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1.
采用围栏封育、划区轮牧、禁牧休牧等措施进行退化草原修复和保护,是关系能否有效合理保护和利用草原、应对气候变化的一个重要命题.本研究以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原为对象,测定连续10年(1999~2009年)进行围栏禁牧、划区轮牧和自由放牧等不同放牧作用下的长久样区的草原碳输入、输出及平衡特征,旨在从碳平衡的角度为确定荒漠草原合理的放牧管理方式提供依据.采用野外调查法测定生物量季节动态,密闭气室法测定土壤呼吸动态.结果表明:(1)相较于自由放牧,划区轮牧能保持较高的凋落物量、家畜采食量以及地下生物量,在恢复地上植被方面无明显差别,禁牧保持较高的地上生物量、凋落物量及地下生物量;(2)土壤呼吸随着放牧的进行和季节水热条件的变化,呈现不同的变化趋势,自由放牧在干旱季节产生较小的土壤呼吸;(3)生长季内划区轮牧、自由放牧和围栏禁牧下的荒漠草原净生态系统生产力分别为413.78、401.45、416.80 g/(m2·a)C.短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统碳收支表现为碳汇,不同放牧制度对碳收支影响较小,相对而言,划区轮牧较自由放牧有微弱的碳积累优势.  相似文献   

2.
[目的]以内蒙古四子王旗境内退化荒漠草原为研究区域,研究不同植被恢复模式对植物群落组成、土壤含水量、土壤侵蚀的影响,为退化草原水土流失治理和草原生态建设提供理论依据。[方法]针对退化草原特点、水土流失特征,分析不同植被恢复模式下植物群落特征、土壤水分、地表径流和侵蚀量的变化,运用主成分分析对不同植被恢复模式的水土保持生态效益进行评价。[结果]退化荒漠草原的3种植被恢复模式试验样地的植物种类组成、群落总盖度、地上生物量均高于放牧天然草地,"围栏封育+灌木条带+施肥复壮"、"围栏封育+松土补播+草种包衣"2种植被恢复模式的地上生物量与放牧天然草地之间变化差异达到显著水平(p0.05);3种植被恢复模式的实施有效控制了土壤侵蚀,径流量和土壤侵蚀量均低于天然草地。[结论]"围栏封育+松土补播+草种包衣"植被恢复模式在保持水土资源,增加群落稳定性等方面的生态效益最好。  相似文献   

3.
研究轮牧方式对草地土壤理化性质的影响,对草地科学利用和草地生态保护具有重要意义。以宁夏面积最大的荒漠草原为研究对象,通过放牧试验,研究围封禁牧、连续放牧、二区、四区和六区轮牧对0—40cm土壤理化性质的影响,并运用模糊评判法对草地健康状况进行评价。结果表明:(1)六区和四区轮牧土壤粉粒含量和含水率较高;轮牧方式对土壤容重和孔隙度影响较小;四区和六区轮牧有利于土壤物理结皮、地衣—藻类结皮维持。(2)连续放牧的土壤有机质含量最低,全氮含量以禁牧最低;速效氮含量在四区轮牧最高,六区轮牧下速效磷钾含量最高。(3)土壤性状间存在一定的相关性,但草地植物生物量与多数土壤性状相关性不明显。(4)六区轮牧的健康指数最高,连续放牧的健康指数最低。研究认为,研究区草原以六区轮牧为宜。  相似文献   

4.
荒漠草原因其特殊的生态地理位置,在国家生态安全格局中具有极其重要的价值,但是当前,由于不合理的放牧等原因使得草地退化严重。而且近年来,对于植被恢复的研究较多,但对不同放牧制度下荒漠草原土壤恢复的研究较少,对于不同放牧制度下植被恢复与土壤恢复之间关系的研究欠缺。基于此,参考相关文献,分析不同放牧制度对植被、土壤的影响,并研究了恢复荒漠草原的有效方法。  相似文献   

