辽宁西部北票市生态修复区生态退化驱动力分析

探讨东北漫岗丘陵水土流失类型区生态退化的主导驱动力因子,为该地区生态修复工程的建设提供科学依据,以辽宁西部北票市生态修复区为典型研究区域,利用1998年、2003年和2008年三期土壤侵蚀遥感解译数据以及相关统计年鉴资料,采用主成分分析与多元回归分析方法,对研究区生态退化的主导驱动力因子进行了研究。主成分分析结果表明,影响生态退化的驱动力因子排序为土地垦殖率>人均养畜量>人均经济林面积>人口密度>人均粮食产量>地面坡度>年均降水量>人均耕地面积>人均农业产值,其中,体现农业结构状况的土地垦殖率、人均养畜量和人均经济林面积等社会经济因子,对该地区生态退化的影响较为明显。多元回归分析结果表明,超载放牧、土地资源的过渡开发等社会经济因子(人为因素)是导致该地区水土流失与生态退化的主导驱动因素,而作为自然环境因子的地面坡度是发生水土流失与生态退化的前提和基础。     

基于生态系统服务功能价值方法的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究——以大庆市为例

对土地利用总体规划环境影响的评价方法进行实证研究,促进土地资源可持续利用与社会经济可持续发展,为土地利用规划修编提供依据,提高规划的科学性与合理性。以生态系统服务功能价值理论为基础,结合研究区实际确定的大庆市各种土地利用生态系统的单位面积服务功能价值,根据大庆市规划期内的各种土地利用类型的面积变化,预测大庆市新一轮土地利用总体规划方案实施前后生态系统服务功能总价值的变化,评价实施规划将产生的生态环境影响。大庆市土地利用总体规划（2006－2020年）是切实可行的,方案的实施将给大庆市带来良好的生态环境效益。研究表明:生态系统服务功能价值理论的引入,实现了土地利用规划环境影响定性分析与定量评价的结合,对正确制定土地利用决策具有重要的意义。     

三峡地区土地利用/土地覆被变化及其驱动力分析

三峡地区是生态环境的脆弱地区，这与其特殊的自然地理环境息息相关。从土地利用／土地覆被的角度出发，利用RS和GIS技术，阐明了20世纪最后10年库区土地利用／土地覆被变化在数量、结构、类型和空间分布上的特点，并进一步分析了库区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力，得出以下结论：(1)10年间除建设用地和草地面积增加外，其他土地利用类型都呈现出不同程度衰减；(2)建设用地以高速增长，增幅达21528．09hm^2；(3)耕地减少的幅度较大，达18399．29hm^2，主要转变为建设用地；且减少的耕地多为位置相对优越，产量较高的优质良田；(4)林地面积总趋势是减少，主要转变为草地、旱地和建设用地，其中有林地减少的幅度较大，达7411．93hm^2；(5)草地的面积总体增加，主要源自于林地和旱地的变化；(6)库区土地利用／土地覆被的空间格局分为3个主导因子变化区域：耕地-城镇型、林灌-耕地型和复合型；(7)库区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力主要为：经济因素、人口压力、宏观政策及三峡工程4个方面，这4个方面不是孤立的，而是互相影响、互相制约的，共同影响库区的土地利用／土地覆被类型。     

西部矿区土地退化因素评价与分析

基于文献分析理论并结合西部矿区实际,从代表性、普遍性和可操作性原则出发,运用定性研究与定量分析相结合的研究策略,提出了西部矿区土地退化评价指标体系。选择极具代表性的乌海矿区作为实证区域,选取2000—2015年的多种驱动因素,综合运用标准离差法、CRITIC法两种客观赋权法判定各指标的权重,初步得出各因素的影响程度,随后采取主成分分析法进行深入分析,压缩指标维数,两种方法相互比较,互为验证。结果表明:西部矿区土地退化的第一驱动因子为矿区经济结构状况、第二驱动因子为区域水分条件状况、第三驱动因子为矿区社会发展水平、第四驱动因子为区域生物量状况;矿山资源开采活动对矿区的土地退化驱动作用最为直接,其次是以地区GDP为代表的经济社会发展因素,此外自然环境因素对矿区的土地退化也有加剧作用。     

