磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。     

水溶性合成高分子对磷在土壤中有效性的影响

通过恒温培养试验研究了水溶性高分子材料聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇和聚丙烯酰胺对P肥(Ca(H2PO4)2)在土壤中有效性的影响.结果表明:水溶性高分子材料改变了P在土壤中的吸附过程.添加聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇的土壤pH和水溶性P含量随培养时间增加而降低;前者的土壤Olsen P含量随培养时间增加先降低后升高,后者的土壤Olsen P含量则较为恒定,为P 52mg/kg.添加聚丙烯酰胺的土壤水溶性P和Olsen P含量均随培养时间增加而增加,至培养60天时,水溶性P和Olsen P含量分别为P 0.62、60.01 mg/kg;pH变化不显著,约为4.74.     

砂土供磷能力及磷肥用量模式研究

在河南省黄泛平原沙土区进行多年多点田间试验．结果表明,砂土小麦磷肥的肥效与土壤Olsen－P含量呈y＝16．8432－10．881ogx（n＝33,r＝－0．9700**）极显著曲线负相关小麦相对产量和吸磷量与Olsen－P含量呈显著正相关．据此可以判断土壤供磷的丰缺程度．Olsen－P含量与小麦磷肥用量呈显著负相关,为生产实践中测土施磷提供了指标．     

广州城郊菜地土壤磷素特征及流失风险分析

通过化学分析和土壤淋洗试验对广州城郊菜地土壤磷素特征和流失风险进行了研究和分析。结果表明，广州城郊菜地土壤全磷含量极高；与自然土壤相比较，菜园土壤无机磷比例增大，有机磷比例降低；无机磷中的Al-P、Fe-P比例增加，O－P比例降低，Ca-P比例基本一致；土壤Olsen P、Bray-1 P、Mehlich-1 P、0.01mol/L CaCl2和H2O提取的磷含量相当高；土壤淋洗液中溶解态磷和总磷持续保持很高的浓度，土壤磷供应强度大。菜园土壤中磷进入水体引起水体磷浓度增加，导致水体富营养化风险大；土壤磷的测定值可作为土壤磷流失风险和对水环境影响程度的评估依据。菜地作为农业非点源污染的优先控制区，应通过严格控制磷肥的投入和合理施肥等控制磷的流失。     

长期不同施肥模式红壤性水稻土磷素变化

【目的】研究红壤性水稻土长期不同施肥模式下耕层土壤有效磷含量与全磷含量的变化特征,以及有效磷含量与累积磷盈亏的关系,分析不同形态磷肥对土壤磷素有效性影响的差异,找出最有效的红壤性水稻土磷素培肥施肥方式。【方法】供试土壤取自1981~2012年在江西进行的红壤双季稻稻田长期定位试验。试验自始至终保持水分、农药等日常田间管理与当地习惯相同,统一水稻品种并定期更换。试验设5个处理:施氮钾肥(NK);氮磷钾化肥(NPK);两倍氮磷钾化肥(NPK2);早稻氮磷钾化肥配施紫云英,晚稻氮磷钾化肥配施猪粪(NPKM);长期不施肥(CK)。分析了耕层土壤有效磷含量和全磷含量计算了有效磷增量与累积磷盈亏的相互关系。【结果】试验32年后对照土壤磷年均亏缺22.7 kg/hm2,有效磷含量在低水平下维持平衡;NK处理磷素年均亏缺27.9kg/hm2,显著高于不施肥处理,全磷含量缓慢降低32年累计降低了8.6%,有效磷含量呈持平趋势。NPK、NPK2、NPKM处理土壤磷素均有盈余,年均盈余量分别为33.3、39.0、41.0 kg/hm~2,全磷含量分别增加了32.1%、89.4%、165.1%,有效磷含量分别增加了2.2、6.9、15.3倍,年上升速率分别为0.30、1.18、1.79 mg/kg,有效磷增量与累积磷盈余呈显著正相关。NPK化肥配施有机肥处理不仅提高土壤有效磷及全磷的含量,还显著提高磷素有效性。水稻产量增加量随累积磷投入量和有效磷的增加而增加,前期增加较快后期增加较慢,有效磷含量具有明显的拐点,其值超过20 mg/kg后产量就增加缓慢。【结论】红壤性水稻土在双季稻种植模式下,长期不施磷肥处理土壤全磷含量缓慢降低,有效磷含量可维持低水平下的平衡。施磷处理土壤全磷含量,有效磷含量以及磷素有效性均呈上升趋势且无机磷肥与有机磷肥配施处理上升最快。无机磷肥与有机磷肥配合施用在提高土壤全磷含量的同时也提高磷素的有效性。土壤有效磷超过20 mg/kg后相对产量提高缓慢。氮磷钾化肥与有机肥配合施用是提高耕层土壤磷素库容和提高磷素活化能力的有效措施。     

