江苏海涂土壤粘土矿物的数值分类

根据江苏海涂土壤及其陆源物质粘土矿物的相对含量、结晶程度等四个性状的聚类分析,将江苏海涂土壤的成土母质分为三大陆源类型:黄河沉积类;长江沉积类和沂沭河沉积类。分类结果与土壤的地理位置有良好一致性。说明在测定数据正确、选用的性状和聚类统计量适当的情况下,对粘土矿物含量和性状进行聚类分析,可得到比较客观和正确的分类,是粘土矿物研究中可采用的分类方法。     

粘土矿物固定化微生物对土壤中阿特拉津的降解研究

以粘土矿物为载体,采用吸附挂膜法对已筛选的阿特拉津降解菌株进行固定化,并应用固定化微生物降解土壤中的阿特拉津。结果表明,该菌株在粘土矿物上生长良好,根据菌种生理生化特性、环境扫描电镜图片以及16S rDNA基因的相似性分析初步鉴定该菌株为Ochrobactrum sp.。接种降解菌能明显加快阿特拉津在土壤中的降解速率,粘土矿物固定化微生物的降解效果要明显优于游离菌,粘土矿物粒径越小,固定化微生物的降解效果越好,纳米粘土矿物固定化微生物的降解效果要好于原粘土矿物。用一级动力学方程描述阿特拉津在土壤中的降解过程,不同土壤中阿特拉津的降解速率不同。阿特拉津在红壤、砂姜黑土、黄褐土中的降解半衰期（t1/2）分别为36.9、49.1、55.0 d,投加纳米蒙脱石固定化降解菌后的半衰期则分别为16.3、25.3、21.7 d。     

粘粒矿物系列鉴定方法

我国从50年代末以来开展了对土壤粘土矿物的研究。土壤粘土矿物在土壤发生分类学,土壤肥力等学科中都占有重要地位。     

读《中国水稻土的粘土矿物》一文后的意见

最近,土壤学报(1961年第9卷第3-4期)发表了张效年同志的论文《中国水稻土的粘土矿物》。这是我国在水稻土粘土矿物研究方面的第一篇论文。     

黑垆土的形成环境

根据成土年龄、土壤中植物孢粉鉴定、腐殖质组成、碳酸钙含量、粘土矿物类型、土壤微形态,土壤剖面形态和其它特征,分析了黑垆土的形成环境。研究表明,黑垆土是一种古土壤,它的许多特征是古生物气候条件的产物。     

土壤剖面的反射光谱研究

研究表明，土壤反射光谱包含有丰富的土壤信息，可从中获取有机质含量、氧化铁含量、质地、主导粘土矿物类型等多种有用信息。本文以不同地区的土壤剖面为例，解读它们的反射光谱，以获得土壤形成特征的某些信息，为在土壤研究中进一步应用反射光谱提供有益的探索。     

长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土钾素状况的影响

利用22年肥料长期定位试验,研究施肥对土壤钾素状况的影响。结果表明,1978年到2000年,土壤钾素收支平衡的状况为:氮钾肥处理钾盈余57.72kg/hm2,氮磷钾肥处理钾亏缺192.90kg/hm2。以氮钾肥处理提高土壤中水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾、矿物钾最多,依次分别比对照提高5.49倍、1.13倍、2.47倍和1.11倍。氮磷钾肥和氮钾肥处理在土壤中积累各形态钾总量分别占施钾量的19.18%、20.01%。氮钾处理和氮磷钾处理土壤速效钾和土壤缓效钾含量高,在土壤剖面中分布以0—20cm含量高,20cm以下逐层降低。用X-射线衍射测定长期施钾和不施钾的土壤粘土矿物组成为:氮磷钾处理土壤粘土矿物中蒙脱石峰值高;而氮磷处理土壤粘土矿物中蛭石峰值高。     

大别山南坡土壤粘土矿物的垂直分布

研究了大别山南坡土壤的粘土矿物的垂直分布。结果表明,随海拔高度的增加,由山麓至山顶,土壤粘土矿物从以高岭石、绿泥石为主转变为以高岭石、三水铝石为主,直至完全以三水铝石为主。     

