基于Cs-137示踪的西江流域典型丘陵坡地土壤侵蚀研究

为快速、有效评估西江流域丘陵山地中长期土壤侵蚀状况,初步掌握区域土壤侵蚀与沉积规律,定量化西江流域土壤侵蚀强度,采用放射性核素Cs-137示踪方法,结合相关土壤侵蚀定量估算模型,探讨了西江流域梧州段典型丘陵山地人工林坡地和坡耕地的土壤侵蚀状况。结果表明,研究区Cs-137背景值为968.19Bq/m~2,Cs-137含量在坡面土壤中随土壤深度增加而递减,呈较好的线性关系。人工林地与坡耕地坡面土壤均呈侵蚀现象,人工林谷底表现为堆积现象。人工林地与坡耕地坡面土壤的侵蚀强度表现为上坡中坡下坡。人工林坡面年均土壤侵蚀模数为3 889t/(km~2·a),坡耕地坡面年均土壤侵蚀模数为4 257t/(km~2·a),坡耕地侵蚀模数大于人工林坡地,二者均为土壤中度侵蚀。在西江流域土地开发过程中,要加强对丘陵山地土壤的利用规划,防止过度开发;同时,要营造有效的水土保持措施,减少土壤侵蚀的形成,促进区域经济和环境的可持续发展。     

利用137Cs示踪技术研究滇池流域土壤侵蚀

核素示踪技术研究作为一种新的土壤侵蚀研究方法,已经在土壤侵蚀研究中获得了极大应用,并在土壤侵蚀的沉积、侵蚀、运移研究上取得许多成果。采用放射性核素作为土壤示踪剂,可以很好地进行流域尺度的范围研究,且可靠性比较高,省时省力。云贵高原在处于我国的西南地区,是我国南方水土流失严重的地区之一。本文应用137Cs示踪技术,研究了云南省滇池流域土壤侵蚀的强度分异规律:坡地不同地貌部位的土壤侵蚀速率是坡中部>坡下部>坡上部;不同土地利用类型和方式下的土壤平均侵蚀速率是耕地>非耕地。研究表明,整个流域平均土壤侵蚀速率为1 280 t km-2a-1,属于轻度侵蚀,地貌部位、坡度以及土地利用方式是影响土壤侵蚀的主要因素。     

基于137Cs示踪的南方红壤丘陵区不同土地利用管理方式的侵蚀效应

南方红壤丘陵区因土壤侵蚀严重而成为生态脆弱地带.通过137Cs示踪技术,采用相关土壤侵蚀定量模型,对南方典型红壤丘陵区不同土地利用与管理方式下不同地貌部位的土壤侵蚀及其导致的侵蚀效应进行了研究.结果表明:研究区的137Cs的背景值为(1 920±125.6) Bq/m2;137Cs含量在不同土地利用管理方式和地貌部位存在明显的分异;侵蚀强度总的变化趋势表现为:荒山＞本地松林、水保林＞桔园＞桔园改苗圃地＞苗圃,因侵蚀而导致的土壤有机质和其他理化性状也表现出大致相同的变化特征;而不同地貌部位的侵蚀模数则表现为坡顶相对较小,坡中和坡底则相对较大.     

薄层黑土微生物生物量碳氮对土壤侵蚀—沉积的响应

研究土壤侵蚀—沉积对土壤微生物生物量的影响可以为科学评估土壤侵蚀的环境效应提供依据。以典型薄层黑土区——黑龙江省宾州河流域为研究区,利用土壤137Cs含量估算侵蚀速率,通过分析流域不同位置和不同坡面部位土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量以及土壤侵蚀强度的差异,揭示土壤微生物生物量对土壤侵蚀—沉积的响应规律。结果表明:流域不同位置和不同坡面部位土壤微生物生物量的分布存在明显差异,并呈现出与土壤侵蚀—沉积空间分布相反的变化趋势。土壤侵蚀速率在流域的分布为上游中游下游,在坡面的分布为坡中部坡上部坡下部;土壤微生物生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和微生物生物量氮(Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)在流域表现为下游中游上游,在坡面表现为坡下部坡上部坡中部。回归分析表明,MBC、MBN、有机质(Organic matter,OM)和全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)含量随土壤侵蚀强度的增大而减少。土壤侵蚀对土壤微生物生物量的分布有重要影响,土壤侵蚀—沉积过程引起土壤养分的迁移和再分布是导致侵蚀区和沉积区土壤微生物生物量分布产生差异的重要原因。     

沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀的137Cs示踪法初步研究

沂蒙山区是我国北方典型的土石山区,当地土壤由片麻岩、砂岩发育而来,质地疏松易流失,缺乏对泥沙侵蚀监测的长期观测数据。本研究采集了山东省沂蒙山区某一小流域的48个土样共72个样品,利用137Cs示踪技术,确定该地区土壤中的137Cs背景值约为1 740 Bq m-2,并利用杨浩等人的土壤侵蚀定量模型,对该流域土壤侵蚀进行了初步估算。估算结果表明该地区非耕地土壤侵蚀的平均速率为2 531 t km-2a-1,坡耕地土壤侵蚀的平均速率为6 953 t km-2a-1。由于人类耕作活动以及地形的影响,坡耕地土壤侵蚀严重,土壤侵蚀速率在坡面上呈复杂变化。当地土壤流失严重,使得土壤涵蓄水能力下降,加剧了洪涝、干旱灾害的发生,影响当地农业的可持续发展和人们生活水平的提高。     

藏东南区梯田和复合坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳和全氮空间分布格局的影响

[目的] 查明青藏高原东南部地区坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布格局及其对土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)顺坡迁移过程的影响,为该区土地资源利用及土壤资源保护提供科学依据。[方法] 利用¹³⁷Cs核素示踪技术,结合现场调查,研究藏东南地区梯田系列和复合坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布格局差异;采用相关分析,探明坡面土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度与同样深度(30 cm) SOC、TN面积浓度之间的相关性。[结果] ①在整个梯田系列内,土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度从坡顶到坡脚呈离散分布格局,上部梯田下坡部位土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度明显高于紧邻的下部梯田上坡土壤,且上坡梯田表现为土壤侵蚀,而下坡和坡脚梯田则表现为土壤沉积;在单个梯田景观内,土壤侵蚀速率主要呈上部坡位高,下部坡位低的趋势; ②复合坡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率表现为先波动减少,然后逐渐增加的趋势,即坡顶部位土壤侵蚀速率相对较高,顺坡向下逐渐变小,在坡中部和下部表现为沉积,在坡脚部位土壤侵蚀速率又逐渐增加; ③梯田系列和坡耕地土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度与SOC,TN面积浓度之间均具有显著的相关关系(p＜0.05)。[结论] 在藏东南地区,梯田有效地改变了该区的土壤侵蚀空间分布格局,土壤¹³⁷Cs示踪技术可以较好地示踪该区坡耕地土壤、SOC和TN顺坡迁移和空间再分布状况,防控耕作侵蚀的危害也应当得到与水蚀同样的重视。     

土壤侵蚀示踪方法研究综述

土壤侵蚀已成为极为严峻的环境问题之一,由于降雨、坡面层流引起的土壤侵蚀被认为是涉及到坡面土壤的分散、沉积和转移同时发生的过程。分别介绍了放射性核素¹³⁷Cs示踪,稳定性稀土元素示踪,磁性示踪剂在土壤侵蚀、沉积、分布和泥沙来源研究领域中的进展情况。旨在借鉴国内外研究方法上的经验。对于准确评价侵蚀泥沙在坡面空间、时间尺度上的分布、转运、沉积,了解土壤侵蚀过程和评价基于坡面、流域的土壤侵蚀模型有重要的指导意义。     

用铯—137确定小流域土壤侵蚀和泥沙沉积

本项研究对位于亚拉巴马州北部石灰岩流域内土壤中~(137)C_s——一种核试验的放射性尘埃——进行了测量.研究的目的是:比较侵蚀区和沉积区土壤剖面中的~(137)C_s活性,②确定用~(137)C_s法计算的土壤侵蚀和沉积,与用USLE估算的侵蚀及与流域出口处测得的输沙量之间的关系.对代表轻微侵蚀区的分水岭、侵蚀区的边坡和沉积区的坡脚的耕地土壤样点46cm深的三维土壤剖面中~(137)C_s活性进行了分析.并把这些值与毗邻的未被干扰的林地中测得的~(137)C_s:活性(作为基数)进行了比较.对用~(137)C_s.活性损失值计算的侵蚀值与USLE计算的坡面侵蚀值进行了比较.对轻微侵蚀坡横断面,用~(137)C_s计算的年均(1954～1987年)土壤侵蚀速率与USLE计算值接近(28和26t/hm~2·a).~(137)C_s计算的侵蚀边坡上的侵蚀量比USLE计算值大27%～80%.984～1988年种植棉花期间,USLE计算的上游土壤流失量为9～52t/hm~2·a.在小流域坡脚沉积区以下测得的泥沙流失量仅为1～4t/hm~2·a.沉积区土壤剖面中的~(137)C_s活性为典型喀斯特地形区小流域产生的大量泥沙沉积提供了间接证据.     

