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1.
从处理农药生产废水的膜生物反应器中分离到一株能以丁草胺为惟一碳源和能源生长的细菌BD-1,经鉴定为施氏假单孢菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)。在纯培养的条件下测定了BD-1对丁草胺的降解性能。结果表明,在接种量为菌浓度OD415萨0.2,pH7.0、30℃条件下,BD-1对丁草胺的降解符合一级动力学特征,1.0、10.0和100.0mg·L^-1的丁草胺的降解半衰期分别为0.11、0.60和0.96d。BD-1在不同pH及温度下对丁草胺的降解作用为pH7.0〉pH6.0〉pH8.0,30℃〉20℃〉40℃。GC/MS初步分析结果表明,丁草胺的主要微生物降解产物为2-氯-2’,6’-二乙基乙酰苯胺和2,6-二乙基苯胺。  相似文献   

2.
将菌株D1、D2分别与小克银汉按一定比例富集培养制成两种复合微生物菌剂(Ⅰ、Ⅱ),在充分供氧的条件下,通过气相色谱法研究两种复合菌剂的生长条件并筛选一种对毒死蜱有较好降解效果的高效复合微生物菌剂。结果表明,当接种量菌浓度为OD560=0.906时,两种菌剂生长的最适温度均为30 ℃,最适pH均为7.0;当毒死蜱浓度为100 mg·L^-1时,培养5 d后两种复合菌剂的降解效率分别为81.21%和86.57%,当温度为30 ℃、pH为6.0-8.0、毒死蜱浓度为20 mg·L^-1时,对毒死蜱的降解效率最高。本研究工作为复合菌剂的大规模生产提供了理论参数,为利用微生物进行有机磷农药土壤修复提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

3.
从广州某炼油厂附近石油污染的土壤中筛选出一株可高效产表面活性剂的原油降解菌株MZ01,结合菌株形态观察、革兰氏染色和16SrDNA序列同源性进行分析鉴定其属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonassp.MZ01),该菌9d对原油的降解率达54.7%。通过正交实验优化其产表面活性剂的环境因子并进行发酵培养,结果表明,MZ01最佳发酵条件为:酵母膏(3g·L^-1)作为氮源,玉米油(2g·L^-1)作为碳源,温度为25℃,pH值为9.0和含盐量为5%。该条件下3d的发酵产物经提纯后得到表面活性剂产量为2.27g·L^-1,测得该产物CMC值为0.1g·L^-1,可将水的表面张力从初始的72mN·m^-1降至30mN·m^-1。  相似文献   

4.
采用富集驯化培养和紫外分光光度计定量的方法,从农药生产企业的废水处理系统中分离筛选出1株能够降解甲基对硫磷和毒死蜱的蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscereus)HY-1,并系统研究了影响其降解甲基对硫磷和毒死蜱的主要因素。研究表明,菌株HY-1能够利用甲基对硫磷和毒死蜱为唯一磷源降解农药。HY-1降解甲基对硫磷的适宜条件为:培养温度30~35℃,pH为6~8,甲基对硫磷初始浓度为10~50mg·L^-1,接种量20%(体积比,菌体密度:稀释到菌悬母液(OD600=3.0)的0.8~1倍),添加葡萄糖不能促进菌株对甲基对硫磷的降解。HY-1降解毒死蜱的适宜条件为:葡萄糖浓度6g·L^-1,培养温度30~35℃,pH为7.0,毒死蜱初始浓度80~200mg·L^-1,接种量20%(体积比,菌体密度:稀释到菌悬母液(OD600=3.0)的0.8~1倍)。结果表明,HY-1菌株降解甲基对硫磷和毒死蜱的适宜条件相类似,只是降解所需的最适葡萄糖浓度和底物浓度不同。  相似文献   

5.
假丝酵母菌降解养殖水体氨氮的特性研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
为筛选降解养殖水体氨氮的功能菌,从海水中取样,用212mg/L氨氮浓度的分离培养基进行培养,筛选获得了一株能高效降解养殖水体氨氮功能的菌株,经鉴定为假丝酵母菌。通过研究养殖水体氨氮浓度、pH值、温度等因素对菌株降解氨氮作用的影响,结果表明,菌株降解氨氮较适宜的条件为:养殖水体氨氮≤20 mg/L,pH值6~7,温度25~30℃,盐浓度0~1%,溶氧2 mg/L以上。假丝酵母菌在这种水体生态条件下接种5%,氨氮降解率接近80%。  相似文献   

6.
功夫菊酯降解菌 GF-1 的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
张建  张振华  黄星  李荣  李顺鹏 《土壤》2009,41(3):454-458
从农药厂废水处理池的活性污泥中分离到一株功夫菊酯高效降解菌 GF-1,根据表型特征、生理生化特性和 16S rDNA 序列同源性分析,将 GF-1 鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.).GF-1 能以功夫菊酯为唯一 C 源进行生长,72 h 对100 mg/L的功夫菊酯的降解率达 85%.GF-1 降解功夫菊酯的最适温度为 30℃,最适 pH 为 7.0,该菌降解功夫菊酯的速率与初始接种量呈正相关.GF-1 投加土壤,可以提高土壤中功夫菊酯的降解速率.通过吖啶橙与升温法对质粒消除,结果表明 GF-1 的降解功能与质粒相关.  相似文献   