长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土粘土矿物组成及主要理化性质的影响

土壤粘土矿物中层状硅酸盐与氧化物共存及晶质和非品质共存。土壤中含钾的粘土矿物主要有水云母、蛭石和绿泥石等。这些粘土矿物影响土壤钾素的固定和释放，进而影响土壤钾的生物有效性。有研究表明，土壤中的层状硅酸盐矿物彼此之间存在着一种相互演变的关系。例如在云母风化初期，通常会出现水化云母，在钾比较丰富的条件下，就会出现伊利石；水化云母进一步风化并释放出更多的钾以后，则形成蛭石和蒙脱石。相反，蛭石和蒙脱石在吸收了钾离子并脱水后，也可以向伊利石及云母类矿物转变。     

北京香山地区褐土粘土矿物的研究

我国褐土作为一个独立的发生学土类是1958年以后被确定了的(Герасимов1958)。在这前后,李连捷、华孟、文振旺、许冀泉等都曾从不同角度、对褐土分布地区的土壤进行调查研究,得出一些有意义的结论^1-2)(文振旺等,1959;中国科学院土壤及水土保持研究所等,1961;许冀泉,1961)。而对褐土中粘土矿物的研究,许冀泉的工作,是极其有益的。本文报告的是作者1961-1964年对北京香山地区褐土粘土矿物进行研究的结果。     

解钾细菌与黏土矿物协同促进玉米生长提高土壤养分有效性

为了揭示解钾细菌在西北矿区浅埋古河道土壤中对植物生长和土壤养分利用的影响,通过日光温室短期盆栽的方式,以不同黏土矿物配比的人工培土为基质模拟古河道不同质地土壤,以西北地区常见农作物玉米为宿主,研究解钾细菌在人工培土基质中的微生物数量变化规律,以及二者协同作用对玉米生长和矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明:1)土壤黏土矿物含量增大有利于提高土壤解钾细菌数量,促进微生物活性。当黏土矿物质量分数为68%,速效钾质量分数约170 mg/kg时,解钾细菌数量最大;2)玉米地上部分干质量、根冠比、根系活力随黏土矿物含量增大而增大,以解钾细菌作用下黏土矿物质量分数68%的玉米生长效果最佳;3)在解钾细菌作用下,植物氮磷钾积累量和土壤养分利用的最佳土壤黏土矿物质量分数为45%、68%和75%,土壤钾素、氮素和磷素最大利用率分别达到65%、53%和17%;4)解钾细菌在土壤钾素含量低时促进土壤磷素吸收,土壤钾素过量时,促进土壤氮磷钾的吸收,提高土壤养分利用率。因此,土壤黏土矿物与解钾细菌相互作用,而且积极影响植物生长和土壤养分的吸收利用,这对进一步探寻适合矿区浅埋古河道土壤的微生物复垦技术,深入改良和开发矿区退化土壤具有重要意义。     

九宫山土壤剖面中黏土矿物的组成特征

以湖北省九宫山的4种垂直地带性土壤为对象,研究其剖面层次的黏土矿物组合和铁、铝氧化物的特征,揭示山地土壤中黏土矿物的变化特点。结果表明,随海拔升高,土壤中黏土矿物类型从以高岭石为主,逐渐变为以14.0?矿物、伊利石及三水铝石为主,有从1︰1型向2︰1型矿物过渡的趋势;不同层次的土壤中黏土矿物类型和相对含量变化明显;土壤随垂直高程的升高,其中游离态铁、铝减小,非晶形和络合态铁、铝增加,各种形态铁、铝氧化物的总量也增加。     

Mineralogical Composition of Particle-Size Fractions of Solonetzes from the North Crimean Lowland

