有机污染物根际胁迫及根际修复研究进展

根际环境及根际微生物是植物降解有毒有害有机污染物的基础。污染土壤植物修复的纵深研究产生了根际修复新技术。通过总结近20年来有机污染物胁迫的根际效应的研究,探讨了有机物污染士壤根际修复的可能性,为加强有机污染物在环境中的迁移、调控研究及土壤有机物污染的原位修复提供有利信息。     

污染土壤植物修复技术研究进展

综述了国内外污染土壤植物修复技术研究进展 ,植物修复是利用某些植物对土壤重金属的超量吸收挥发以及对土壤中有机污染物降解等特殊功能 ,并与根际微生物协同作用 ,原位修复污染土壤的方法 ,费用低 ,效果显著 ,环境友好 ,是极具发展潜力的“绿色产业”。     

根表功能细菌生物膜及其在土壤有机污染控制与修复中的潜在应用价值

土壤中的有机污染物可从根系进入植物体内,并可进一步通过食物链富集,从而威胁人群健康。植物根际微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,其中很多根际细菌可通过成膜作用在植物根表形成细菌生物膜,协助植物抵抗外界的不良环境或促进植物生长。有机污染物在被植物根系吸收的过程中,多需经过根表细菌生物膜这一特殊界面。综述了根际细菌在植物根表的成膜作用,以及根表功能细菌生物膜对污染物根际环境过程的影响及作用机理,分析了利用根表功能细菌生物膜调控植物吸收有机污染物的可行性,试图为防治土壤有机污染、降低作物污染风险、保障农产品安全等提供理论依据。     

植物修复多环芳烃污染土壤的根际效应机制研究进展

多环芳烃类有机污染物在土壤中可长期存在,进而通过食物链对人类健康产生重大潜在风险。对多环芳烃污染土壤进行植物修复是一种环境友好且经济有效的污染补救策略。进行植物根际效应机制研究对于开发可持续性多环芳烃污染土壤的植物修复技术具有重要指导意义。对近年来的相关研究工作进行了总结,结果表明:多种禾本科植物具有较强的多环芳烃污染耐受性和较好的修复效能,利用多植物混植的联合修复方式表现出优于单一植物的修复优势。低分子量有机酸类根系分泌物通过与土壤中多环芳烃污染物形成反馈回路决定植物修复体系中多环芳烃的命运。修复植物根系分泌物可塑造特定的根际微生物区系,根际微生物可通过多种机制来降解土壤环境中的多环芳烃。针对在植物修复多环芳烃污染土壤研究过程中尚存在一些问题,提出了未来植物修复根际效应机理研究中应该关注的重点和方向,旨在为优化多环芳烃污染土壤植物修复技术提供科学依据与理论参考。     

有机污染物污染土壤环境的植物修复机理

利用活的生物体对有毒有机物污染土壤环境的修复是一种被人们认为安全可靠的方法。植物修复是生物修复研究的热点。植物修复的机理包括植物对有机污染物的直接吸收、植物根系分泌物、微生物对根际环境中有机污染物降解的促进作用。     

有机物料对苹果根际营养元素动态及土壤酶活性的影响

有机物料的施用,影响着土壤的理化特性与生物性状,也必然影响植物的生长发育.植物与土壤直接接触区域是根际微域,要了解有机物料对作物生长发育的影响,必须先探讨其对根际微域的作用.研究与揭示根际微域环境状况对增加土壤养分供应,促进根系对养分吸收、改善树体营养状况及提高产量与品质等方面具有重要意义[1].果树根际微域的研究工作开展较少[1,2],为此我们研究了两种有机物料对苹果砧木根际微域中土壤酶活性及元素有效性的影响.     

