增强,随着培养时间的延长而减弱。铅浓度、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量两两间呈极显著负相关关系。低浓度铅处理（100 mg kg?1）在培养初期（1 d）显著减少了可培养细菌和放线菌的数量,降低率分别为27.43%和30.89%;高浓度铅处理（2500 mg kg?1）在整个培养期内均对真菌数量产生显著抑制作用,且抑制率维持在90%左右。从培养初期到中期（1 ~ 14 d）,随着铅浓度升高土壤微生物群落活性和功能多样性指数显著下降（中浓度铅处理除外）,培养后期（28 d）各个浓度铅处理的土壤微生物的丰富度和优势度均显著增加。与对照、低浓度铅和高浓度铅处理相比,中浓度铅处理（500 mg kg?1）更有利于保持黄褐土较高的微生物的群落代谢活性和功能多样性。本研究中3 种可培养微生物功能群对黄褐土添加硝酸铅的敏感度依次是放线菌,细菌和真菌。研究表明,在黄褐土地区真菌可以用来指示较为严重的土壤铅污染状况,放线菌和细菌可以用来指示铅污染程度较轻的土壤环境状况。     

大环内酯类抗生素在土壤中的迁移转化与毒性效应分析

抗生素已成为一种新型土壤环境污染源,为确切评估大环内酯类抗生素对土壤生态环境的影响,对该物质在土壤中的吸附、迁移、降解行为及毒理效应进行了综述,重点分析了大环内酯类抗生素在土壤中的降解过程,主要阐述了微生物与植物对大环内酯抗生素的生物降解作用,旨在为土壤污染防治与修复提供理论依据。     

Virus adsorption and inactivation in soil as influenced by autochthonous microorganisms and water content

Virus adsorption and inactivation in soil matrix are crucial processes controlling the potential of viruses to contaminate water resources. These two processes behave interactively and are controlled by various factors. In this study, batch and incubation experiments were conducted at 4 °C to compare the adsorption of bacteriophage MS2 in different soils, and to examine its inactivation behavior at different soil water content. Soils with presence/absence of autochthonous microorganisms were used. The interactive effects of sterilization and soil water content on virus inactivation were also evaluated. The Ustisandic Primosols showed no virus adsorption and minimal differences in activation regardless of the presence or absence of soil autochthonous microorganisms. For the Ferriudic Cambosols, however, sterilization increased adsorption and enhanced inactivation, and inactivation was accentuated by decreasing soil water content. The results indicate that soil water content and sterilization had additive effects on virus inactivation, and reveal that the enhanced “adsorption” by sterilization was mainly due to greater die-off in the Ferriudic Cambosols. The greater inactivation observed in the Ferriudic Cambosols, which has relative high contents of Fe- and Al-oxides and low pH, resulting from the additive effect of sterilization and decreasing soil water content was mainly due to increased reactions at the solid–water interface. We conclude that the effect of sterilization and soil water content on virus inactivation depends on soil type, and the extent of inactivation is likely controlled by the content of metal oxides.     

外源细菌添加对红壤吸附病毒的影响

污水中病毒往往与一些可溶性有机物质、无机胶体及菌体细胞同时存在,但很少有研究考虑菌体细胞及其分泌物对环境中病毒去向的影响。从3株代表性菌株培养液中分别获取菌体细胞及其分泌的胞外聚合物(EPS),其目的是为了:(1)比较不同红壤的病毒吸附能力;(2)明确细菌存在对红壤吸附病毒的影响;(3)评估菌体细胞及EPS影响红壤吸附病毒的相对作用权重。结果表明,4种经过灭菌处理的红壤中,红黏土和赤红壤对病毒的吸附容量最大,其次为砖红壤,而红壤土的吸附能力最弱。菌体细胞对红壤吸附病毒的影响很小,在某种土壤中甚至有促进病毒吸附的趋势,但EPS或EPS与菌体细胞同时存在显著降低了红壤对病毒的吸附能力,其降低比例分别达36%和30%,表明细菌存在降低土壤吸附病毒的现象主要由其分泌物EPS导致。本研究结果表明在评估某一介质对病毒的吸附能力时必须同时考虑细菌存在的影响,否则有可能高估其吸附容量。     

