树轮宽度记录的1861年以来松潘地区秋雨指数变化特征及其形成机理

为了分析气候变暖背景下松潘地区秋雨的时空变化特征及其形成机理,利用采自四川省松潘县二道海的冷杉树轮样本建立了树轮宽度标准年表,并重建了松潘地区过去150 a秋雨指数,回归方程的误差缩减值(RE=0.19)、乘积平均数(t=3.46)和F检验值(16.4)都达到了0.01的显著性水平,重建方程稳定可靠。研究结果表明:(1)过去150 a松潘秋雨没有明显的线性变化趋势,但是年代际波动显著,先后出现了3个偏强时段和4个偏弱时段。(2)从秋雨指数突变检验来看,松潘秋雨可以分为3个时期,1861—1910年、1961—2010年为明显波动期,1911—1960年为相对平稳期。(3)不同时期松潘秋雨的形成机理存在显著差异,其中1861—1910年松潘秋雨的强弱主要由北方冷空气的强弱主导,1911—1960年则主要受夏季风系统控制,1961—2010年松潘秋雨受冷暖空气同步异常的影响。总体来说,1861—2010年松潘秋雨主要呈现出年代际波动的变化特征,这种年代际差异主要是由于北方冷空气和夏季风系统对松潘秋雨影响程度的差异造成的。     

湖南省铁山水库流域降水演变规律

[目的]分析铁山水库饮用水水源地的降水演变规律,为流域水资源利用以及铁山水库的调度运行提供依据。[方法]运用线性回归、滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平、滑动t检验和小波分析等方法,分析铁山水库饮用水水源地流域1968—2014年年降水、汛期降水和非汛期降水的演变规律。[结果](1)47a间年降水量、汛期降水量和非汛期降水量均呈现不明显的上升趋势。(2)年降水在1987和2003年发生了显著性突变,汛期降水在1992和2003年发生了显著性突变,非汛期降水未发生显著性突变。(3)年降水和汛期降水存在29a左右的主周期,非汛期降水存在28a左右的主周期,各时期的周期基本一致。[结论]铁山水库各时期的降水演变规律基本一致。     

1961-2016年长江源区径流量变化规律

利用长江源区沱沱河站和直达门站1961—2016年月平均径流量数据,运用滑动平均、累积距平曲线、集中期、集中度、滑动t检验、小波分析等方法指标,定性和定量相结合,统计分析了长江源区径流量的年际、年代际、年内、突变和周期变化特征。结果表明:长江源区1961—2016年径流量总体呈增加趋势。沱沱河站径流量集中度、相对变化幅度、年内分配不均匀系数高于直门达站。1996年是沱沱河站径流量发生显著突变的年份,2004年是直门达站径流量发生显著突变的年份。沱沱河站存在8～12 a和3～4 a的周期振荡特征,直门达站存在6～8 a和3～4 a左右的周期振荡特征。     

渭河流域百年尺度水旱特征及其影响因素

[目的]分析渭河流域在气候变化下百年尺度的旱涝特征及其影响因素,为区域水资源规划管理、生态环境建设与保持、气候预估及防灾减灾工作提供科学支持。[方法]通过收集1800—2017年历史资料重建旱涝序列,采用小波变换、滑动t检验、滑动相关等方法探究渭河近200 a来的旱涝规律,并探讨引起旱涝的可能原因。[结果]渭河流域近200 a来轻旱出现频率最高,大涝出现频率最低,前100 a上游以旱为主,下游以涝为主,后100 a则相反,中游旱涝变化波动较小。旱涝变化第一主周期上游为18 a,中游62 a,下游10 a,以中小周期为主。ENSO指数与渭河旱涝序列的滑动相关系数与ENSO方差下降的一致性,表明渭河旱涝与ENSO之间的遥相关机制。对比发现太阳黑子与旱涝存在显著相关关系,旱涝周期与降水分析表明两者在短周期下变化较为趋同。[结论]渭河旱涝前后突变有很高的继承性,与气候环境变化密切相关;旱涝空间差异明显,且太阳黑子谷值时更应注意防灾减灾。     

1961-2011年秦巴山区极端降水事件的时空特征分析

利用1961—2011年秦巴山区及其周边36个站点的逐日降水数据,应用百分位阈值定义法、线性倾向估计法和Morlet小波周期和小波方差分析,通过区域划分探讨秦巴山区极端降水事件的时空特征。分析表明:秦巴山区极端降水阈值在空间上自东南向西北递减;极端降水发生频数与年均降水日数分布情况相似,自东向西依次增大;年均降水量、年均极端降水量空间分布特征相似,中部值最高,而西部地区的极端降水比重最高,达到44%。极端降水的发生频数受降水日数多少的制约,受地形影响更加显著。极端降水事件发生频数在东部、中部和全区呈不显著上升趋势;西部地区为不显著下降趋势;在20世纪80年代中期有一个明显的峰值,90年代中后期上升幅度较大,而西部地区变化幅度最小。通过Morlet小波和小波方差分析得出,整个秦巴山地区的准周期相似,在32 a左右振荡最强,为第1准周期,还有12 a和17 a的第2准周期。此外,秦巴山地区极端降水事件的发生可能受西南季风影响较大。     