植物修复技术及其在环境保护中的应用

阐述了植物修复技术的含义,即利用植物去修复和消除有机毒物和无机毒物引起的土壤环境污染,介绍了对有机污染物修复的方法：（１）根收获,（２）叶表挥发,（３）植物降解;对无机污染物修复的方法;（１）收获生物量或将污染物进行生物挥发从而将污染物将出土体,（２）将污染物转变成为无生物活性的形态收获生物量对于回收某些贵重金属是很有价值的。基因工程技术以及农业技术的综合运用可以更好地促进植物修复的效果。     

河滨缓冲带植物根系和根际微生物特征及其对农业面源污染物去除效果

对河滨缓冲带常见的3种水生植物根系形态特点、活力特征及其土壤微生物群落多样性进行了研究,并对其农业面源污染物的去除效果进行了调查。结果表明,3种水生植物根系形态和活力特征具有显著差异。根系活力表现为水生鸢尾菖蒲千屈菜,与根尖数呈显著相关。同时,3种水生植物具有显著的根际效益,根际土壤微生物生物量显著高于非根际土壤;根际土壤微生物群落数量为细菌放线菌真菌;土壤微生物群落多样性指数为水生鸢尾菖蒲千屈菜,这与3种水生植物根系活力特征表现一致。3种水生植物河滨缓冲区对农业面源污染物TN、TP和CODCr的去除效果表现为水生鸢尾菖蒲千屈菜。说明不同水生植物根系结构导致根系活力不同,由此引起的土壤微生物群落多样性差异对水生植物农业面源污染物去除效果有一定影响。     

有机物料对苹果根际营养元素动态及土壤酶活性的影响

有机物料的施用,影响着土壤的理化特性与生物性状,也必然影响植物的生长发育。植物与土壤直接接触区域是根际微域,要了解有机物料对作物生长发育的影响,必须先探讨其对根际微域的作用。研究与揭示很际微域环境状况对增加土壤养分供应,促进根系对养分吸收、改善树体营养状况及提高产量与品质等方面具有重要意义^[1]。果树根际微域的研究工作开展较少^[1,2],为此我们研究了两种有机物料对苹果砧木根际微域中土壤酶活性及元素有效性的影响。     

土壤中有机污染物的植物修复研究进展

植物修复是土壤有机污染物修复的有效途径之一，主要包括植物吸收、根际土壤酶促进降解和微生物对其的一系列降解。本文简述了植物修复的含义，系统综述了植物修复有机污染物的机理，并阐述了利用植物对农药、氯代化合物、多环芳烃和其它有机污染物进行修复的研究成果与应用，展望了今后进一步研究的重点。     

Utilization of municipal organic wastes in agriculture: where do we stand,where will we go?

Generation of organic waste is increasing worldwide and strategies for its environmentally sound use must be developed and optimized. Regulations in European countries and the USA differ largely with respect to requirements of organic waste quality and the quantities of pollutants which can be added to the soil. Research has shown beneficial effects regarding the improvement of soil fertility. Enrichment of total metals in soil was attributed to long‐term sludge application but the effect on bioavailability of metals must be further clarified. A number of organic pollutants, such as hydrophobic persistent organic contaminants and surfactants, are known to accumulate in organic wastes. However, the former interact strongly with organic matter in the sludge‐soil‐plant system and systemic plant uptake is generally assumed to be minimal. Surfactants may cause adverse environmental impacts when they enter sewage systems in high loads and accumulate in sludge. Surfactants and some of their metabolites are not readily biodegraded in non‐aerated environments. Due to their toxicity and estrogenic activity, of nonylphenol for example, more research is needed to optimize analytical techniques and to trace their behavior in soil. Some options to cope with the risks of huge amounts of organic waste and also some benefits are presented: (1) further limitation of standards for pollutants and reduced application rates; (2) improved treatment of sewage sludge to reduce the total and bioavailable portions of both heavy metals and organic pollutants; (3) adaptation of waste application rates to soil properties such as sorption capacity for pollutants; (4) harmonization of analytical protocols for organic contaminants, i.e. surfactants and metabolites, enabling a more thorough monitoring of the wastes which are to be applied onto soils.     