5.
北方典型草原区水土流失特点及防治对策   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
北方典型草原区由于土壤抗蚀能力低 ,侵蚀外营力大 ,在超载放牧的情况下 ,极易产生侵蚀。致使草场退化沙化面积不断扩展 ,生态环境恶化 ,不但造成当地畜牧业发展缓慢 ,而且使京津地区生态环境受到严重影响。该区的水土流失防治工作以生态学理论为指导 ,加强科技支撑力度 ,强化工程管理 ,提高治理效率 ,采用围栏封育、划区轮牧、草场改良、建立草场防护林网及人工草地、发展草原节水灌溉等有效措施 ,以实现草原的生态平衡。  相似文献   

6.
围栏封育在呼伦贝尔沙化草地植被恢复中的作用   总被引:40,自引:1,他引:39       下载免费PDF全文
 为给沙化草地植被恢复提供理论依据,在内蒙古呼伦贝尔沙化草地,通过测定围封不同年限(1、4、7年)沙化草地群落的特征值,并与未围封地段作对照,就围栏封育对沙化草地植被特征的影响进行了深入分析,结果表明:对沙化草地实施围栏封育,群落组成发生了规律性变化,随着围封年限的增加,退化指示植物所占比例逐渐降低,建群种及一些适口性较好的优良牧草所占比例逐渐增加,另外,围栏封育还可使草地植被盖度、平均高度、草群密度、地上生物量和土壤草根含量大幅度增加。  相似文献   

7.
不同放牧方式对草场沙退化影响的试验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在我国干旱、半干旱草原区,草场沙退化现象十分严重,而草场沙退化是气候、土壤、植被等自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,其中放牧活动是引起草场沙退化的主要因素之一。为了客观地分析和评价不同放牧方式对草场沙退化的影响,在内蒙古自治区包头市达茂旗希拉穆仁荒漠草原进行了为期2 a的放牧、休牧和轮牧试验。试验结果表明:超载放牧不仅使植被盖度、高度和产量大幅度下降,裸地率增加,而且使地表粗糙度变小,风蚀输沙率增大,风蚀作用增强。但合理的放牧方式不但能促进牧草生长发育,保护草地的植物多样性,而且能防止草场进一步沙退化,反而有利于草场的持续利用。  相似文献   

8.
以贵州龙里草原为试验地,通过对龙里灯芯草群落的植被有机碳和土壤有机碳进行检测,探究围栏、刈割、放牧三种利用方式对草地有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:不同利用方式的草地有机碳含量差异显著,表明不同利用方式对草地有机碳含量的影响较大;根系有机碳含量随着土层深度加大而降低;根系有机碳含量最高的是围封,放牧其次,刈割最低。要有效增加草原生态系统有机碳的输入,增强草地的固碳能力,适当的围栏封育和降低人类活动是有必要的。  相似文献   

9.
《土壤通报》2013,(5):1140-1145
通过实地调查及平板表面涂抹法和稀释法分别测定了5种不同扰动生境(一年生草地、多年生草地、围栏内草地、围栏外草地和"黑土滩"草地)下,高寒生态脆弱区天祝草原植被状况、土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及总数量的影响。结果表明,不同扰动生境草地植被状况、土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量及总数量分布各不相同。其中一年生草地植被盖度、产量最大,土壤细菌及微生物总数量最高;"黑土滩"草地土壤真菌及放线菌数量最多,但植被盖度最小;围栏外草地地上植物量最小,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及微生物总数量最低。该区草地退化和土壤微生物数量减少的趋势并未得到改善。因此,应对该区草地和土壤退化给予足够的重视。  相似文献   

10.
为探究草原不同放牧制度对土壤水文特性的影响,通过野外试验,分层测定0-80cm土层不同放牧草场的土壤水分特性参数。结果表明,呼伦贝尔草原休牧、轮牧及自由放牧草场植被各项生态指标差异显著,土壤质地主要为砂土和砂壤土;3种放牧草场土壤容重、有机质、孔隙度、持水量等指标随深度变化规律不明显,土壤有机质含量大小为休牧草场轮牧草场自由放牧草场,土壤总孔隙度顺序为休牧草场自由放牧草场轮牧草场。根据土壤持水性能分析,休牧草场供水性能较好,对植被生长最为有利,轮牧次之,自由放牧草场最差,同时休牧草场及轮牧草场对水分涵养、保持水土等方面的能力高于自由放牧,建议将部分自由放牧草原转变为休牧草场及轮牧草场。  相似文献   

