甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地的土壤特性

[目的] 对甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区内沼泽湿地土壤的理化性质进行了研究,以期揭示保护区内沼泽湿地土壤特性以及湿地土壤在湿地中的作用,为保护区的湿地保护提供参考。[方法] 在保护区内选择6处典型的沼泽湿地,采用随机法对土壤进行分层取样。根据国家标准对各沼泽湿地土壤的孔性特征、水分特征和养分特征进行了测定。[结果] ①随着土层深度的增加,各沼泽湿地土壤容重逐渐增大,土壤孔隙逐渐减小,土壤通气度逐渐减小。榆林河水脑和大德尔吉湿地土壤的各项孔性指标的测定结果均优于其他各沼泽湿地。②随着土层深度的增加,各沼泽湿地土壤水分特征指标均逐渐下降。榆林河水脑和大德尔吉湿地土壤的各项水分特征指标的测定结果均优于其他各沼泽湿地。③随着土层深度的增加,各沼泽湿地土壤养分含量均呈现下降趋势。榆林河水脑沼泽湿地土壤养分含量较高,野马大泉沼泽湿地土壤养分含量最低,其余4处沼泽湿地土壤养分条件相差不大。[结论] 随着土层深度的增加,保护区内各沼泽湿地土壤逐渐变得紧实,土壤孔隙逐渐减小,水分条件逐渐下降,土壤养分含量逐渐降低。其中,榆林河水脑和大德尔吉湿地土壤的土质疏松,通气性较好,并且有着较为优越的水分条件,具有较强的贮蓄水分和涵养水源的能力。而野马大泉湿地能够快速容纳降水并及时下渗,可有效调节径流。榆林河水脑沼泽湿地土壤养分条件最好,而野马大泉沼泽湿地土壤养分条件最差。保护区沼泽湿地土壤环境整体呈碱性。     

2013-2017年延河水质变化及其影响因素

[目的]分析延河水质变化趋势及其主要影响因素,为延河水质状况评估和水污染防治提供科学依据。[方法]应用Pearson相关性原理,构建适用于延河水质评价分析的指标体系,在此基础上对延河2013-2017年283组水质监测数据进行统计分析。[结果]2013-2017年延河水质的内梅罗指数逐年上升,水质状况逐年下降;延河水质变化中,氨氮在评价指标体系中的贡献率逐年增大,2017年已经达到38.7%,远超其他污染物。改善延河水质,氨氮的总量控制和治理会是重中之重。[结论]①在满足科学性、合理性的前提下,采用由氨氮、总磷、石油类、化学需氧量这4个因子组成指标体系,可以使水质评价工作简化,操作性更强。②改善水源的生态补给状况同时控制入河污染物总量是延河生态发展的必由之路。     

修正内梅罗指数法和模糊综合评判法在凤凰镇地下水水质评价中的应用

[目的]采用不同的评价方法,评价陕西省南部凤凰镇地下水水质,为该古镇水土保持工作的进一步开展提供科学依据。[方法]以凤凰镇2015年10月枯水期水质监测数据为基础,选取总硬度和硫酸盐等11个水质评价指标,分别采用单指标评价法、综合指标评价法、常规及修正内梅罗污染指数法及模糊综合评判法进行地下水水质评价。[结果]对各种评判方法的具体运用过程进行了全面介绍。结果显示,5种方法评价的水质类型有一定的出入,但通过对比分析认为常规、修正内梅罗水污染指数法和糊综合评判法在凤凰镇水质评价中具有较好的适用性。[结论]模糊综合评判法评价结果更加真实可靠,更能准确评价凤凰镇地下水水质。     

2016—2021年黄土高原马莲河干流水质时空变化特征及其成因

[目的] 分析黄土高原马莲河干流水质时空变化特征,揭示水质污染状况及成因,为该流域内生态文明建设和水环境治理提供科学依据。[方法] 基于黄土高原马莲河干流2016—2021年甘肃省庆阳市境内5个断面水质逐月监测数据,结合单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法对水质进行评价,利用线性趋势法对水质演变趋势进行分析。[结果] ①2016—2021年庆阳市境内马莲河水质整体较差,属于Ⅴ类水范畴,综合污染指数较高,主要污染因子为高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷、氟化物及六价铬,下游水质优于上游。②庆阳市境内马莲河干流水质季节变化特征显著,综合表现为夏、秋季优于春、冬季。具体表现为秋季最优,冬季最差。[结论] 2016年以来,庆阳市境内马莲河水质趋势稳定向好,尤其是2017年以后,向好趋势表现明显;受入境水质及流域地质条件影响,马莲河水污染治理任务依然任重而道远。     

2014-2017年赣江上游稀土矿区典型流域水质污染变化及成因

[目的] 分析赣江上游稀土矿区典型流域水质的时空分布特征,揭示水质污染状况和成因,为该流域的水环境治理提供理论依据和数据支撑。[方法] 采用2014-2017年赣江上游桃江流域10个监测断面的6项水质指标,运用描述性统计分析、水污染指数法、相关性分析等方法分析该流域水质污染现状及其成因。[结果] ①桃江流域各监测断面不同水文时期的污染状况均存在差异,以氨氮含量的时空差异最为明显。②水污染指数评价结果表明水质类别为Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类所占比例分别为55%和29%,龙头滩断面的水质状况最差,以劣Ⅴ类为主。[结论] 水质污染成因解析揭示出氨氮为桃江流域最主要的污染物,降雨对流域内水环境的影响较大,农业活动和以稀土采选为主的工业活动是造成水环境污染的重要人为活动。     