菌根真菌对有机污染物的降解研究

菌根作为真菌与植物的结合体,有着独特的酶途径,可以降解不能被细菌单独转化的有机物,不仅能从微生物修复角度影响有机物降解,还能从植物修复角度影响有机物的降解。本文综述了近年来菌根真菌对土壤中的石油类、农药、氯代芳香烃类及酞酸脂类污染物的降解研究进展,探讨了菌根降解污染物的内在可能机理,其中包括酶的作用、根际的作用及土壤中其他微生物对降解的贡献。综合菌根真菌在生物修复中的优点,认为其在生物修复中具有良好的应用前景。     

Manure amendment reduced plant uptake and enhanced rhizodegradation of 2,2′,4, 4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether in soil

To test whether manure amendment in soil reduces plant uptake of persistent organic pollutants, carrot (Daucus carota L.) was used as a model plant and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) was selected as a model persistent organic pollutant to conduct a pot experiment with contaminated soil amended by composted pig manure. The results showed that the concentration and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of BDE-47 in the edible part of carrot significantly decreased from 229.7?±?28.2 to 43.4?±?20.4 ng g^?1 and from 1.86?±?0.5 to 0.15?±?0.03, respectively, with increasing composted pig manure dose from 0 to 4%. Organic matter (OM) derived from composted pig manure played a dominant role in reducing persistent organic pollutant bioavailability in soil. Composted pig manure amendment and carrot cultivation jointly altered the bacterial community composition in soil, especially the rhizosphere. Rhizodegradation of BDE-47 was enhanced from 8.6 to 28.5% with increasing composted pig manure dose from 0 to 4%, corresponding to increased soil microbe diversity and polybrominated diphenyl ether-degrading bacteria (Sphingomonas, etc.) abundance in the rhizosphere. This study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to provide an effective agronomic strategy of manure amendment to reduce plant uptake and simultaneously enhance rhizodegradation of persistent organic pollutants in soil, and thus potentially reduce human health risks through dietary intake.     

土壤中有机复合污染物微生物组转化机制与调控原理：进展与展望

实际污染土壤中有机污染物通常以复合污染状态存在,有机复合污染物的微生物降解过程及其作用机制显得更为复杂。土壤微生物类群多样,具有丰富的功能多样性。而有机复合污染物的降解通常由微生物组操控,通过微生物群落代谢网络完成污染物的去除。近年来,研究者逐渐关注有机复合污染土壤中微生物群落适应机制-微生物组转化过程-合成微生物组设计-原位微生物组修复等方面的研究,对认知污染土壤治理和修复具有重要的科学意义。本文以具有代谢协同性及功能互补性的微生物组为切入点,系统阐述土壤中有机复合污染物的微生物组转化机制与调控原理等,探讨微生物组在复合污染土壤绿色可持续原位生物修复中的发展前景。     

植物和微生物修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

阐述了植物和微生物降解环境中石油污染物及PAHs的重要作用和最新进展。国内外大量实验室研究表明,不同植物和微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)联合修复石油污染土壤均得到了较为理想的效果,在某种程度上微生物菌群要优于单一菌株;土壤中植物根系与微生物形成根际效应对污染物的降解起到了促进作用;生物表面活性剂较合成表面活性剂具有更好的生态适宜性和石油污染土壤修复能力;土壤中多组分污染物共同修复虽处于起步阶段,其作用机理也有待进一步研究,但是,发展前景值得期待。目前该领域的研究仍存在一些问题有待解决:植物–微生物菌群降解石油污染物过程中,微生物菌群间协同和竞争机制及试验结果的可重复性尚需证实;实验室研究与大田环境条件的差异,使得目前的研究成果尚需田间试验的验证和支持;根据土壤类型和气候特点,研究极端(高含盐量;氮、磷等营养元素缺乏;低温)条件下的石油高效降解菌株/群,制备有效的便于大田应用的固体菌肥意义重大;同时在确定石油污染物对环境致害的限值的基础上,建立石油污染土壤评价体系也势在必行。     