Data on the mineralogical composition of clay (<1 μm), fine silt (1–5 μm), medium silt (5–10 μm), and coarser (>10 μm) fractions of meadow solonchakous solonetzes (Calcic Gypsic Salic Stagnic Solonetz (Albic, Siltic, Columnic, Cutanic, Differentic)) developing from loesslike loam and clay in the North Crimean Lowland are presented. Fractions >5 μm constitute nearly 50% of the soil mass and are characterized by the same mineralogical composition in the entire profile; they consist of quartz, plagioclases, potassium feldspars, and micas (biotite and muscovite). The eluvial-illuvial redistribution of clay in the course of solonetzic process is accompanied by changes in the portion of mixed-layer minerals and hydromicas in the upper part of the profile; a larger part of the smectitic phase is transformed into the superdisperse state. In the eluvial SEL horizon and in the illuvial BSN horizon, the clay fraction is impoverished in smectitic phase and enriched in trioctahedral hydromicas. Upon calculation of the content of clay minerals per bulk soil mass, the distribution of mixed-layer minerals is either eluvial, or eluvial-illuvial, whereas the distribution of hydromicas has an illuvial pattern without distinct eluvial minimum in the SEL horizons. The eluvial-illuvial distribution pattern of clay minerals in solonetzes of the North Crimean Lowland is compared with the distribution pattern of clay minerals in solonetzes of the West Siberian Lowland. Coefficients characterizing differentiation of solonetzes by the contents of particular mineral components are suggested.     

Semiquantitative determination of imogolite and Al-rich allophane (Si / Al ≃ 1 : 2) in some volcanic ash soils in San'in region by a combination of thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis and trimethylsilylation analysis of soil clays

Abstract

A method to determine the contents of imogolite and Al-rich allophane (Sil Al ? 1 : 2) in volcanic ash soils was presented. The method is based on the (1) assessment of the presence of Al-rich allophane in clays by successsive extraction with dithionite-citrate and oxalate-oxalic acid, (2) trimethylsilylation of soil clay with a mixture of hexamethyldisiloxane, HCl, and isopropyl alcohol, and determination of the content of monomeric Si based on the trimethylsilyl derivative of monomeric orthosilicate anion by gas / liquid chromatography, (3) determination of the total content of imogolite and Al-rich allophane based on the content of monomeric Si from imogolite, (4) determination of the imogolite content by Thermogravimetry (TG )-Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) based on the weight loss due to endothermic dehydroxylation with maximum values at ca. 386°C, (5) calculation of the Al-rich allophane content by subtracting the imogolite content from the total content of these minerals, and (6) evaluation of the imogolite and Al-rich allophane content of soil by multiplying clay content of soil and the two mineral content of clay. The trimethylsilylation analysis was found to be reproducible, and the estimated total amounts of two minerals in clays by this method were adequately approximated to those evaluated from the amount of Si (= Si_o) extracted with oxalate-oxalic acid after extraction with dithionite-citrate. The variation in the abmldance of two minerals in the soil horizons of volcanic ash soils from the San'in region indicated that this method is suitable for the profile-study of volcanic ash soils.     

几种土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附特性的研究

采用批量平衡试验,研究了不同土壤及长黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附特性。结果表明:多氯联苯浓度范围为0.25~5.0mg L-1时,不同土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯的吸附均能用Freundlich方程很好地拟合,随着溶液中多氯联苯浓度的增加,土壤及黏土矿物对多氯联苯的吸附量增加;几种土壤对多氯联苯吸附量大小顺序为:红壤>黄褐土>砂姜黑土,土壤有机质、粘粒等对多氯联苯吸附起主要作用,土壤更易吸附高氯代PCB77;黏土矿物对多氯联苯吸附量大小顺序为:纳米蒙脱石>纳米SiO2>凹凸棒石,黏土矿物吸附多氯联苯能力的大小与黏土矿物的比表面积、粒径、层状结构等有关;多氯联苯本身分子的大小影响其在黏土矿物上的吸附;土壤中添加黏土矿物可以提高对多氯联苯的吸附。     

Quantitative determination of minerals in acid forest soils of granite

A procedure for quantifying minerals in particle size fractions of fine earth (< 2 mm) is presented. Mineral fractions of the acid forest soils are characterised by various transition products. Transitional minerals between illite and vermiculite or smectite, polyhydroxy-Al polymers interlayered in smectite and vermiculite, as well as poorly crystalline compounds are present. Normative calculations with standard minerals, generally applied to rocks, cannot be used to quantify precisely minerals of these soil samples. Conventional qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses are therefore completed by microanalyses of well-identifiable minerals. The calculation procedure is based mainly on a system of simultaneous linear equations. These are set up from the chemical contents of a particle size fraction on the one hand and from the corresponding element contents of single minerals on the other hand. The contribution of single minerals to overall parameters can be calculated by programmed algorithms. The methodology was adjusted to different particle size fractions.     