不同施肥制度对稻田土壤微生物的影响研究

湖南省进行了18年土壤肥力与施肥效益监测的长期定位试验,就3个定位点不同施肥制度对稻田土壤微生物的影响进行了研究。结果表明,长期施肥土壤的有机质含量与细菌总数及放线菌总数之间无直接相关,土壤有机质含量的高低并不能作为评价土壤微生物多少的指标;真菌数量可反映土壤的肥力水平,土壤真菌数量可用来评价不同施肥制度的效果。施用30%有机肥和习惯施肥处理的氮素养分和硝化细菌数量较多,硝化细菌数量与有机质含量也无相关;长期施用大量有机肥(60%)的土壤反硝化细菌数量高于其它施肥处理,这可能与长期使用大量有机肥后土壤氧化还原电位降低有关。硫化细菌和反硫化细菌数量与土壤有机质含量无直接相关性,施肥可影响土壤硫素的供应。施用单质氮肥多的土壤,氨化细菌数量较多,而有机肥施用量高的土壤,氨化细菌数量较少。无肥区的土壤微生物活度最低,60%有机肥处理的土壤微生物活度最高。土壤有机质含量高,土壤微生物活度也高,两者呈正相关。保持农业土壤的健康要从多方面来进行联合调控,而不是单纯的采用某一农业技术来进行。     

Movement of bacteria and nutrients from pit latrines in the boundary waters canoe area wilderness

In the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, the movement of fecal bacteria, N, and P from pit latrines was studied, as well as the effectiveness of peat latrine liners in reducing this movement. When latrines are constructed where only a thin layer of permeable soil overlies bedrock or other impermeable material, fecal bacteria can be carried considerable distances by subsurface flow. Lining latrine pits with acid peat appears to reduce bacteria transport. Most soils strongly adsorb P and prevent its movement. In this study no movement of P from latrine pits was seen except at one site with very sandy soil. In such soil a peat liner appears to be of some value, if a peat with a high P adsorption capacity is used. A peat liner should be viewed as an additional protection against P and bacteria movement rather than as a substitute for proper soil conditions. Latrines should not be built in thin, rocky soils. Nitrogen appears to move readily from toilet pits, regardless of soil type or presence of peat liners. But, because of dilution, N is not likely to have a discernible impact on water quality.     

Contribution of soil components to adsorption of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus by Japanese soils

The Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) is a soil-borne virus that causes the mosaic disease to Capsicum ssp. This virus disease had been controlled by soil fumigation using methyl bromide, but the method was banned in 2005. Therefore, a new management and control technology that replaces methyl bromide is required. In the present study, the adsorption of PMMoV by soils that is considered to be one of the most important factors of the virus inactivation was examined. We used eight soil samples with different types of clay compositions and humus contents for the PMMoV adsorption experiments at three different pH levels (pH 4, 5 and 7). Large amounts of PMMoV particles were adsorbed by the soil samples with a low humus content at the low pH. This was attributed to the increase in the positive charges of the soil samples. On the other hand, low virus adsorptions were observed at the pH levels in the soils with a high organic matter content. There were close negative correlations (P < 0.05) between the PMMoV adsorption by the soils and the humus content of the soil samples. We considered that the inhibitory effect of humus against the virus adsorption is rather important in most soils in Japan.     