鄂尔多斯高原西部清代洪涝灾害与气候事件特征

[目的]揭示鄂尔多斯高原西部清代洪涝灾害发生规律和等级。[方法]根据历史文献统计分析,并应用小波分析等方法开展研究。[结果]鄂尔多斯高原西部清代发生洪涝灾害89次,平均每3a发生1次。鄂尔多斯高原西部清代洪涝灾害可分为5个阶段,第1阶段在1644—1733年,第2阶段在1734—1783年,第3阶段在1784—1813年,第4阶段在1814—1863年,第5阶段在1864—1912年。第1,3,5阶段是洪涝灾害低发阶段,第2,4阶段是高发阶段。在该区清代发生洪涝灾害89次中,轻度灾害占24.7%,中度灾害占65.2%,重度灾害占10.1%。[结论]该区清代水涝灾害变化主要有65,32,17,10和3~4a的周期。该区清代洪涝灾害的发生主要是年降水增加和年内降水集中造成的。鄂尔多斯高原西部清代出现了2次湿润气候事件,分别出现在1774—1783和1814—1823年。     

基于集合经验模态分解的河南省夏玉米产量波动对大气环流的响应

[目的]探究河南省夏玉米产量波动对大气环流的响应,为区域粮食安全保障提供理论支撑。[方法]依托河南省17个市1988—2017年夏玉米产量数据及15种大尺度大气环流指数资料,评估研究区夏玉米产量的时空演变格局。[结果](1)基于主成分分析结果,河南省可以划分为4个呈现不同产量演变特征的子区域,分别为北部、东南部、西部、中部;(2)基于集合经验模态分解,研究区产量序列存在着准2.5～3.3,5～6,7.5～10 a的周期性振荡,且各分区2004年后产量的短期波动趋于缓和;(3)各分区产量的周期性振荡均与环流指数存在着显著的相关性;(4)基于前期环流指数与年份的线性模型对产量预报的平均相对误差为4.6%～9.3%;(5)河南省东南部和中部的产量波动对环流指数更为敏感,其中10,11月份较高的太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)是来年产量减少的关键前兆性信号。[结论]前期环流异常对研究区夏玉米产量波动有着重要的指示作用,它可以有效用于产量预报。     

沂河径流非线性变化特征对气候变化的响应

[目的]研究沂河水文和气候因子在不同时间尺度上的非线性变化特征,为进一步了解径流对气候变化的复杂响应过程提供理论依据。[方法]采用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)、Mann-Kendall检验、相关分析和线性回归等分析方法。[结果]1951—2013年沂河径流呈显著下降态势(p0.01),下降速率为3.33×108 m3/10a,但在1976年前后径流则呈相反变化趋势。同时,径流可分解为4个经验模态分量(IMF),其中在年际尺度上(周期为3和6a)的变化对径流总体变化的贡献率较大,为58%,其次是在数年代际(周期为31a)尺度上的变化,贡献率为11%,而在年代际(周期为13a)尺度上的变化对径流总体变化的贡献较小,仅为6%。故径流变化的非线性变化趋势对径流变化的贡献率为25%。[结论]气候因子在不同时间尺度上对径流的作用方式和影响机理具有明显差异,其中在年代际和数年代际尺度上气候因素与径流关系更为密切。     

江西省水稻高温热害发生规律研究

利用江西省74个台站1961-2010年6-8月日平均气温、日最高气温和日平均相对湿度资料,采用线性回归法、多项式回归法、Morlet小波分析和数字高程模型(DEM),以探究该区水稻高温热害发生时段分布、年际变化、发生频次的时频特征和空间分布等规律.结果表明,(1)江西省水稻高温热害集中于7月中、下旬和8月上旬,其中7月13-24日为高温热害发生概率最大的时段;(2)1961-1982年高温热害总发生次数呈下降趋势,1983-2010年则呈极显著上升趋势(P＜0.01),不同等级高温热害发生次数的年际变化特点与总发生次数变化相一致;(3)各等级高温热害次数呈现不同时间尺度的周期震荡,轻高温热害表现为准2a、4a、8a左右、15a、25a周期变化,中高温热害以准2a、4a、10a左右、23a的周期震荡表现显著,重高温热害则表现出准2a、6a、准13a、25a的周期震荡;(4)高温热害发生频次的高值区分布于江西东北部、赣州北部、吉泰盆地和赣抚平原,并向周边山区递减.     

近百年塔吉克斯坦潜在蒸散量时空分布特征

利用塔吉克斯坦百年逐月潜在蒸散量资料,以线性趋势分析、滑动平均、Mann-Kendall法、小波分析法以及Kriging插值法对潜在蒸散量的时空变化进行了分析。结果表明:(1)在时间变化上,塔吉克斯坦百年潜在蒸散量总体上呈微弱的减少趋势,气候倾向率为-1.25mm/10a,其中夏季的值最大,冬季的值最小;除了秋季和冬季以外的春季、夏季以及年潜在蒸散量都发生突变;年平均和春季潜在蒸散量都存在30a的准变化周期,夏季存在24a的准变化周期,秋季存在7a的准变化周期,冬季存在21a的准变化周期。(2)在空间变化上,塔吉克斯坦百年年平均和四季潜在蒸散量呈西部向东部递减的特征,年潜在蒸散量的变化范围为653.19~1 324.12mm,其中1901—1930年塔吉克斯坦大部分地区潜在蒸散量增加较为明显;而1991—2011年塔吉克斯坦大部分地区减少趋势最为明显。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.