川西平原土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷含量特征及其影响因素分析

本文通过区域调查采样和统计分析,探讨了川西平原土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、土壤微生物生物量氮（MBN）和土壤微生物生物量磷（MBP）含量特征及其对气候、海拔、母质和土地利用等因素的响应,揭示了其关键影响因素,以期为川西平原地区土壤质量管理提供参考。结果表明,不同土壤类型的MBC、MBN和MBP含量表现为冲积土显著高于水稻土、潮土和黄壤（P<0.05）,潮土MBC/MBN显著高于水稻土。气候和海拔的影响为：MBC、MBN和MBP含量随着≥ 0℃积温、≥ 10℃积温、年均温和年均降水量的增加呈指数减少,而随干燥度和海拔增加呈线性增加。不同成土母质中,MBC、MBN和MBP含量均为灰色冲积物显著高于老冲积物。不同土地利用方式下,三者含量为草地显著高于水田和旱地,水田、旱地和林地差异不显著。皮尔森相关分析和冗余分析表明,MBC和MBN均与≥ 0℃积温、年均温呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与海拔呈极显著正相关关系,MBP与母质呈现极显著负相关关系。逐步回归分析表明,MBC主要受年均温、干燥度、年均降水量和母质的影响;MBN主要受海拔、干燥度和年均降水量的综合影响;MBP主要受母质、年均温、≥ 10℃积温和年均降水量的调控。因此,川西平原土壤MBC、MBN、MBP能灵敏地反映不同采样点气候的变化,可为该区气候变化下土壤碳、氮、磷的响应预测提供参考。     

甘肃省土地退化类型特征及其驱动力分析

随着经济发展,资源开发规模和强度不断加大,甘肃省的生态环境日趋脆弱,生态功能逐渐减弱,土地退化问题十分严重。分析了甘肃省土地退化的主要类型特征,并从自然与人文两个方面对甘肃省土地退化的驱动力进行了探讨,在此基础上提出了防治土地退化的主要策略。     

亚热带典型地区土地退化对生态环境的影响——以江西兴国县为例

土地退化不仅是当前全球重大的环境问题之一,而且是重大经济和社会问题之一。以兴国县的实地调研为依据,简述了兴国县的土地退化状况,分析了土地退化的原因和过程,论述土地退化对生态环境的影响,提出了土地退化调控对策。     

攀枝花市土地退化过程

土地退化不仅是目前全球性的重大环境问题，而且也是重大的经济问题和社会问题。分析了土地退化过程的不可逆性及攀枝花市的土地退化过程。     

西藏自治区北部草地退化驱动力系统分析--西藏自治区那曲县试验区

在阐述草地驱动力系统含义与结构的基础上，运用因子分析的方法对草地退化主要影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明，自然环境的变化是试验区草地退化的根本原因，决定了草地生态系统逆向演替的总体趋势；不合理人类活动是草地退化的主要驱动因素，决定了自然条件基本相同地区的草地退化强度的空间分异。根据对草地退化的影响程度，对各影响因素排序为：蒸发量／降水量〉年均降水量〉牧业产值〉人口数量〉大风日数〉年均气温〉牲畜出栏率〉牲畜总量。     

土地退化及其防治的社会经济理论体系初探

阐述了从社会经济角度系统研究土地退化及其防治的必要性 ,着重讨论了土地退化及其防治的社会经济理论的主要研究内容。认为主要内容应包括 :土地退化的社会经济成因和后果、经济评估和宏观核算、土地利用的伦理意识、土地退化防治的成本效益分析、立法与行政、经济激励和社会组织     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.