11.
不同轮牧方式下的宁夏荒漠草原土壤性质分异特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为进一步研究放牧对草地生态系统非生物环境(土壤)的影响机制,试验以宁夏盐池县四墩子行政村荒漠草原为研究对象,采用野外定位试验和室内分析的方法分别研究了禁牧(CK)、自由放牧(A)、2区轮牧(B)、4区轮牧(C)和6区轮牧(D)条件下的0-5,5-15,5-25 cm土层的土壤理化性质的变化,并对各处理的土壤理化性质用ANOVA法进行差异性分析。结果表明:放牧强度相同时,增加轮牧分区数有利于土壤有机质、全氮、可溶性总盐、速效磷的保持(P<0.05),影响较大的土层为0-5 cm和5-15 cm;轮牧对速效钾含量和pH值的影响不大(P>0.05),但使水解氮含量降低(P<0.05);轮牧分区的增加有利于土壤表层(0-5 cm)粘粒的形成。  相似文献   

12.
不同放牧强度荒漠草原产流产沙过程模拟   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
为揭示长期放牧的荒漠草原坡面产流产沙特征,以放牧15年的4种放牧强度的内蒙古荒漠草场土壤为研究对象,在室内人工模拟降雨条件下,探究放牧强度及雨强对草原坡面产流产沙耦合过程的影响。结果表明:(1)不同雨强下,不同放牧草场间的初始产流时间均随放牧强度的增大而提前;产流速率呈现先增长后稳定的状态,4种放牧强度草场的产流速率规律及其波动幅度均为重度放牧(HG)中度放牧(MG)对照(CK)轻度放牧(LG),且雨强对产流速率的影响大于放牧强度。荒漠草原累计径流量与降雨历时呈线性相关,且拟合度较高;(2)荒漠草原产沙速率变化呈现多谷多峰的特点,雨强和放牧强度及二者的交互效应对产沙速率有极显著影响。不同雨强下,4种放牧强度草场的产沙速率规律及其波动幅度均为HGMGCKLG。泥沙流失总量与降雨历时之间呈二次曲线关系。  相似文献   

13.
为了从宏观层面科学认识北方风沙区放牧和封育对草地水土保持生态效益的影响,搜集并筛选了大量文献,从中采集相关数据,采用荟萃分析方法,研究了典型草原和荒漠草原放牧强度、放牧年限和封育年限对植被地上生物量和植被盖度的影响。结果表明:(1)无论是荒漠草原还是典型草原,随着放牧强度增加,植被相对地上生物量和植被盖度均明显下降;(2)放牧年限对植被地上生物量的影响极显著,长期的放牧会使草原植被地上生物量显著降低;(3)随着封育年限的增加,荒漠草原与典型草原的植被地上生物量和植被盖度都明显增加。综上,放牧和封育都是影响北方风沙区植被生态效益的重要因素,应重点关注其对植被水土保持效益的影响,以实现对该区域的水土保持生态效益进行综合分析,为该区做好水土保持工作提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

14.
荒漠草原不同放牧制度群落稳定性研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
在短花针茅荒漠草原,对比研究了不同放牧制度群落植物重要值和多样性,研究结果表明:划区轮牧和对照区重要值较高的植物为短花针茅、无芒隐子草、碱韭和糙隐子草,自由放牧区1年生植物重要值较高;2002年Shannon-Wiener、Simpson和Pielou群落多样性指数自由放牧区偏高于轮牧区,但从3种指数的影响因子重要值的分布上看,轮牧区主要分布在建群种和优势种上,自由放牧区分布在建群种、伴生种和1年生植物上,可以认为轮牧条件下群落环境更稳定.  相似文献   