用三种浸提方法研究长期定位试验中土壤磷素有效性

基于15年石灰性潮土长期定位施肥试验，用水浸提法、Olsen法、Mehlich3法研究土壤磷素有效性。结果表明：长期不施磷的处理，土壤磷素有效性常年维持在本底的极低水平；施磷均能增加水溶性磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3-P的含量，但磷钾配施及大量施用有机肥的效果最明显，其次是有机肥与NPK配施，只施无机肥（NPK，NP）增加的幅度相对较小；然而，在当前的施磷水平下，土壤“不缺磷”，但不能建立较大的有效磷库，并且以Olsen—P、Mehlich3-P的临界点为标准，土壤磷素流失的风险不大；水溶性磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3-P的比值约为1：10：25，用幂函数、指数方程、对数方程能较好地模拟3种浸提磷之间的转化关系；水溶性磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3-P与作物地上部吸磷量均达到极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0．563，0．854和0．930，表明用水浸提法、Olsen法、Mehlich3法研究长期定位试验中土壤磷素的有效性均可行。     

沸石对磷在肥际微域中的迁移影响

磷在土壤肥际微域的迁移对其有效性有着较大的影响,以土柱试验和连续切片技术研究了天然沸石、钾沸石和铵沸石对磷酸二氢钙在红壤肥际微域溶解和迁移的影响.沸石与土壤间的离子交换作用促进了土壤本体难溶磷酸盐的溶解,钾沸石和铵沸石增加了磷酸二氢钙的溶解和迁移,土壤水溶性磷分布距离比对照增加了8 mm;而天然沸石作用相反.沸石降低了磷酸二氢钙在土壤肥际微域的初始溶解;在分布距离大于10 mm时,土壤水溶性磷含量大小依次为铵沸石钾沸石天然沸石对照.水溶性磷含量与分布距离间呈极显著指数负相关.土壤Olsen-P的变化与水溶性磷相反,其含量大小依次为对照天然沸石钾沸石铵沸石,Olsen-P含量与分布距离间呈极显著线性负相关.     

淹水条件下不同氮肥对水稻土中磷肥转化的动态影响

利用室内土培试验研究了淹水条件下不同氮肥对水稻土（黄泥土）中磷肥转化的动态影响。结果表明，培养1d时，不同氮肥对土壤有效磷含量无显著影响，但显著降低土壤的水溶性磷含量；之后，硝酸铵和硝酸钙处理显著增加土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量；氯化铵和硫酸铵处理表现降低土壤水溶性磷含量的作用，而对土壤有效磷含量仍无显著影响；尿素处理15d和35d时有增加土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量的作用，而70d和105d时土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量与对照处理差异不大。     

腐殖酸物质对磷在褐土中迁移的影响

采用室内土柱实验研究了腐殖酸和腐殖酸钠在与磷肥共施时对磷在褐土中迁移的影响。结果表明,与单施磷酸二氢钙相比,共施腐殖酸钠缩短了磷在土壤中的迁移距离,明显降低了施肥点附近微域中的水溶性磷和酸溶性磷含量,磷向土体中的迁移量也显著下降;相比之下,共施腐殖酸则明显增加了磷的迁移距离和迁移量,对肥际微域中不同形态磷的含量均有显著提高作用。因此,腐殖酸促进了磷在褐土中的迁移,适宜与磷肥配合施用,而腐殖酸钠不适合与磷肥共施。     

县域农田土壤磷素积累及淋失风险分析——以北京市平谷区为例

作物的磷素需求和投入的差异导致土壤磷素积累对环境的影响不同。通过分析京郊平谷区果树、蔬菜和粮食作物的磷素投入数量和农田土壤有效磷含量,比较研究不同作物体系中土壤磷素积累对环境的影响。结果表明,粮田、菜地和果园平均年际磷投入量分别为76、575kgP2O5·hm^-2和693kgP2O5·hm^-2,其中菜地和果园的磷素投入以有机肥为主,年际磷盈余分别达到498kgP2O5·hm^-2和468kgP2O5·hm^-2,远大于粮田的磷素盈余（38kgP2O5·hm^-2）。这种状况造成粮田、菜地和果园土壤Olsen—P含量差异很大,分别为18．4（n=260）、44．3（n=108）mg·kg^-1和40．4mg·kg^-1（n=548）。分析钙质土壤Olsen—P与CaCl2浸提P的相关性发现,钙质土壤存在着Olsen—P与CaCl2-P突变拐点即磷的淋溶拐点,在拐点之后土壤CaCl2-P随土壤Olsen—P的增加而显著增加,且土壤磷淋溶拐点明显受土壤类型及质地的影响。按质地分类,砂壤、轻壤和重壤拐点分别是23．1、40．1mg·kg^-1和51．5mg·kg^-1,土壤质地由轻至重拐点Olsen—P值随之逐渐增加。根据质地模拟,7．7％的粮田、44．0％的菜田、33．6％的果园土壤磷淋失风险较高。因此,合理的磷素投入在果树、蔬菜作物的可持续生产中具有重要的意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.