浑太河流域水环境质量综合分析与评价

以浑太河流域为研究对象,选取流域88个监测站点,在2009,2010,2012年对河流高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮、总磷等9项指标进行监测,并对河流水质的时空异质性进行了分析。选择高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮和总磷作为主要评价因子,采用单因子和综合水质标识指数法对该地区主要河流水污染特征进行分析及评价。结果表明,水质因子具有明显的时空异质性。单因子评价结果表明,非汛期总氮和氨氮为主要污染物,汛期总磷和总氮为主要污染物,非汛期的水质状况较汛期好,说明非点源是造成其污染的主要原因。河流水质综合评价中,小汤河上游、太子河南支、太子河北支所有点位的水质评价结果均为最好。所有站点中,海城河的支流（五道里河、运梁河、南沙河下游）区域的水质最差,达到劣Ⅴ类水质,且出现黑臭现象。研究结果对指导浑太河流域水污染防治及水资源管理具有重要意义。     

基于综合水质标识指数法的大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征研究

为了对大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征进行评价,在大凌河中游段设置10个水质监测断面。基于不同时期(丰、平、枯)氨氮、pH、电导率、总氮、总磷的水质断面监测数据,应用综合水质标识指数法,对大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征进行评价,并识别主要污染源。此外结合上、下断面监测数据对大凌河中游水体污染沿程变化进行分析。结果表明:丰水期,大凌河中游水体总体评价为II类水标准,轻度污染,在枯水期,水体呈现中度污染,总体达到III类水质标准,但水体pH全年可稳定在6.12~7.49,对水生生物的生长较为适宜;生活污染排放是大凌河中游主要污染源,主要污染指标为氨氮;从上游到下游监测断面,水体沿程污染指数逐步加重。     

汾河上游流域沿程典型水样点水质变化分析

 为研究25年来汾河上游流域的水环境变化是否影响太原居民正常供水,以确保该流域经济和环境的可持续发展,根据汾河上游流域1985—2010年水质资料和5个水样点(汾河头马营、宁化、东寨、河岔、汾河水库)的水样,采用单因子评价方法(据水质评价标准,确定水质类别)和综合评价指数法对该流域沿程水质变化进行分析。结果表明：1）汾河上游水质在2002年前后变化比较明显,主要表现在水质类型普遍升高,大多从Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水上升为Ⅳ类以上水质。宁化到河岔间超Ⅲ类水的比例增大,汾河水库水质类型变化不很明显,基本处于Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水质。这主要是由于上游炼焦、洗煤废水排放和化肥的大量使用使高锰酸盐指数、BOD5和氨氮上升,导致水质类型发生年际变化。2）汾河上游水质污染指标中,高锰酸钾和氨氮沿程都呈上升趋势,说明沿程水域中亚硝酸盐过高,水环境不适合水中无机和有机污染物的分解,导致水质恶化。3）汾河上游流域水质综合情况是有机污染物浓度和种类发生了变化,水体的富营养化程度和硬度日趋增高,主要原因是由于流域用水量增加和污染物处理不当,导致污染严重。整体来看,汾河上游水质在不断恶化,采取各项措施保护汾河上游流域水环境是当前和今后工作的重点。     

川中丘陵区典型小流域治理对地表水水质的影响

为探讨小流域治理后地表水水质的时空变化规律,对川中丘陵区典型小流域截流村小流域综合治理后流域上游、中游和下游地表水的p H值、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)进行了测定,并采用综合污染指数法对水质进行了评价。测定结果显示,截流村小流域上游和中游地表水中TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度雨季大于旱季,下游TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度旱季大于雨季;地表水TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度空间上旱季为上游中游下游,雨季为下游上游中游;地表水CODMn浓度旱季和雨季均表现为上游大于中游和下游,但不同部位之间差异不显著。综合污染指数法评价表明,截流村小流域地表水水质均属于轻度污染,污染程度旱季下游中游上游,雨季中游上游下游。研究表明农田面源污染是川中丘陵区小流域地表水的主要污染源,建议加大流域内梯田和防护林建设力度。     

基于水功能区的湖北省农业非点源污染控制区划

农业非点源污染已成为区域水质恶化的主要原因,有针对性地按照国家和地区对不同水功能区的水环境质量标准的要求划分农业非点源污染控制区,可以使非点源污染的控制更有效率.以湖北省103个县域为对象,以水功能区要求为基础,采用ArcGIS分析法确定县域水环境质量标准,在此基础上,采用水质污染指数法及内梅罗指数法解析各县域单元的污染类型及敏感性,最终划定研究区农业非点源污染控制分区.结果表明：1）湖北省可划分为Ⅱ类水质保护区的县域单元29个,划分为Ⅲ类水质保护区的县域单元74个;2）Ⅱ类水质保护区污染类型可划分为3类,主要为单一污染源污染,敏感区可划分为3类,分别为不敏感、轻度敏感及中度敏感;3）Ⅲ类水质保护区污染类型可划分为7类,主要污染类型为单一污染源污染和混合污染,敏感区可划分为3类,分别为轻度、中度及重度敏感;4）农业非点源污染控制区可划分为3个级别,包括2个一级控制分区,6个二级控制分区,23个三级控制分区.区划结果可为湖北省农业非点源污染管理和防治提供参考.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.