中国季风区土壤137Cs背景值研究

 通过测定山东沂蒙山区、江苏苏南丘陵区以及云南滇池流域背景点样品中土壤137Cs活度,探讨了土壤剖面中137Cs的分布状况,发现不同地区不同质地的土壤137Cs 的分布深度有所不同。非耕地137Cs活度呈指数型分布,且与分布深度表现出很强的相关关系;耕地中137Cs活度呈深度分异上的均一性。确定了这几个地区137Cs的背景值分别为1 737.1、1847.2和918.0 Bq/m2。地区土壤137Cs背景值的确定使得 137Cs示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀退化状况、侵蚀和沉积的空间分布成为可能,为土壤资源的可持续利用、土壤侵蚀的经济损益评估及水土保持措施评价等提供有力的技术支持。     

龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳迁移的影响

坡耕地土壤再分布对土壤有机碳(SOC,soil organic carbon)迁移的作用机制研究已成为土壤侵蚀学研究的热点,然而目前极少有研究关注地震后生态脆弱的龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理及其导致的土壤有机碳再分布规律。该研究选择龙门山地震带内(都江堰市)一块陡坡耕地和一个梯田系列,采用137Cs法和野外调查,对比分析强震导致田埂垮塌和未受损情况下坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间变化特征和有机碳运移变化机理。结果表明,该区黄棕壤有效137Cs背景值为1 473 Bq/m2;坡度较小的坡式梯田内部上坡表现为侵蚀,下坡表现为沉积,同时,上部梯田的侵蚀速率高于下部梯田,但整个梯田系列净侵蚀量非常小,这表明梯田之间由于缺乏田埂的保护,水力也起着侵蚀、搬运上坡梯田土壤的作用,但是整个坡式梯田系列可以起到较好的保土作用,同时,坡式梯田内部主要以耕作侵蚀为主,是造成梯田上部坡位土壤流失严重的主要原因;陡坡耕地的地形为复合坡,由于田埂垮塌导致其土壤侵蚀速率显著高于坡式梯田系列,在整个坡面上,除了坡顶土壤侵蚀速率高之外,下坡坡度变大(曲率较大)的部位土壤侵蚀速率也非常高,同时,土壤沉积也发生在2个坡位(中下坡坡度较缓的部位和坡脚部位);在梯田系列和陡坡耕地上,SOC与土壤137Cs的空间变化规律较为一致。研究结果表明,在龙门山地震带,质量较好的石埂梯田仍然发挥着较好的土壤保持效果,同时,耕作侵蚀是该区坡耕地上一种重要的土壤侵蚀形式,在制定相应的土壤保持措施时,必须充分考虑耕作侵蚀的作用,才能有效地控制土壤侵蚀,此外,该研究结果还表明采用137Cs核素示踪技术可以比较科学地解释该区域的土壤侵蚀速率和SOC的空间变异规律。     

Soil erosion and deposition rates in a cultivated catchment area in central Greece, estimated using the Cs technique

The spatial variation of soil erosion and deposition rates was studied in a small catchment cultivated by rainfed agriculture, in the Mouriki area, Viotia Greece, using the ¹³⁷Cs technique. A 25 m grid was established parallel to the slope and the ¹³⁷Cs inventories were defined for the grid points. After establishing the local reference inventory, the soil erosion and deposition rates were estimated using the ¹³⁷Cs residuals for individual points on the grid in conjunction with the four conversion (calibration) models described by Walling and He (2001) [Models for converting ¹³⁷Cs measurements to estimates of soils redistribution rates on cultivated and uncultivated soils]. The conversion models were validated by means of sensitivity analysis and using local experimental data. The resulting estimates of soil redistribution rates were interpolated by means of kriging, using Surfer Golden software. The magnitude of the soil erosion rates depend on many factors, including the location of the sampling point, the local slope, and the soil properties. The mass balance model 2 (MBM2) and mass balance model incorporating soil movement by tillage (MBM3) conversion models predict soil redistribution rates of the same order of magnitude as the experimental data and are able to take account of Chernobyl fallout. Predicted soil erosion rates for catchment grid varied from 6.71 to 85.55 t ha⁻¹ per year using MBM2 and from 3.54 to 95.78 t ha⁻¹ per year using MBM3. Deposition rates varied from 1.23 to 168.19 t ha⁻¹ per year using MBM2 and from 3.24 to 189.18 t ha⁻¹ per year using MBM3. High correlation was apparent between erosion/deposition rates (MBM2) and soil P (P<0.001), soil K (P<0.001), soil organic matter % (P<0.05), point slope (P<0.05), clay % (P=0.053) and altitude (P=0.057). The total soil losses from the catchment have been estimated at 18.34 t ha⁻¹ per year using MBM2 and 22.12 t ha⁻¹ per year using MBM3.     