15.
Restoration of degraded grasslands through improved management is among the possible sustainable solutions to compensate for anthropogenic soil carbon (C) emissions. While several studies have shown a positive effect of rehabilitation on soil C, the impact on soil CO2 emissions is still uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed at quantifying the impact of grassland rehabilitation on soil CO2 emissions in a degraded grassland, South Africa. Commonly used rehabilitation practices were considered, that is rotational grazing (RG), livestock exclosure with fertilizer application (EF) and annual burning (AB), all being compared with traditional free grazing (FG). A total of 2880 in situ measurements of CO2 emissions were performed over 2.5 years under field conditions simultaneously with aboveground biomass, soil temperature, water content and soil organic C (SOC) to understand the changes in C fluxes. The RG performed the best under degraded grasslands by decreasing net CO2 emissions (per g of C) by 17% compared to FG, while EF increased emissions by 76% and AB had similar emissions to FG. The lower net emission under RG is associated with an increase in SOC stocks by 50% and aboveground biomass by 93%, after three years of implementation. Soil CO2 emissions were correlated positively to aboveground biomass and topsoil temperature (r = 0.91 and 0.60, respectively), implying a high effect of grass cover on soil microclimate and microbial activity. These results suggested RG as a potential cost-effective nature-based soil management strategy to increase SOC stocks into degraded grassland. However, long-term trials replicated in different environments are still required.  相似文献   

16.
放牧对荒漠草原植物生物量及土壤养分的影响   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象,探讨放牧对荒漠草原植物多样性、 生物量及土壤养分特征的影响。结果表明, 放牧对荒漠草原植物群落多样性、 均匀度和丰富度影响显著。植物群落多样性和均匀度随着放牧强度的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势,在轻度放牧达到最大值。同围封禁牧相比,重度、 中度和轻度放牧草地的植物地上和地下部生物量显著降低,分别降低了43.8%、 42.0%、 15.4% 和 27.7%、16.2%、11.9%。土壤有机碳随着放牧强度的增加而降低,而土壤全氮含量随着放牧强度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。围封禁牧草地土壤有机碳比重度放牧增加了18.1%,而土壤全磷、 速效磷和全钾含量分别降低了 21.1%、 51.9% 和 11.0%。土壤有机碳含量对植物群落地上和地下部生物量的影响大于土壤全氮、 全磷、 全钾、 速效磷和速效钾。放牧干扰下荒漠草原土壤环境及其养分含量,能在一定程度上反映植物群落多样性和生物量的变化。  相似文献   

17.
Spatial inaccessibility of soil organic carbon (SOC) for microbial decay within soil aggregates is an important stabilization mechanism. However, little is known about the stability of aggregates in semiarid grasslands and their sensitivity to intensive grazing. In this study, a combined approach using soil chemical and physical analytical methods was applied to investigate the effect of grazing and grazing exclusion on the amount and stability of soil aggregates and the associated physical protection of SOC. Topsoils from continuously grazed (CG) and ungrazed sites where grazing was excluded from 1979 onwards (UG79) were sampled for two steppe types in Inner Mongolia, northern China. All samples were analysed for basic soil properties and separated into free and aggregate‐occluded light fractions (fLF, oLF) and mineral‐associated fractions. Tensile strength of soil aggregates was measured by crushing tests. Undisturbed as well as artificially compacted samples, where aggregates were destroyed mechanically by compression, were incubated and the mineralization of SOC was measured. For undisturbed samples, the cumulative release of CO2‐C was greater for CG compared with UG79 for both steppe types. A considerably greater amount of oLF was found in UG79 than in CG soils, but the stabilities of 10–20‐mm aggregates were less for ungrazed sites. Compacted samples showed only a slightly larger carbon release with CG but a considerably enhanced mineralization with UG79. We assume that the continuous trampling of grazing animals together with a smaller input of organic matter leads to the formation of mechanically compacted stable ‘clods’, which do not provide an effective physical protection for SOC in the grazed plots. In UG79 sites, a greater input of organic matter acting as binding agents in combination with an exclusion of animal trampling enhances the formation of soil aggregates. Thus, grazing exclusion promotes the physical protection of SOC by increasing soil aggregation and is hence a management option to enhance the C sequestration potential of degraded steppe soils.  相似文献   