Biodegradation combined with ozone for the remediation of contaminated soils

The effectiveness of the SS-SBR (Soil Slurry – Sequencing Batch Reactor) process for the remediation of soils contaminated by several organic pollutants has been evaluated. Experimental tests have been performed on two different soils, a spiked one and an industrial aged soil. The spiked soil, artificially contaminated, has been prepared trying to simulate the pollution of an industrial aged soil in terms of number and kind of contaminants. PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and phenols degradation has been particularly investigated because they are considered persistent and recalcitrant. Concerning the spiked soil, removal efficiencies higher than 95% in 6 to 9 weeks have been found for all the pollutants, except for five-rings PAHs; however, these compounds were partly removed in 11 to 13 weeks. Good results have been achieved also for the industrial aged soil with a maximum removal of about 80% in 7–8 weeks. To enhance the pollutants degradation, trying to obtain a faster remediation, the biological treatment has been combined with a chemical oxidation with ozone. The best degradation effectiveness of the combined process has been obtained applying the ozonation after few days of the biological treatment. Therefore, a combined biological and chemical treatment allowed to markedly improve the remediation of contaminated soils.     

Elucidating the fundamental chemistry of soils: past and recent achievements and future frontiers

Contributions in the field of soil chemistry have immensely benefited humankind, including enhanced agricultural production and the quality of our environment. This review focuses on research breakthroughs since the mid-1970s and delineates frontiers in soil chemistry for the upcoming decade. However, early contributions in ion exchange, sorption phenomena, and soil acidity are highlighted. Beginning in the 1970s, soil chemistry paradigms shifted from the chemistry of plant nutrient reactions/processes in soils to studies on environmental soil chemistry. The latter included research on: acid rain effects on soils and waters; trace metal/metalloid, environmentally important plant nutrient, radionuclide, and organic chemical reaction mechanisms and retention; speciation of soil contaminants using chemical extraction and molecular scale analytical techniques; facilitated colloid transport of metals and organic chemicals; humic substance structure; kinetics of soil chemical processes; redox transformations of contaminants in soils; modeling of soil chemical reactions; and soil remediation. Frontiers in soil chemistry over the next decade will undoubtedly involve the use of advanced in situ technologies in combination with interdisciplinary research efforts to unlock important information on: speciation of contaminants in soils; cycling of trace elements and nutrients and impacts on global climate change; development of models to accurately predict the rate, fate, and transport of contaminants in the subsurface environment; elucidation of mechanisms for microbial transformations of contaminants; unraveling the precise structure of soil organic matter; and enhanced understanding of rhizosphere chemistry. In summary, the future of soil chemistry is bright for the 21st century.     

Characterization of rhizosphere microbial community structure in five similar grass species using FAME and BIOLOG analyses

Accelerated biodegradation of organic contaminants in planted soil is frequently reported yet our current understanding of plant–microbe interactions does not allow us to predict which plant species can encourage the development of rhizosphere communities with enhanced degradation capacity. In a companion study, five grass species (Sudan grass, ryegrass, tall fescue, crested wheatgrass, and switch grass) were grown in a Matapeake silt loam soil to study the degradation of atrazine and phenanthrene by rhizosphere microorganisms (see Fang et al., 2000, this vol., Fang, C., Radosevich, M., Fuhrmann, J. J., 2000. Atrizine and phenanthrene degradation in grass rhizosphere soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, in press). In the present paper substrate utilization patterns (BIOLOG^®), and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of the same rhizosphere microbial communities were determined. Both FAME and BIOLOG^® analyses detected changes in soil microbial community structure among treatments. However, community structure did not directly correlate to either ATR or PHE degradation rates.