利用137Cs示踪技术评价东北黑土侵蚀和沉积过程

Soil and water losses through erosion have been serious in the black soil region of Northeast China. Therefore, a sloping cultivated land in Songnen Plain was selected as a case study to： 1） determine the ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area; 2） calculate erosion and deposition rates of black soil on different slope locations; 3） conduct a sensitivity analysis of some model parameters; and 4） compare overall outputs using four different models. Three transects were set in the field with five slope locations for each transect, including summit, shoulder-slope, back-slope, foot-slope, and toe-slope. Field measurements and model simulation were used to estimate a bomb-derived ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area. Soil erosion and deposition rates were estimated using four ^137Cs models and percentage of ^137Cs loss/gain. The ^137Cs reference value in the study area was 2 232.8 Bq m^-2 with ^137Cs showing a clear topographic pattern, decreasing from the summit to shoulder-slope, then increasing again at the foot-slope and reaching a maximum at the toe-slope, Predicted soil redistribution rates for different slope locations varied. Among models, the Yang Model （YANG-M） overestimated erosion loss but underestimated deposition. However, the standard mass balance model （MBM1） gave predictions similar to a mass balance model incorporating soil movement by tillage （MBM2）. Sensitivity analysis of the proportion factor and distribution pattern of ^137Cs in the surface layer demonstrated the impact of ^137Cs enrichment on calculation of the soil erosion rate. Factors influencing the redistribution of fallout ^137Cs in landscape should be fully considered as calculating soil redistribution rate using ^137Cs technique.     

~(137)Cs测定法研究不同坡面土壤侵蚀空间的分布特征

通过对短坡长农耕地坡面、沟坡、沟道坡面及复合坡面表层土壤１３７Ｃｓ 含量的测定分析,研究了这几种坡面土壤侵蚀空间分布特征。结果表明,在所有坡面上土壤侵蚀都表面为波动趋势,短坡长农耕地坡面中部侵蚀更为强烈;沟道侵蚀表现为溯源侵蚀强烈的趋势,而沟坡由于地表覆盖等因素的影响,侵蚀特征表现复杂;在复合坡面上及相同坡度、坡长的情况下,由于所处的部位不同,侵蚀量相差极大;在长时间段内,影响侵蚀变化的最主要因素是微地貌的变化。     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

中国西南薄层砾石土喀斯特坡地土壤的137Cs分布特点

The fallout radionuclide cesium-137(137 Cs) has been widely employed as a tracer for assessment of soil loss from thick uniform soils;however,few studies have been conducted on thin stony soils on slopes underlain by carbonate rocks which are widely distributed in karst areas.Information derived from 137 Cs measurement of soil samples collected along a carbonate rock slope with thin stony soil where neither soil erosion nor deposition occurred was used to investigate the characteristics of 137 Cs redistribution in a karst area of Southwest China.The results indicated that the 137 Cs inventories of the surface soil on the slope studied were much lower than that of the local 137 Cs reference inventory and the 137 Cs activities were much higher than those on slopes with thick uniform soils.The spatial distribution of 137 Cs inventories was characterized by considerable variation.The high 137 Cs depletion in the stony soil of the slope studied was mainly because a considerable proportion of the fallout input of 137 Cs could be lost with runoff and the dissolution of carbonate particles in the soil promoted the loss of 137 Cs.These demonstrated that the rates of soil loss could not be estimated from the degree of depletion of the 137 Cs inventory relative to the local reference inventory for the thin stony soil of the rocky slope underlain by carbonate rocks in the study area in the way that has been widely used in areas with thick uniform soils.     

宁南黄土高原土壤137Cs分布与相关影响因子研究

利用137Cs示踪方法,对宁南黄土高原阳洼流域纵断面土壤137Cs分布及相关影响因子进行了初步研究。结果表明:流域纵断面137Cs面积活度随坡面海拔和水平距离的变化,表现为一种不规则的波动振荡趋势。随海拔降低,纵断面上、中部137Cs面积活度逐步下降,有明显的土壤侵蚀发生;坡面下部137Cs面积活度最高,泥沙沉积的再分布现象明显。流域内林草地剖面土壤137Cs呈指数型分布,坡耕地、梯田137Cs在耕层内呈均一分布,其分布模式与各土地类型土壤有机质的分布状态完全一致。相关分析表明,两者在P<0.01水平达到极显著相关(r2=0.336,n=417)。土壤137Cs的损失和土壤有机质的移动具有相同的物理路径和运移机制;农耕坡地土壤137Cs面积活度随坡度增加有逐步降低的趋势;土地利用方式、坡度、耕作活动是影响纵断面土壤137Cs空间异质性的主要因素。137Cs示踪方法是研究土壤侵蚀空间分布的一种有效工具。     