THE MODIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF THE QUANTITATIVE X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD OF SCHULTZ (1964) TO THE MINERALOGICAL STUDY OF LONDON CLAY SAMPLES

Over 300 samples of London Clay from twenty-one widely scattered sample locations in the London and Hampshire Basins were to be examined in detail by X-ray diffraction techniques. The quantitative method of Schultz (1964) was chosen as being most suited for the analysis of the samples. Series of tests designed to investigate the reproducibility characteristics of the method were conducted. These showed that the sampling, sample preparation, and interpretation procedures used all introduced cumulative reproducibility errors of roughly equal magnitude which completely overshadowed errors introduced by machine-response variation. It was also established that minerals whose contents were below 10 percent of whole sample failed to be consistently quantitatively estimated. The accuracy of this method of analysis depended heavily on Schultz's quoted ‘intensity factors’ which were involved in the calculation of individual mineral contents. The authenticity of these factors with regard to the London Clay suite of minerals was checked by comparing accurately determined mineral percentages of six standard London Clay samples with the results obtained by use of the Schultz procedure and factors. The method was found to be basically sound although the intensity factors for quartz, total clay minerals, carbonates, and illite had all to be slightly adjusted. The accurate quartz percentages were established by three different X-ray diffraction techniques and the carbonate percentage checks were accomplished by specially designed wet chemical methods. The total clay mineral and illite contents checks were carried out by back-calculation of the Al₂O₃, and K₂O percentages as determined from full wet chemical analysis. Using the adjusted factors, quartz percentages are estimated accurate to ±6 percent, total clay minerals to ±7 percent, carbonate percentages to ±1.5 percent, and illite contents to ±4 percent of the whole rock.     

AGE HARDENING OF AGRICULTURAL TOP SOILS

Changes in the strength of remoulded agricultural top soil with ageing are studied for two sandy loam soils from South Australia and a clay soil from Queensland. There is evidence of significant thixotropic behaviour in these soils around the water contents at which tillage is usually performed. For the Urrbrae soil, in which the dominant clay minerals are illite and kaolinite. the maximum thixotropic strength ratio was obtained at a water content just below the plastic limit. For the Strathalbyn soil, which contains illite and actinolite. and for the Waco soil which contains montmorillonite. the maximum thixotropic strength ratios occurred at water contents between the plastic and liquid limits. The age hardening for these soils was investigated using probe penetration, tensile strength and compression resistance measurements. The effect was still apparent after sterilization and after removal of organic matter.     

Advances in characterization of soil clay mineralogy using X‐ray diffraction: from decomposition to profile fitting

Structural characterization of soil clay minerals often remains limited despite their key influence on soil properties. In soils, complex clay parageneses result from the coexistence of clay species with contrasting particle sizes and crystal chemistry and from the profusion of mixed layers with variable compositions. The present study aimed to characterize the mineralogy and crystal chemistry of the <2 μm fraction along a profile typical of soils from Western Europe and North America (Neo Luvisol). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were interpreted using: (i) the combination of XRD pattern decomposition and indirect identification from peak positions commonly applied in soil science; and (ii) the multi‐specimen method. This latter approach implies direct XRD profile fitting and has recently led to significant improvements in the structural characterization of clay minerals in diagenetic and hydrothermal environments. In contrast to the usual approach, the multi‐specimen method allowed the complete structural characterization of complex clay parageneses encountered in soils together with the quantitative analysis of their mineralogy. Throughout the profile, the clay paragenesis of the studied Neo Luvisol systematically includes discrete smectite, illite and kaolinite in addition to randomly interstratified illite‐smectite and chlorite‐smectite. Structural characteristics of the different clay minerals, including the composition of mixed layers, did not vary significantly with depth and are thus indicative of the parent material. The relative proportion of the <2 μm fraction increased with increasing depth simultaneously with smectite relative proportion. These results are consistent with the leaching process described for Luvisols in the literature.