丁吡吗啉在土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性

化学农药在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性是评价其环境行为的重要指标,也是新农药登记必须提供的环境影响资料。本文分别采用振荡平衡法、土壤薄层层析法和土柱淋溶法研究了丁吡吗啉在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性。结果表明,丁吡吗啉在3种供试土壤上的吸附规律可以较好地用FreundLich方程描述,吸附常数Kd在10.42~37.72mL.g-1之间,在砂土中较难被吸附,在壤土和粘土中属中等吸附。丁吡吗啉在3种供试土壤中不易移动或不移动,3种土柱淋溶试验的结论均为难淋溶。根据综合试验结果,对相关影响因素进行了讨论,认为影响丁吡吗啉在土壤中吸附性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量,影响淋溶特性的主要因素为土壤吸附和丁吡吗啉在水中的溶解度。     

热带低丘地区农场尺度土壤质量指标的空间变异

本文以我国热带地区海南儋州一个典型农场为样区,采用地统计学方法研究土壤质量指标的空间变异。研究选择了土壤质量评价最小数据集中的7项土壤质量指标(总有机碳,容重,粘粒含量,速效P、K,阳离子交换量,pH)进行分析,统计分析的结果表明,研究区域土壤存在酸化和养分贫瘠化现象。地统计学分析结果表明,表层土壤基底值普遍高于表下层土壤,说明表层土壤由于受随机因素影响更为强烈导致空间变异性增强。在各项土壤质量指标中,pH和土壤容重主要表现为基底效应,总有机碳、阳离子交换量,速效P、K含量以及亚表层土壤粘粒含量表现出中等空间相关性,表层粘粒含量空间变异随距离增加而增加。在GIS支持下,采用块段克立格方法(blockkriging)进行各项土壤质量指标的空间内插得到指标的等级分布图。研究结果可以为进一步的土壤质量综合评价提供方法和理论依据。     

滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的影响因素及转换函数研究

确定苏北沿海滩涂围垦农田耕层土壤饱和导水率的影响因素,构建适合该区的土壤转换函数,是研究该区田间土壤水盐运动和盐渍化防控的重要前提。本文在该区典型地块实测土壤饱和导水率和相关土壤基本理化性质,探讨了该区土壤饱和导水率的剖面分布特点,对影响饱和导水率的土壤基本性质进行了主成分分析,并建立了用于该区饱和导水率间接估算的土壤转换函数。结果表明:滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率随剖面深度增加呈表土层高、亚表层低、底土层又升高的趋势,20~40 cm土层饱和导水率最小,介于2.75~6.73 cm·d-1,属低透水强度;土壤容重随剖面深度增加表现出与饱和导水率相反的变化特点。除了容重、孔隙度、质地等物理因素外,土壤肥力、盐分等化学性质也是影响饱和导水率的重要因素;影响滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的因素可由持水特性、盐碱状况、养分特征和土壤质地4个主成分反映,其累计贡献率达78.17%。在Vereecken转换函数中引入土壤盐分后可提高预测精度,修正函数Vereecken_1是最适合滩涂围垦农区土壤、具有最佳预测精度的转换函数。本文构建的土壤转换函数,可通过较易获得的砂粒、黏粒、容重、盐分和有机质对耕层土壤饱和导水率进行较高精度的预测,其结果可为滩涂盐渍化农区田间尺度土壤饱和导水率间接估算以及水盐运动数值模拟提供支持。     

A model for sorption,flux and plant uptake of cadmium in a soil profile: Model structure and sensitivity analysis

Fluxes of cadmium in a soil profile are simulated by coupling a model for linear and nonlinear equilibrium sorption to an existing hydrological model. The aim is to develop a model for Cd transport in soil systems. A separate flow model is used to calculate the water fluxes, which are then used in an equilibrium sorption model, allowing different Freundlich isotherms to be chosen. The model is tested and a sensitivity analysis is made. The variation of soil compartment sizes gave small changes in the results, which is interpreted as a measure of the solution stability. The factor influencing Cd transport most, according to these simulations, is the sorption isotherm. The degree to which Cd sorbs to soil decides how much will be available in the soil water for plant uptake or transport through the soil to the ground water. Other studied factors such as root distribution and hydrological properties influence the result only to a limited degree. With an application of 10 mg Cd/m² in the given range of Freundlich isotherms, the simulations gave a plant uptake of between 0 and 30% of the applied Cd in two years. At the concentration mainly used in this study (with 10 mg Cd/m² applied), the nonlinear isotherms found in the literature gave Cd lower mobility than the linear isotherms used for comparison. For high Cd concentrations the situation would be the reverse.