~(137)Cs示踪采煤沉陷坡土壤侵蚀及其对土壤养分的影响

为更好地理解矿区土壤退化机理,该文利用137Cs技术研究了焦作矿区具有15a沉陷历史的采煤沉陷坡土壤侵蚀特征及其对土壤养分的影响。沉陷坡137Cs含量从坡顶到下坡逐渐降低,及至坡脚急剧增大且表现出最高的值。基于137Cs本底(1 645 Bq/m2),沉陷坡坡顶至下坡表现为土壤侵蚀,而坡脚为土壤沉积。沉陷坡土壤侵蚀高达3.75 kg/(m2·a),属于中度侵蚀。沉陷坡土壤黏粒含量沿下坡方向增加,表明水蚀的分选性搬运。与对照区相比,沉陷坡侵蚀区土壤总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)、水溶性有机碳(water-soluble organic carbon,WSOC)、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷含量均出现了显著降低(P0.05);沉积区除WSOC显著降低(P0.05)外,其他养分含量变化不明显(P0.05)。在沉陷坡的侵蚀区,TOC与WSOC含量沿下坡方向逐渐减小,表现出与137Cs一致的分布格局;其他养分含量的坡面变化与137Cs分布不一致。相较于对照区,WSOC/TOC与碳氮比、碳磷比在沉陷坡侵蚀强烈的坡位分别出现了显著增大与降低(P0.05)。研究结果表明:1)焦作矿区自采煤沉陷坡形成以来发生了较严重的水蚀;2)侵蚀引起的土壤再分配影响沉陷坡土壤碳、氮、磷动态,其中,土壤再分配对土壤碳动态的影响最强;3)在土壤侵蚀作用下,采煤沉陷坡侵蚀强烈的坡位土壤有效态碳、氮、磷养分潜在的侵蚀风险大。采煤沉陷坡土壤侵蚀及其对土壤养分的不利影响应引起矿粮复合区土地整治的关注。     

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀的137Cs示踪研究

坡耕地是三峡库区的重点水土流失区和河流泥沙的主要来源地.采用~(137)Cs示踪技术对三峡库区紫色土坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率进行了定量研究.结果表明,新政小流域的~(137)Cs本底值为1 420.9 Bq/m~2;平均坡度为11.4°的缓坡耕地的~(137)Cs面积活度介于398.5～1 649.6 Bq/m~2之间,坡长加权平均值为816.0Bq/m~2;采用改进的简化质量平衡模型计算了坡耕地的土壤侵蚀速率,结果得出该坡地的土壤侵蚀模数介于-3 358.8～4 937.4 t/(km~2·a),其加权平均值为1 294.6 t/(km~2·a).受犁耕作用的影响,坡耕地两个坡段的土壤侵蚀速率随坡长增加大致都呈下降趋势,并在坡段下方出现了堆积.坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率不高的原因,一方面是由于所研究坡耕地属于缓坡,坡度较小,另一方面则是由于当地农民总结出了一套有效防止水土流失的耕作方式,使得土壤侵蚀强度大大降低.     

Modelling tillage erosion in the topographically complex landscapes of southwestern Ontario, Canada

A tillage erosion model was developed for southwestern Ontario based on the relationship between tillage translocation and slope gradient and slope curvature. Two studies of tillage translocation and tillage erosion were used to calibrate this model, one a comparison of upslope and downslope tillage translocation on shoulder slopes, the other an examination of tillage translocation throughout topographically complex landscapes. Two field sites were used for validation of the model. For both sites, past tillage practices were known and past soil erosion was determined using ¹³⁷Cs as an indicator of soil redistribution. The model accurately predicted the pattern of soil redistribution that had occurred within the two field sites. Severe soil loss was observed and predicted on convex landscape positions and soil accumulation was observed and predicted on concave landscape positions. The model accounted for almost all of the soil lost from the convex upper slope positions where tillage erosion was expected to be the dominant erosion process. There was considerable soil loss and accumulation elsewhere in the landscapes which could not be accounted for by the model and was presumed to be primarily the result of water erosion. It was concluded that tillage erosion must be incorporated into soil erosion modelling for the purposes of soil conservation.