18.
In arid and semi-arid desert steppe areas, grazing exclusion with fencing is widely regarded as an effective strategy for restoring degraded vegetation and enhancing the quality of degraded soil. In this study, we hypothesized that grazing exclusion caused by fencing enhances both vegetation and soil properties, and that the longer an area is fenced, the more considerable the improvement. We conducted an observational study wherein random sampling was utilized to select 9 plots fenced for ten or more years, 25 plots fenced for four to nine years, 25 plots fenced for one to three years and 29 free-grazing plots within an area of approximately 63,000 km2 of Inner Mongolia desert steppe. A one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in the characteristics of grassland vegetation or soil properties between grasslands fenced for one to three years and free-grazing grassland. After 4 years of fencing, noticeable increases in above-ground biomass, litter content, Simpson index, soil organic carbon, and available nitrogen were observed. Significant positive differences in vegetation coverage, height, species richness, soil available phosphorus, and available potassium were associated with plots with a minimum of 10 years of fencing. The soil layer with the greatest difference in the fenced-in areas for soil organic carbon was at 0–25 cm. For available nitrogen and available phosphorus, fencing produced the most significant differences in the 0–20 cm soil layer, while for available potassium, fencing produced the most significant differences in the 0–30 cm soil layer. However, the fencing did not indicate any statistically significant differences in terms of clay, silt, and sand content in any soil layer. The data support our hypothesis that grazing exclusion improves both vegetation and soil properties, and that longer periods of grazing exclusion result in greater degrees of improvement. This research offers technical guidance for the reasonable choice of fencing time across a vast area of the Inner Mongolian desert steppe.  相似文献   

19.
Little research has been conducted on how to balance plant production and soil respiration (Rs) under seasonal grazing patterns in alpine meadows. Our results from 2009 to 2012 showed that warm season grazing (WG) from June to September significantly increased aboveground net primary production compared with no‐grazing (NG), except in 2010, and compared with cold season grazing (CG) except in 2012, while there were no significant differences between NG and CG except in 2009. In both WG and CG treatments, grazing increased root biomass at 0–40 cm depth compared with NG, except in 2011. WG and CG only significantly increased seasonal Rs in 2009. Daily Rs was mainly affected by soil temperature, which explained 40–49% of the variation in daily Rs for all grazing treatments. Seasonal Rs from July to September was significantly influenced by soil temperature and root biomass, which explained 55% of the variation in seasonal Rs for all grazing treatments. Therefore, relative to NG, regardless of WG and CG, moderate grazing significantly increased plant production and had little influence on soil respiration in this alpine region.  相似文献   

20.
放牧强度对中国内蒙古草原土壤水分状况与通量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
GAN Lei  PENG Xin-Hu  S. PETH  R. HORN 《土壤圈》2012,22(2):165-177
In the past few decades,the increase in grazing intensity has led to soil degradation and desertification in Inner Mongolia grassland,China,due to population growth and shift in the socio-economic system.Two sites with different grazing intensities,continuous grazing site(CG) with 1.2 sheep ha 1 year 1 and heavy grazing site(HG) with 2.0 sheep ha 1 year 1,were investigated at the Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station(43 37 50 N,116 42 18 E) situated in the northern China to i) characterize the temporal distribution of soil water content along soil profile;and ii) quantify the water fluxes as affected by grazing intensity.Soil water content was monitored by time domain reflectometry(TDR) probes.Soil water retention curves were determined by pressure membrane extractor,furthermore processed by RETC(RETention Curve) software.Soil matric potential,plant available water and water flux were calculated using these data.Both sites showed an identical seasonal soil water dynamics within four defined hydraulic periods:1) wetting transition coincided with a dramatic water increase due to snow and frozen soil thawing from March to April;2) wet summer,rainfall in accordance with plant growth from May to September;3) drying transition,a decrease of soil water from October to November due to rainfall limit;and 4) dry winter,freezing from December to next February.Heavy grazing largely reduced soil water content by 43%-48% and plant available water by 46%-61% as compared to the CG site.During growing season net water flux was nearly similar between HG(242 mm) and CG(223 mm) sites between 5 and 20 cm depths.However,between 20 and 40 cm depths,the upward flux was more pronounced at HG site than at CG site,indicating that water was depleted by root uptake at HG site but stored at CG site.In semi-arid grassland ecosystem,grazing intensity can affect soil water regime and flux,particularly in the growing season.  相似文献   

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