7.
利用微生物消除农药污染是一项安全、经济、有效的方法,降解动力学模型的构建有助于理解污染物的生物降解行为和估测系统中特征污染物的浓度变化,菌株对高浓度污染物的降解效果是降解菌在受污染水体中实际应用的关键。本研究采用基础培养基中定量添加毒死蜱和定时取样分析毒死蜱残留浓度的方法,探讨两株蜡状芽孢杆菌(HY-1和HY-2)的接种体培养时间、接种量和降解菌对毒死蜱的降解动力学,同时研究了降解菌对高浓度毒死蜱的降解率。结果表明:HY-1和HY-2最适接种体培养时间分别为10 h和19 h,接种体培养时间对菌株降解毒死蜱的影响较大。两菌株最适接菌量为8%(v/v),接种量从4%增至8%时,接种量对HY-1降解毒死蜱的影响大于HY-2。当毒死蜱的初始浓度为40 mg.L 1、80 mg.L 1、100 mg.L 1和120 mg.L 1时,一级动力学方程ln(C0/Ct)=kt可以用来拟合两菌株对毒死蜱的降解动力学及确定降解动力学参数,当毒死蜱初始浓度再次增加时,仅HY-2对毒死蜱的降解符合一级动力学方程。当毒死蜱初始浓度为40~120 mg.L 1时,菌株HY-1对毒死蜱的降解速率常数分布在0.013 5~0.015 7;当毒死蜱初始浓度为40~200 mg.L 1时,菌株HY-2的降解速率常数分布在0.008 0~0.015 3。菌株HY-2比HY-1可以在较高的毒死蜱浓度下发挥降解作用,且降解率较高。因此,两菌株在毒死蜱污染水体的净化去毒方面具有重要意义。  相似文献   

8.
集约化畜禽养殖场产生的沼液通常就地回用,在循环利用有机物的同时也会带来类固醇雌激素(Steroid Estrogens,SEs)的累积及污染。为降低沼灌后SEs对水土环境的污染风险,该研究采用富集和纯化培养法,对西南地区某奶牛养殖场沼灌区土壤中雌激素降解菌进行分离及筛选,获得一株利用17β-雌二醇(17β-E2)为唯一碳源生长繁殖的降解菌。通过16S rDNA 基因序列进行同源性比对以确定种属,并研究其降解特性。分别研究了菌株在不同温度、pH值、底物浓度三种单因素条件下的降解特性,然后利用三因素三水平正交试验继续优化菌株最适降解条件。结果表明:分离出的优势菌为生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium sp.),命名为Hyphomicrobium sp.SS-1,该菌株在10~40 ℃、pH值为5~9、底物浓度为1~10 mg/L的条件下,均能不同程度降解17β-E2。其中菌株在温度为30 ℃、pH值为7、底物浓度5 mg/L的条件下,培养7 d对17β-E2的降解率可达71%,并伴随毒性低于E2的降解产物E1和E3生成,总雌激素去除率为56.8%。正交试验结果显示,各因素对菌株降解能力的影响顺序从小到大为:底物浓度、温度、pH值,且都为显著影响(P<0.05);菌株最适降解条件为温度35 ℃、pH值为7、底物浓度5 mg/L,该条件下培养7 d,菌株对17β-E2的降解率可达97.09%。研究结果可为复杂基质环境中微生物降解SEs提供优质菌种资源,并为沼液灌溉区土壤的雌激素污染修复提供有效途径。  相似文献   

9.
采用室内培养方法,从吴江市郊长期被多环芳烃污染的土壤中富集到以菲为唯一碳源和能源的菲降解复合微生物菌群,复合菌群在7d内对无机盐液体中菲(含量100mg·L^-1)的降解率达到99%。从复合菌群中分离纯化获得两株菲高效降解菌B1和L2,经过菌体形态特征、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定菌株B1为百日咳博行特氏菌(Bordetella petrii),菌株L2为墨西哥假黄单胞菌(Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana)。这两株菌在菲含量为100mg·L^-1的无机盐培养液中,7d内对菲(含量100mg·L^-1)的降解率大约为80%,9d内的降解率可达到99%。将复合菌群和菲污染土壤混合,在光照培养箱中进行培养修复。结果表明,修复88d后,接种复合菌群的低污染浓度(8.22mg·kg^-1)处理和高污染浓度(39.65mg·kg^-1)处理的菲去除率分别达到95.74%和98.06%。  相似文献   

10.
从长期施用多菌灵农药的土壤中,通过富集筛选,获得1株新的多菌灵高效降解菌株。通过生理生化实验和16SrDNA序列同源性分析鉴定该菌株,应用高效液相色谱法对纯培养条件下菌株的降解特性和粗酶提取液的降解性能进行了分析。结果表明,筛选所获得的菌株与Raoultella菌属的亲缘关系最近,将其命名为Raoultellasp.MBC,该菌株能在以多菌灵为唯-碳源的无机盐培养基中生长;25℃、pH7.0、200r·min。的最适生长条件下避光振荡培养72h,多菌灵的降解率达到100%;在最适培养条件下外加氮源和碳源在培养后期均可以提高多菌灵的降解率,外加氮源对多菌灵的降解效果优于外加碳源;该菌体的粗酶提取液具有降解多菌灵活性,且多菌灵降解酶为诱导酶。研究结果为多菌灵污染土壤的生物修复和酶修复提供了材料和理论依据。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

15.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
李聃枫  朱春梧 《土壤》2020,52(3):561-566
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

18.
Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.  相似文献   

19.
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.  相似文献   

20.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

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